基于双联流化床固体废弃物共气化的固体氧化物燃料电池分布式冷热电三联供系统研究

农林废弃物、生活垃圾和污泥是小城镇和周边农村地区主要的含能固体废弃物资源,将这些废弃物通过分布式能源系统就地处理具有能量利用效率高同时缓解运输压力等优点.文中提出生物质-生活垃圾-固体废弃物双流化床气化协同固体氧化物燃料电池分布式冷热电三联供系统,由双联流化床气化单元、燃料电池发电单元、制冷和供热单元组成.使用Aspe...     

基于双联流化床的生物质、垃圾、污泥共气化冷热电分布式供能系统性能研究

农林废弃物、生活垃圾和污泥是农村和小城镇地区主要的含能固体废弃物资源,为了将这些废弃物高效就地处理,结合分布式能源系统优势和流化床具有原料适应性强的优点,提出了一种基于双联循环流化床生物质、垃圾、污泥共气化协同冷热电三联产方法.基于热化学平衡的原理,建立了系统模型,对系统的性能和关键参数开展了分析.研究发现:系统发电效...     

我国资源综合利用“快马加鞭”重点领域重点推进

能源节约、水资源保护及水处理、大气污染治理、固体废弃物处理及资源循环利用、节能环保新材料、节能环保服务……节能环保产业涉及的领域广泛,内容丰富。随着我国建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的步伐加快,节能环保产业各领域的发展都在“快马加鞭”,其中最亮眼的当属资源综合利用。     

固体废物处理与资源化利用现状及建议

固体废弃物是一种潜在的资源,如对其进行有效的处理可成为再利用的资源.本文针对固体废弃物的资源化方式进行了论述分析,在此基础上提出了一些建议,以供参考.     

城市垃圾处理的能源利用前景广阔

全球每天将生产２７Ｍｔ的固体废弃物，我们生存环境上逐渐被垃圾包围，另一方面，人类发展所需贩能源愈加紧张，从垃圾中回收能源最终将变成现实，全球垃圾的能源潜力巨大，相当于现实全球能源年消耗总量的十分之一。垃圾的焚烧发电，厌氧消化，热分解以及垃圾制炭等技术已日趋成熟，并且在一些国家和地区已产生了较显著的社会，生态和经济效益。     

南京创能

正南京创能电力科技开发有限公司(简称"公司")成立于2000年,坐落于南京江宁国家级经济技术开发区,是一家长期从事节能环保技术事业的高新技术企业。"公司"以清洁燃烧技术为基础、环境服务投资运营为核心、新能源投资与营运为重点,致力于打造最具社会责任感企业。"公司"下设南京清洁可再生能源研究设计院,隶属于市科委,前身为南京固体废弃物资源再生研究设计院,主要从事固体废弃物、农林废弃物等生态与环境保护技术的研发与应用。     

国外解决城市固体废弃物的做法及其启示

随着工业化、城市化进程的加快，环境污染和资源短缺问题日益显现，尤其是城市大量产生的固体废弃物已对人类生存环境造成了极大的危害。借鉴国外先进经验。通过制定严格的法律法规，建立完善的固体废弃物管理系统，运用科学方法和技术对固体废弃物进行分类处理，通过技术创新减少固体废弃物的产生。对于改善城市环境污染、节约资源，促进城市经济可持续发展具有重要意义。     

能源辞典

能源辞典李大骥，徐长福摘编固体废弃物（ＳｏｌｉｄＷａｓｔｅｓ）被丢弃的固体和泥状物质，包括从废水、废气中分离出来的固体颗粒，简称为固体废弃物。这里所谓“废弃”是指在某一过程或某一方面没有使用价值，而并非在一切过程或一切方面都没有使用价值。某一过程的废...     

