Modified negative-branch confocal unstable resonator

A new type of unstable resonator, suitable for a laser with a large medium cross section and a small or median output coupling, is presented. The resonator configuration, a modification of a negative-branch confocal unstable resonator, is numerically investigated. The basis of the theory is the Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral equation, and the calculations describe a passive resonator. With respect to output mirror tilting, the calculations confirm that the modified negative-branch confocal unstable resonator is less sensitive to mirror misalignments than the conventional negative-branch confocal unstable resonator. Furthermore, the modified resonator improves the beam quality in comparison with the conventional unstable resonator.     

Analysis of an optical resonator formed by a pair of specially shaped axicons

We propose a design for an optical resonator suited to using large-bore active media. The resonator consists of a pair of waxicons, so we call it a "wwaxicon optical resonator." The resonator is considered a conventional (solid) resonator surrounded by coaxial annular resonators. A numerical simulation of the resonator designed for use in a commercial CO2 laser is performed. It is found that parasitic oscillation modes can be suppressed by the use of an spatial-frequency filter. The resonator exhibits oscillation in the TEM*01 transverse mode and produces twice as much output power as a sevenfold multipass stable optical resonator.     

Square-tooth split ring resonator – a novel metamaterial for bandwidth and radiation improvement in microstrip-based radiating structure design

A square multiband truncated microstrip patch antenna was investigated using a square-tooth split ring resonator for multiband applications in both S- and C-bands. The square-tooth split ring resonator is formed from metallic inclusions in a substrate to create a metamaterial. We introduce a new square-tooth split ring resonator which increases the radiation of the antenna as well as the bandwidth. This new design creates a slow wave structure. The square-tooth addition to the split ring resonator works like a slow wave structure. The square-tooth split ring resonator design is compared with the simple split ring resonator design. The square-tooth design has four bands with center frequencies of 3.88, 4.81, 5.4, and 5.62 GHz, whereas design with the simple split ring resonator has just three bands with center frequencies of 3.88, 4.74, and 5.50 GHz. The bandwidth is increased by 20% to 30% using the square-tooth split ring resonator compared to the simple split ring resonator.     

Stability analysis of a diode-pumped,thermal birefringence-compensated two-rod Nd:YAG laser with 770-W output power

Using a ray matrix method, we analyze theoretically how the r and theta polarizations affect the resonator stability condition of two laser heads with or without thermal birefringence compensation. The resonator stability condition is analyzed graphically for a plane-parallel and a concave-concave resonator. The maximum range of stable region is found for both the short and the long cavity. The characteristics of the laser output power are confirmed experimentally in association with the resonator stability condition. The laser output power of 776 W is obtained with the optical-to-optical efficiency of 45% for a plane-parallel resonator with a short crystal separation.     

Annular resonator with a Cassegrain configuration

An advanced annular resonator is studied both theoretically and experimentally. This resonator has a Cassegrain mirror configuration and is designed to extract circular and high-quality beams from annular gain media. We carried out beam propagation in this resonator, calculating the intensity distributions of the laser beam. We also proved the performance experimentally by applying the resonator to a CO2 laser. The operation of the new resonator is demonstrated successfully. The quality of the output beam is in good agreement with theoretical calculations of laser output power of 20 W.     

Computer-controlled system for surface resistance measurements ofHTc superconducting films

A measurement system capable of determining the microwave surface resistance of high-temperature superconducting films is described. The measurement is based on evaluating the resonant curve of a circular cylindrical waveguide transmission resonator. The cylindrical wall, and the top plane of the resonator are made of copper. The test sample is the ground plane of the resonator. The surface resistance of the test sample can be directly evaluated from the quality factor of the resonator when the surface resistance of copper is used as a reference. The computer-controlled measurement system consists of a backward-wave oscillator, the cylindrical resonator, a spectrum analyzer for the detection of power and frequency, and a refrigerator for cooling the resonator and the test sample. Several measurements have been made. Surface resistances of different thin-film samples have been determined. The lowest values measured so far approximate 25 mΩ at 66.8 GHz and 77 K     

Spherical Bragg reflector resonators

In this paper we introduce the concept of the spherical Bragg reflector (SBR) resonator. The resonator is made from multiple layers of spherical dielectric, loaded within a spherical cavity. The resonator is designed to concentrate the energy within the central region of the resonator and away from the cavity walls to minimize conductor losses. A set of simultaneous equations is derived, which allows the accurate calculation of the dimensions of the layers as well as the frequency. The solution is confirmed using finite-element analysis. A Teflon-free space resonator was constructed to prove the concept. The Teflon SBR was designed at 13.86 GHz and exhibited a Q-factor of 22,000, which agreed well with the design values. This represents a factor of 3.5 enhancement over a resonator limited by the loss-tangent of Teflon. Similarly, SBR resonators constructed with low-loss materials could achieve Q-factors of the order of 300,000.     

