Effects of Si Addition and Long-Term Thermal Exposure on the Tensile Properties of a Ni–Mo–Cr Superalloy

The effect of long-term thermal exposure on the grain boundary carbides and the tensile behavior of two kinds of Ni–Mo–Cr superalloys with different silicon contents(0 and 0.46 wt%) was investigated. Experimental results showed granular M2C carbides formed at the grain boundaries after exposure for 100 h for the non-silicon alloy. Furthermore, these fine granular M2C carbides will transform into plate-like M6C carbides as exposure time increases. For the Si-containing alloys,only the granular M6C carbides formed at the grain boundaries during the whole exposure time. The coarsening of the grain boundary carbides occurred in both alloys with increasing exposure time. In addition, the coarsening kinetics of the grain boundary carbides for the non-silicon alloy is faster than that of the standard alloy. The tensile properties of both alloys are improved after exposure for 100 h due to the formation of nano-sized grain boundary carbides. The grain boundary carbides are coarsened more seriously for non-silicon alloys than that of Si-containing alloys, resulting in a more significant decrease in the tensile strength and elongation for the former case. Silicon additions can effectively inhibit the severe coarsening of the grain boundary carbides and thus avoid the obvious deterioration of the tensile properties after a long-term thermal exposure.     

Effect of Cd and Sn Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg Cast Alloy

The present work has investigated the effect of trace elements Cd and Sn on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg cast alloy. With the increase of Cd addition the strength of alloy rises at first and then drops. The optimal amount of Cd and Sn addition for AI-Si-Cu-Mg alloy is about 0.27% and 0.1% respectively. Due to the formation of some coarse Cd-rich phases and pure Cd particles the mechanical properties of alloy decrease when Cd amount exceeds 0.27%. When more than 0.1% Sn added, some Sn atoms form low-melting eutectic compound at grain boundary, and then cause over-burning in alloy when solution treated, which may deteriorate properties of alloy, especially ductility of alloy.On the other hand, the addition of Cd and Sn remarkably increases the peak hardness and reduces the time to reach aging peak in Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy. The action of Cd/Sn in quaternary Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy is effectively the same as that occur in binary Al-Cu alloy that the enhanced hardening associated with Cd/Sn addition is due to the promotion of the θ‘phase.     

Effects of Solution Treatment on the Microstructure,Tensile Properties,and Impact Toughness of an Al–5.0Mg–3.0Zn–1.0Cu Cast Alloy

This study investigates the eff ect of solution treatment(at 470 °C for 0–48 h) on the microstructural evolution,tensile properties,and impact properties of an Al–5.0Mg–3.0Zn–1.0Cu(wt%) alloy prepared by permanent gravity casting.The results show that the as-cast microstructure consists of α-Al dendrites and a network-like pattern of T-Mg_(32)(AlZnCu) 49 phases.Most of the T-phases were dissolved within 24 h at 470 ℃;and a further prolonging of solution time resulted in a rapid growth of α-Al grains.No transformation from the T-phase to the S-Al_2CuMg phase was discovered in this alloy.Both the tensile properties and impact toughness increased quickly,reached a maximum peak value,and decreased gradually as the solution treatment proceeded.The impact toughness is more closely related to the elongation,and the relationship between impact toughness and elongation appears to obey an equation:IT = 8.43 EL-3.46.After optimal solution treatment at 470 ℃ for 24 h,this alloy exhibits excellent mechanical properties with the ultimate tensile strength,yield strength,elongation and impact toughness being 431.6 MPa,270.1 MPa,19.4% and 154.7 kJ/m~2,which are comparable to that of a wrought Al–6.0 Mg–0.7 Mn alloy(5E06,a 5 xxx aluminum alloy).Due to its excellent comprehensive combination of mechanical properties,this cast alloy has high potential for use in components which require medium strength,high ductility and high toughness.     