固体废弃物气化处理半经验模型研究

对固体废弃物的气化处理半经验模型进行了研究.根据固体废弃物气化处理的特点,提出了以质量方程和能量方程为基础的气化处理模型.运用相似理论和因次分析方法建立了固体废弃物气化产气成分的浓度预测公式,建立了气化过程的准则数半经验预测模型.对不同实验工况下的固体废弃物的实验数据进行回归分析,拟合得到了较好的预测效果,回归误差和预测误差均较小.为建立固体废弃物气化模型进行了积极的探索.     

城市固体废弃物热解研究现状

目前城市固体废弃物的处理已经成为亟需解决的问题,相对于传统的处理方式,热解处理以其资源化、减量化、污染小等优点越来越得到人们的重视。文章就固体废弃物热解原理、影响因素等进行综述,并分别介绍了国内外固体废弃物热解处理现状,着重分析了催化热解技术现状;认为热解处理的发展应该以如何优化提纯热解产物并实现工业化应用为研究方向。     

Production of clean energy by anaerobic digestion of phytomass—New prospects for a global warming amelioration technology

Anaerobic digestion of animal dung generated combustible gas – this fact has been known since over 130 years and has been gainfully utilized in generating clean energy in the form of methane-rich ‘biogas’. During 1970s it was found that aquatic weeds and other phytomass, if anaerobically digested, also produced similarly combustible ‘bio’ gas. It raised great hopes that anaerobic digestion of phytomass will also enable generation of biogas that too on a much larger scale than is possible with animal manure. This, it was hoped, would also provide a means for utilizing weeds, crop wastes, and biodegradable municipal solid waste which otherwise cause environmental pollution. It appeared to be a ‘no lose’ possibility; it was hoped that soon the problems of weeds (and other biosolid wastes) as well as energy shortage, would vanish. At that time there was little realization of the global warming (GW) potential of methane nor of the fact that natural degradation of phytomass in the environment is causing massive quantities of GW gas emission. Hence, at that time, the potential benefits from anaerobic digestion of phytomass were perceived only in terms of pollution control and energy generation.But four decades have since elapsed and there is still no economically viable technology with which weeds and phytowastes can be gainfully converted to energy. This paper takes a look at what has happened and why. It also points towards the possibility of success finally emerging on the horizon. It would, hopefully, give a fresh impetus to the entire field of biomethanation R&D because all ‘methane capture’ technologies also indirectly contribute to very significant reduction in global warming.     

Estimation of animal and olive solid wastes in Jordan and their potential as a supplementary energy source: An overview

Biomass is a potential source of energy that can reduce our dependency on oil as the main source of energy. In addition to municipal solid waste, animal and olive wastes are the main sources of organic waste in Jordan. In 2005, there were more than 2.4 million heads of sheep, about 72 thousand cows, and 40 million hens being raised in farms distributed in all governorates of Jordan. These animals produce 5.3 million tons (as exerted) of solid waste per year. If these quantities can be effectively collected they may constitute a valuable source of energy. This paper is aiming to estimate the amounts of animal and solid wastes generated in Jordan and their energy potential.The total amount of BOD from animal waste is estimated at 200,000 tons per year. Significant quantities of organic waste can also be collected from olive mills distributed in the country. This waste known locally as “Jift” is currently being collected and used for heating during the winter. The amount of olive waste produced in 2005 was about 27,000 tons. The potential for energy recovery from these wastes was investigated. Assuming an overall waste collection efficiency of 70%, the total heating value of these wastes was found to be 6600 million MJ. This quantity is equivalent to 157 thousand tons of oil equivalent (toe). This quantity represents 84% of Jordan's local crude oil and natural gas production. However, it only represents 2% of the total primary energy consumption of 7187 thousand toe. In addition, the scattering of farms and olive mills in the country will make the collection of their waste costly. Therefore, any potential project for energy recovery from animal and olive wastes in a centralized plant may have low economic merit; however, its environmental benefits are tangible. Decentralized collection and processing of these wastes may be a better option.     