Ka-band oscillator integrating a high-Q low-temperature co-fired ceramic circular resonator using zigzagged via posts and a λ/4 short stub

A Ka-band oscillator with a high-Q low-temperature co-fired ceramic circular resonator is presented. The resonator, including zigzagged dual-row via posts for tightly confined electromagnetic power as a metallic boundary wall, is presented. The unloaded-Q of the proposed resonator is improved by 22.1% compared to that of a conventional one with vertical via posts. Another resonator is fed with a lambda/4 short stub on a feeding via post in the circular resonator for effectively power transmission in the resonator to the output load without radiation loss. The measured unloaded-Q of the proposed resonator with zigzagged dual-row via posts and a lambda/4 short stub is improved by 45.1% compared with that of a conventional one. Approaches for enhancing Q-factors using two techniques are demonstrated. The Ka-band oscillator integrating a negative resistance generator monolithic microwave integrated circuit and the resonator with zigzagged dual-row via posts and the lambda/4 short stub shows an output power of 19.34 dBm at 26.98 GHz and phase noise of -102.17 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The figure-of-merit is -164.1 dBc/Hz, and the DC-to-RF conversion efficiency is 18.28%. It can be easily implemented without any additional processes to achieve the high resonator Q-factor. At the same time, it is also very suitable to implement in high-integrated systems for millimeter-wave applications.     

Propagation of a partially coherent beam from an unstable resonator through turbulent atmosphere

The influence of atmospheric turbulence on the propagation of a partially coherent beam from an unstable resonator was studied numerically. The resonant mode of the unstable resonator is obtained by iterative calculation using the Huygens–Fresnel formula. Also, using the extended Huygens–Fresnel integral, the intensity distribution of a propagating laser beam is calculated for different conditions. The influence of turbulence on the profile of partially coherent beams of an unstable resonator is studied. The effects of geometrical parameters of the resonator on the far-field beam profile are investigated. The results show that an unstable resonator with higher magnification has a superior far-field beam profile under partial coherency and turbulence conditions.     

Nonlinear response of ferromagnetic film resonator under conditions of nonlinear damping of magnetization oscillations

Nonlinear response of a tangentially magnetized ferromagnetic film resonator has been experimentally studied under the conditions where the nonlinear effects in the resonator are related to four-wave parametric processes. It is shown that an increase in the microwave power supplied to the resonator leads to a nonlinear shift of the eigenfrequencies and broadening of the resonant absorption peaks. The latter phenomenon is related to the nonlinear damping of magnetization in the resonator. It is established that the nonlinear shift of the frequency is thresholdless, while the nonlinear damping has a threshold, the appearance of which also leads to limitation of the nonlinear shift of the resonator frequency.     

Estimation of quartz resonator Q and other figures of merit by an energy sink method

An important determinant of the quality factor Q of a quartz resonator is the loss of energy from the electrode area to the base via the mountings. The acoustical characteristics of the plate resonator are changed when the plate is mounted onto a base substrate. The base substrate affects the frequency spectra of the plate resonator. A resonator with a high Q may not have a similarly high Q when mounted on a base. Hence, the base is an energy sink and the Q will be affected by the shape and size of this base. A lower bound Q will be obtained if the base is a semi-infinite base since it will absorb all acoustical energies radiated from the resonator. A scaled boundary finite element method is employed to model a semi-infinite base. The frequency spectra of the quartz resonator with and without the base are presented. In addition to the loss of energy via the base, there are other factors which affect the resonator Q, such as, for example, material dissipation, and damping at the interfaces of quartz and electrodes. The energy dissipation due to material damping increases with the resonant frequency and the reduction of resonator size; hence material damping becomes important in the current and future miniaturized resonators operating at very high frequencies. An energy sink model along with material dissipation would provide realistic Q, motional capacitance, motional resistance, and other figures of merit useful for designing resonators. The model could be used for evaluating resonator and mountings designs of microelectromechanical systems and miniaturized devices. The effect of the mountings, and plate and electrode geometries on the resonator Q and other electrical parameters are presented for AT-cut quartz resonators. Model results from the energy sink method were compared with experimental results and were found to be good.     

Whispering gallery modes induced in a partly shielded hemispherical dielectric resonator

Whispering gallery modes induced in a partly shielded hemispherical dielectric resonator by lumped radiation sources were experimentally studied for the symmetric and asymmetric arrangement of the hemisphere relative to the cylindrical metal shield. The oscillation mode characteristics are presented for the shielded hemispherical resonator and an analogous open dielectric resonator. The proposed resonator is a promising device for the creation of highly stable solid-state millimetric wave oscillators.     