Effects of Cr and Fe Addition on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Ti–6Al–4V Prepared by Direct Energy Deposition

The effects of Cr and Fe addition on the mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloys prepared by direct energy deposition were investigated. As the Cr and Fe concentrations were increased from 0 to 2 mass%, the tensile strength increased because of the fine-grained equiaxed prior β phase and martensite. An excellent combination of strength and ductility was obtained in these alloys. When the Cr and Fe concentrations were increased to 4 mass%, extremely fine-grained martensitic structures with poor ductility were obtained. In addition, Fe-added Ti–6Al–4V resulted in a partially melted Ti–6Al–4V powder because of the large difference between the melting temperatures of the Fe eutectic phase (Ti–33Fe) and the Ti–6Al–4V powder, which induced the formation of a thick liquid layer surrounding Ti–6Al–4V. The ductility of Fe-added Ti–6Al–4V was thus poorer than that of Cr-added Ti–6Al–4V.     

Effect of α Composite Layer on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al Alloy

通过在830℃空气中保温1 h后水冷的热处理工艺,在Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al(Ti1023)钛合金表面形成厚度约为82μm的α富氧复合层。研究了α复合层内显微组织形貌、硬度及元素分布特点及复合α层后对Ti1023合金组织和性能影响。结果表明:α复合层从边缘到基体内部硬度值并非一直减小,而是呈现高-低-高-低-趋于稳定的变化规律。研究表明硬度变化规律与合金元素(尤其V、Fe)及组织形态分布相关。Ti1023合金试样复合α层后表面硬度增加了45%,而屈服强度和抗拉强度下降5%。在拉伸变形过程中,复合α层后试样首先会在垂直于拉伸应力方向的外表面产生裂纹,之后裂纹扩展穿过α层到基体内部直至试样断裂,试样拉伸断口呈现心部韧性断裂和边部脆性断裂特征。拉伸过程中试样内部存在应力诱发β相向α″相的组织转变。     

Effects of Ti and La Additions on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of B-Refined and Sr-Modified Al–11Si Alloys

The effects of Ti and La additions on the microstructures and mechanical properties of B-refined and Sr-modified Al–11Si alloys were investigated in the present work. The interactions among Ti, La, B and Sr elements were discussed employing microstructure observation, thermal analysis and tensile test, respectively. It was found that the addition of 0.05 wt% B induces a transformation of eutectic Si from finely fibrous to coarsely plate-like morphology in the Al–11Si alloy with 0.02 wt%Sr modification, owing to the poisoning of IIT mechanism, and the eutectic Si grows only with TPRE mechanism. Both titanium and lanthanum can neutralize the co-poisoning effect between Sr and B in the Al–11Si alloy, but the neutralizing effect of La is dependent on the addition sequence. The combinative addition of La and B elements promotes the effective refinement of α-Al grains, but an inhomogeneous modification of eutectic Si phases is also observed, leading to a slightly decrease in the elongation.     

Effect of Different Ageing Processes on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast Al–3Li–2Cu–0.2Zr Alloy

The effect of different ageing processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al–3 Li–2 Cu–0.2 Zr alloy was investigated using transmission electron microscopy and tensile tests. The results showed that the mean size of δ′-Al_3 Li particles and the number density of Cu-rich precipitates both increased with increasing ageing temperature from 150 to 190 °C for 24 h, resulting in increasingly high strength. In contrast, the ductility deteriorated with the increase in ageing temperature as a result of the intensified planar slip. The duplex low-to-high ageing treatment(120 °C for 6 h followed by 160 °C for 24 h) was shown to be beneficial to the ductility compared with the corresponding single-stage ageing treatment(160 °C for 24 h). The reduced slip length induced by the precipitation of θ′-Al 2 Cu phases was found to be mainly responsible for this ductility improvement.     

Effect of Extrusion Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg–5Al–2Ca Alloy

In this work, the Mg–5Al–2Ca alloy was extruded at 573, 623 and 673 K, with a ratio of 16:1 and a constant speed of 3 mm/s. Results demonstrate that the Al2Ca particle is formed in Mg–5Al–2Ca alloy. The size, amount and distribution of Al2Ca particles are influenced evidently by extrusion temperature. Unlike previous reports, the intensity of basal texture increases with increasing extrusion temperature, and the reasons are analyzed and given. Even though the average grain size increases as the extrusion temperature increased from 573 to 623 K, the YS, UTS and elongation of asextruded Mg–5Al–2Ca alloy are almost kept the same at 573 and 623 K. The reason is speculated as the balance of grain size, Al2Ca phase and texture at the two temperatures. The work hardening rate depends on extrusion temperature, and the largest θ value of Mg–5Al–2Ca alloy is obtained when the extrusion was performed at 623 K.     