Two-stage anaerobic process for bio-hydrogen and bio-methane combined production from biodegradable solid wastes

A two-stage anaerobic digestion process intended for biohydrogen and bio-methane combined production from organic fraction of municipal solid wastes was investigated. In thermophilic conditions blocking of methanogenesis at the first stage of the anaerobic fermentation was achieved at pH 9.0. Cumulative hydrogen production made 82.5 l/kg volatile solids. Pretreatment of organic fraction of municipal solid wastes and exploitation of mixed cultures of anaerobic thermophilic cellulolytic and saccharolytic bacteria of Clostridia sp resulted in the increase of hydrogen cumulative production up to 104 l/kg volatile solids. Content of methane in biohydrogen didn’t exceed 0.1%. Cumulative bio-methane production made 520 l/kg volatile solids. Methane percentage in produced biogas was 78.6%. Comparison of energy data for two-stage anaerobic digestion with those for solely methane production shows the increase in energy recovery from biodegradable fraction of municipal solid wastes. Results obtained make a foolproof basis for the development of cost-effective technological process providing hydrogen and methane combined production from solid organic wastes. Technology can be implemented at large scale biogas plants improving economical and ecological characteristics of the overall process.     

Dry anaerobic fermentation of agricultural residues

The dry anaerobic fermentation plays an important role in the field of bioengineering, especially in the production of energy (biogas) and organic fertilizer. Meanwhile the pollution effect of the solid wastes are decreased. Dry anaerobic fermentations of different organic solid wastes were studied. These included cotton stalks, treated cotton stalks, corn stalks, rice straw, and water hyacinth. The effect of the initial solid concentration, temperature, starter, and buffer additives on dry anaerobic fermentation on biogas production rate and yield has been studied.     

Co-pyrolysis of waste plastic and solid biomass for synergistic production of biofuels and chemicals-A review

The amount of plastics disposed from modern lifestyles have increased sharply in recent years. Solid biomass is an abundant energy resource that exists worldwide. Transformation of these waste plastics and solid biomass feedstock mixtures via co-pyrolysis can provide synergistic product enhancement for fuels and value-added products. The produced products can be used as chemicals and pollutant sorbents to foster eco-friendly pathways for waste management and sustainability. Progress into this avenue of waste disposal and energy production is the focus of this review. Properties of characteristic solid feedstock mixtures are discussed with focus on elemental composition, proximate analysis, and heating value. Effective H to C ratio of the different feedstocks is evaluated for asserting the quality of petrochemical equivalent products produced from co-pyrolysis of plastic wastes and biomass. The characteristics of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high density and low-density polyethylene (HDPE & LDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and other major plastic waste components are discussed with focus on synergistic effects attainable by co-pyrolyzing them with biomass. State-of-the-art experimental methods for co-pyrolysis investigation are reviewed in detail using TGA, pyrolyzer, fixed bed reactor, fluidized bed reactor, microwave, and multi-step reactors using GC, MS, and FTIR diagnostics. In addition, different catalytic co-pyrolysis reactors are compared and discussed at different ratios of feedstock to catalyst, reactor temperature, and other operational parameters along with an in-depth understanding of several catalytic processing (ZSM-5 based catalyst, transition metal-based catalyst, multipurpose catalysts and ex-situ catalyst) for favorable products yield. Co-pyrolysis of waste plastic and solid biomass mixtures are reviewed for insights into liquid products for fuels and chemicals, as well as yield and composition of gases and solid residues evolved along with surface characteristics of the solid residues obtained from the selected configurations. The challenges and opportunities envisioned for the development in co-pyrolysis of several solid organic waste and plastic feedstock mixtures are also discussed. The goal was to provide favorable feasible pathways for clean and efficient disposal of plastic wastes with the incorporation of waste biomass for enhanced synergistic effects in waste disposal along with the recovery of energy and value-added products.     