Ringing phenomenon of the fiber ring resonator

A resonator fiber-optic gyro (R-FOG) is a high-accuracy inertial rotation sensor based on the Sagnac effect. A fiber ring resonator is the core sensing element in the R-FOG. When the frequency of the fiber ring resonator input laser is swept linearly with time, ringing of the output resonance curve is observed. The output field of the fiber ring resonator is derived from the superposition of the light transmitted through the directional coupler directly and the multiple light components circulated in the fiber ring resonator when the frequency of the laser is swept. The amplitude and phase of the output field are analyzed, and it is found that the difference in time for different light components in the fiber ring resonator to reach a point of destructive interference causes the ringing phenomenon. Finally the ringing phenomenon is observed in experiments, and the experimental results agree with the theoretical analysis well.     

哈特曼发声器的声学特性研究

采用FW-H声模拟法,研究了谐振腔长度、喷流间距、谐振腔直径和入口气压等对哈特曼发声器声学性能的影响。得出如下结论:哈特曼发声器的发声基频大小与谐振腔长度成反比;总声压级随谐振腔长度增大而增大;总声压级随喷流间距变化作震荡变化,且变化周期随着谐振腔直径的增大而增大;谐振腔直径大,产生的声压级也高;入口气压增大,总声压级增大,但对基频的影响不大。该结论对哈特曼发声器的应用具有重要的指导意义。     

差分振子相图的自动识别与应用

通过仿真实验证明了差分振子相图的大小和待检测信号的幅值的大小之间的关系。在相同的参数条件下,差分振子的相图越大,则待检测信号的幅值越大。因此,在参数相同的条件下,对于不同的差分振子相图进行比较,可以得到待检测信号幅值间的大小关系。针对差分振子相图的特点给出了差分振子识别的新方法,可以快速识别差分振子是收敛于极环还是极点。最后,通过工程数据的分析成功的发现了设备故障的发生发展的劣化过程,并对差分振子的相图进行识别,取得了理想的效果。     

正支共焦非稳激光谐振腔的数值模拟

谐振腔内像差对光束质量的影响十分明显，直接导致激光器的输出功率及光束质量的下降。对理想状态以及受相位倾斜、像散像差扰动后的正支共焦非稳腔进行了数值模拟分析。计算机仿真结果表明，采用数值迭代分析法可以很好地对正支共焦非稳腔的模式特性进行研究，从而为自动调腔或采用自适应光学技术对谐振腔内像差进行自动补偿提供了理论基础。     

Axicon-based Bessel resonator: analytical description and experiment

We present a new scheme for an optical resonator for production of Bessel and Bessel-Gauss light beams. The resonator with Bessel modes is composed of two plane mirrors with an axicon placed close to one of them. If this mirror is concave, the modes are Bessel-Gauss light beams. Analytical expressions relating parameters of the resonator and characteristics of its modes are obtained and analyzed. The results are verified with the Fox-Li algorithm. The resonator scheme was implemented in an experiment to confirm the possibility of the generation of zero-order Bessel beams. It was found that multipass modes can also oscillate in the resonator if its apertures are large enough.     

Gaussian-reflectivity mirror resonator for a high-power transverse-flow CO2 laser

A Gaussian-reflectivity mirror resonator is proposed to achieve high-quality laser beams. To analyze the laser fields in a Gaussian-reflectivity mirror resonator, the diffraction integral equations of a Gaussian-reflectivity mirror resonator are converted to the finite-sum matrix equations. Consequently, according to the Fox-Li laser self-reproducing principle, we describe the mode fields and their losses in the proposed resonator as eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a transfer matrix. The conclusion can be drawn from the numerical results that, if a Gaussian-reflectivity mirror is adopted for a plano-concave resonator, a fundamental mode can easily be obtained from a transverse-flow CO2 laser and high-quality laser beams can be expected.     

Output power and polarization characteristics for a diode-side-pumped Nd:YAG rod laser with a diffusive optical pump cavity

We fabricated and analyzed the output power and polarization characteristics of an efficient diode-side-pumped Nd:YAG rod laser with a diffusive optical cavity. The resonator stability conditions are analyzed graphically in the symmetric and asymmetric configurations for a plane-parallel resonator. On the basis of an analysis of the stability condition and mode size for the r and theta polarizations, we clarify how the stable laser operation is possible for various resonator configurations. In particular, we show that the critical stability region of around g1*g2* = 0 provides a stable resonator in the symmetric resonator, even with a slight asymmetry. Experimentally, the output power and polarization characteristics are confirmed in association with the resonator stability condition.     

Internally excited acoustic resonator for photoacoustic trace detection

The quantum-cascade laser can be used as an infrared source for a small portable photoacoustic trace gas detector. The device that we describe uses a quantum-cascade laser without collimating optics mounted inside an acoustic resonator. The laser is positioned in the center of a longitudinal resonator at a pressure antinode and emits radiation along the length of the resonator exciting an axially symmetric longitudinal acoustic mode of an open-ended cylindrical resonator. Experiments are reported with an 8-microm, quasi-cw-modulated, room-temperature laser used to detect N2O.