Stability of B2 ordered phase in the Ti-rich portion of Ti–Al–Cr and Ti–Al–Fe ternary systems

The stability region of the B2 phase at 1000°C in the Ti-rich part of the Ti–Al–Cr and Ti–Al–Fe ternary systems are investigated by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using two-phase alloys and diffusion couples. It is established that the critical boundaries of the A2/B2 continuous ordering transition are functions of both the Al and Fe or Cr contents, and the phase equilibria between the α₂ and the β and between the β and FeTi (B2) phases are strongly affected by the A2/B2 order–disorder transition. By extrapolating these ternary data to the Ti–Al binary and using the Bragg–Williams–Gorsky approximation a metastable A2/B2 ordering boundary is postulated to exist at 1000°C in the vicinity of 23.5 at%Al in the Ti–Al binary system.     

热循环对TC4钛合金组织和机械性能的影响

对淬火态和时效念的TC4钛合金在-196-350℃进行了热循环试验，并测定了合金热循环前后的机械性能。结果表明：经热循环后，合金的塑性下降；时效态的合金，强度变化较小，而淬火态的合金，强度先显著上升，经3000次热循环后，合金的强度又有所下降，用透射电镜分析了合金热循环前后的组织，讨论了热循环对显微组织和机械性能的影响。     

THERMAL ACTIVATION ANALYSIS ON TENSILE DEFORMATION IN Ti47Al2Mn2Nb ALLOY

１　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮγＴｉＡｌ／α２Ｔｉ３ＡｌｔｗｏｐｈａｓｅｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｔａｌｌｉｃｓｏｒＴｉＡｌａｌｌｏｙｈａｓｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｉｔｓｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌａｓａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｆｏｒｈｉｇｈｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ,ｗｈｉｃｈａｒｉｓｅｓｆｒｏｍｉｔｓｅｌｅｖａｔｅｄｈｉｇｈｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ,ｌｏｗｄｅｎｓｉｔｙａｎｄｇｏｏｄｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏ…     

Ti—47Al—2Mn—2Nb合金动态拉伸性能的研究

采用自制的Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ拉杆装置,在２０－１０００ｓ＾－１应变速率范围内研究了具有全片层组织的Ｔｉ－４７Ａｌ－２Ｍｎ－２Ｎｂ合金的拉伸力学性能,并与准静态拉伸性能相比较,试验发现动态强度明显高静态强度前者和应变速率之间遵循线性关系,后者和应变速率之间遵循产对数性关系;室温塑性应变速率变化而波动,但变化范围不大,扫描电镜断口分析结果表明,动态与静态断裂方式都以穿晶解理为主,局部区域件有沿晶开裂。     

Ti—24Al—11Nb—3V—1Mo合金热稳定性研究

研究了Ｔｉ－２４Ａｌ－１１Ｎｂ－３Ｖ－１Ｍｏ合金在６５０－７５０℃不同时间暴露后的热稳定性。结果表明：合金的弯曲强度σｂｂ及挠度ｆ随暴露温度的升高及时间的延长而连续下降；在真空相同条件下暴露，σｂｂ和ｆ稍有下降。其主要原因是合金在空气中暴露后除表面生成ＴｉＯ２外，还形成富氧脆性层。长期热暴露后其显微组织发生变化，即形成“Ｏ“相，但它不是合金性能下降的主要原因。     

热暴露对Ti-44Al-4Nb-4Hf-1B合金显微结构和力学性能的影响

对合金Ti-44Al-4Nb-4Hf-1B在700℃大气气氛中开展了长达10 000 h的热暴露处理,系统地探索和分析含Nb-Hf的TiAl合金的高温热稳定性,采用透射电镜和扫描电镜观察合金的显微组织变化并测试相应的力学性能.研究发现:长期大气高温热暴露导致合金中α2+γ层片晶团内的a2层片发生了一定程度的α2→γ相变:部分α2层片转变成为细小的γ层片,到10 000 h时,α2层片的原始厚度减少了约一半.长期大气高温热暴露也导致合金中α2+γ层片条束上发生了α2+γ→B2(ω)相变:条束上部分α2+γ消失,代之以微米及亚微米尺度的B2(ω)块状相.在10 000 h时,其面积分数达到8.4％,随着高温热暴露的逐渐进行,合金的室温塑性伸长率逐渐降低.在10 000h时,合金的塑性约为热暴露前的2/3,表明在复合含Nb+Hf的TiAl合金中,热暴露所导致的“释氧脆化”和“B2+ω生成脆化”的影响有限.复合含Nb+Hf的TiAl合金具有优于单纯含Nb的TiAl合金的高温热稳定性.长期高温热暴露对合金的断裂强度和条件屈服强度没有明显的有害影响.在10 000 h时,其条件屈服强度总体上仍保持在600MPa级别,而合金的室温疲劳极限还有所提高.     