Combustion characteristics of different biomass fuels

Biomass energy is one of humanity's earliest sources of energy particularly in rural areas where it is often the only accessible and affordable source of energy. Worldwide biomass ranks fourth as an energy resource, providing approximately 14% of the world's energy needs all human and industrial processes produce wastes, that is, normally unused and undesirable products of a specific process. Generation and recovery of solid wastes varies dramatically from country to country and deserves special mention. The burning velocity of pulverized biomass fuels is considerably higher than that of coals. The use of biomass fuels provides substantial benefits as far as the environment is concerned. Biomass absorbs carbon dioxide during growth, and emits it during combustion. Utilization of biomass as fuel for power production offers the advantage of a renewable and CO₂-neutral fuel. Although the structural, proximate and ultimate analyses results of biomass and wastes differ considerably, some properties of the biomass samples such as the hydrogen content, the sulfur content and the ignition temperatures changed in a narrow interval.     

浅谈地下商场的通风与空调设计

地下空间的环境优劣是影响人们身心健康的重要指标。作者通过地下商场通风空调设计实践,提出控制地下空间内部环境与节能所采取的措施,并谈几点粗浅看法,以供设计与运行管理参考。     

Resource potential and scope of utilization of renewable energy in Jammu and Kashmir, India

Jammu and Kashmir the northern most state of India is blessed with immense potential for utilization of renewable energy. The state at present is fairly untapped in terms of energy utilization and thus venturing into this region would definitely prove to be profitable. The natural energy sources like sunshine, wind, vegetation, water flow, biomass and other biological wastes though abundantly available in the state yet are not being potentially harnessed resulting in very low per capita energy availability, deforestation and poor health. Renewable energy acquires a promising option not only for energy availability next view and of environment protection but also the socio-economic conditions of the people residing in these areas can be improved to a great extent. The hydroelectric power has tremendous potential for generation of electricity in the state because the topography of the state provides extensive network of canals and streams. This paper describes the resource potential and opportunity to enter the market and bring more renewable energy projects in the form of solar, biomass derived fuels, biogas and hydroelectric in the state.     

Energy analysis of in-series biohydrogen and methane production from organic wastes

Biohydrogen production has been coupled in some cases to other energy production technologies in order to overcome its modest energy gains. Anaerobic digestion, when used for methane recovery, has long been regarded as an energy recovery technology. We determined the energy potential from the coupling of either semi-continuous or batch hydrogen lab-scale bioreactors to a methanogenic stage. All processes were performed in solid substrate fermentation mode using the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes as first fed.     

The kinetics of vaporization of a heavy metal from a fluidized waste by an inverse method

This study addresses the emission of heavy metals during the incineration of municipal solid waste. A global method was developed to determine the vaporization rate of the metal from the on-line analysis of exhaust gas. This method differs from direct models, which predict the time course of the metal concentration in the gas from the vaporization rate profile, but which are not practicable because this vaporization rate cannot be measured in real incinerators burning real wastes. The method is based on the determination of the global rate of release of heavy metal from the combustion of model wastes in a fluidized bed. It is an inverse method, which involves only the measured concentration of heavy metal in the exhaust gases and a model developed at the reactor scale. The thermal treatment of model wastes spiked with a metal was performed in a laboratory- scale fluidized bed. In fact, a solid matrix derived from real waste was dosed with Cd, Pb, or Zn and burned to simulate the metal’s release during the incineration of municipal solid waste. An on-line analysis system was linked to the gas outlet of the reactor, and the metal’s vaporization was tracked successfully by continuously measuring by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) the relative concentration of the metal in exhaust gases. On the theoretical front, a bubbling bed model was developed and validated to calculate the metal’s vaporization rate from its concentration-time profile in the outlet gas. The inverse method consists in identifying these vaporization rates at the particle level from only the on-line diagnostic results and using the model, whatever the waste considered. The data obtained may be used in any process, in which wastes are heated rapidly (several hundreds of degrees per second), as in fluidized beds.