微量硼对TiAl合金动态拉伸性能的影响

采用自制的Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ拉杆装置,研究了微量硼对形变Ｔｉ－４７Ａｌ－２Ｍｎ－２Ｎｂ合金在２０－１０００ｓ＾－１应变速率范围内的拉伸性能的影响;发现添加１．０％Ｂ（原子分数）能明显提高其动态拉伸强度,不破坏动态拉伸强度与应变速率之间的线性关系,但对其动态塑性无明显的改善作用,对动态断裂方式也无明显影响。     

热轧工艺对Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V合金显微组织和拉伸性能的影响

研究了热轧温度、变形程度对Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V合金显微组织和拉伸性能的影响.结果表明通过对热轧工艺的调整,可以使合金的强度、塑性在较大范围内变化.两相区变形可获得良好的塑性;β区变形能保证合金较高的强度;一火β区变形+ 一火两相区变形可获得较好的强塑性配合.     

真空感应熔炼Nb-16Si-22Ti-2Hf-2Cr-2Al合金的组织和性能

The melt with a nominal composition of Nb-16Si-22Ti-2Hf-2Cr-2Al was poured in a ceramic shell mould with a temperature gradient of about 4℃/mm, and the ingot with the dimension of 60 mm×170 mm was obtained. The relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties was measured, and the effects of the silicide on fracture toughness at ambient temperature and compression strength at high temperature were analyzed. It is revealed that the microstructure of the alloy consists of Nb solid solution and silicides, and the cooling rate can obviously change primary phase and constituent phases. The volume fraction of Nb₃Si formed at rapid cooling rate is significantly increased, and Nb₅Si₃ phase is formed with decreasing in cooling rate, whereas the volume fraction of the eutectic colonies and Nb_SS dendrites increase evidently, especially the second dendrite arm. Fine and uniform eutectic colonies are contributed to the ambient tensile strength, while the coarse primary Nb₃Si decreases the tensile strength but improves the compression strength of the alloy. When the microstructure is mainly composed of fine (Nb_SS+Nb₅Si₃) eutectic colonies, the tensile strength and elongation of the alloy reach 449 MPa and 0.3%, respectively. When lath-like Nb₃Si phase has 80 $\mu$m in width and 50% in volume fraction as well as its long axis is parallel to compression direction, the compression strength of the alloy at 1250℃ is about 650 MPa.     

THERMAL FATIGUE PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED DZ38G ALLOY

The thermal fatigue behaviour and microstructure in a directionally solidified DZ38G alloyhas been investigated.It was found that DZ28G alloy has larger thermal fatigue resistancethan that of original M38G alloy because of the elimination of the transverse grain boundariesand the small elastic modulus.Detailed observation shows that microcrack is initiated at thegrain boundaries or the phase interfaces and propagates along interdendrites,grain boundariesand,sometimes,along the defined crystallographic direction and that the amount of carbidesat grain boundaries increases and the morphology of phase becomes irregular after thermal fa-tigue test. Both γ' denudation and recrystallization have been observed on both sides of thecrack.     

定向凝固DZ38G合金热疲劳性能和组织结构的研究

本文研究了定向凝固DZ38G合金热疲劳性能及其组织结构的变化,并与其原型合金M38G对比.由于DZ38G合金消除了横向晶界和弹性模量低等原因,抗热疲劳性能有很大提高.热疲劳裂纹一般萌生在晶界或相界面,沿着枝晶间或晶界扩展,有时裂纹也沿着一定晶体学方向传播.合金经热疲劳后,晶界碳化物增多,γ′形态发生变化,并观察到裂纹两侧存在γ′相贫化和再结晶现象.