Performance of multi-beam CDMA-based LEO satellite systems in aRice-lognormal channel

The performance of multi-beam code-division multiple-access (CDMA)-based low Earth orbit (LEO) systems with convolutional coding and soft decision Viterbi decoding is analyzed. The multiple access interference due to all visible interferers of the given satellite is taken into account. The results show that the interference coming from the users located outside the footprint but still seen by the given satellite has a nontrivial effect on the system capacity. The multiple access interference, though, can be reduced by increasing the elevation restraint of each satellite footprint. Estimates on this reduction are given     

Performance of multibeam CDMA-based LEO satellite systems with imperfect power control

Bit error probability of a DS-CDMA multispot beam LEO system with imperfect power control is analysed in this paper. The power control error is assumed to be a lognormal random variable. The channel is a combination of Rician and Suzuki distributions. For more realistic applications the multiple-access interference due to all users seen by the serving satellite for the user of interest is taken into account. This differs from other reported work in which only part of all possible interference was considered. The numerical results with different numbers of interferers show that the interference coming from the users located outside the footprint but seen by the reference satellite has a non-trivial effect on the system capacity. However, the multiple-access interference can be reduced by increasing the elevation restraint of each satellite footprint. Estimates on this reduction are given. It is also shown that the performance of shadowed users is highly sensitive to the power control error. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design study for a CDMA-based LEO satellite network: downlinksystem level parameters

The performance analysis of a new concept of a code-division multiple-access (CDMA) based low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite network for mobile satellite communications is presented and discussed. The starting point was to analyze the feasibility of implementing multisatellite and multipath diversity reception in a CDMA network for LEO satellites. The results are used to specify the design parameters for a system experimental test bed. Due to the extremely high Doppler, which is characteristic of LEO satellites, code acquisition is significantly simplified by using a continuous wave (CW) pilot carrier for Doppler estimation and compensation. The basic elements for the analysis presented are: the channel model, the pilot carrier frequency estimation for Doppler compensation, and multipath and multisatellite diversity combining     

Performance of DS/CDMA systems with differential M-ary orthogonal modulation and RS-coding for LEO satellite communications

This paper presents a coded modulation scheme based on M-ary orthogonal modulation by means of Walsh–Hadamard (WH) sequences, suitable for low-earth-orbit (LEO) direct sequence/code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) satellite communication systems. Based on the IS-95 scheme, we consider Reed–Solomon (RS)-coded M-ary orthogonal modulation with error or erasures decoding, which presents good performance enhancement with low complexity. LEO satellite links are characterized by large Doppler frequency shifts caused by the difference in velocity between the satellite and the earth mobile terminal, which make conventional non-coherent detection ineffective. In order to overcome the phase shift variations during the symbol period, which result in orthogonality loss of the WH sequences, we applied a differential encoding process to the spreading sequences or the WH chips prior to transmission. A special diversity process suitable for the environment under consideration is also applied. Simulation results show that the proposed diversity/coding/modulation scheme attains very good performance at low transmitter/receiver complexity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance comparisons for adaptive LEO satellite links

This paper considers the potential to achieve improved throughput in time‐varying satellite links which have flexibility in information bit rate and/or transmit power. We assume that other parameters of the link budget such as antenna gains and operating frequency are fixed. Simple results are derived, which illustrate what improvements in data throughput or power consumption are possible under two low‐earth orbit scenarios: inter‐satellite links and satellite to ground communications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低轨卫星通信系统下行链路设计

针对低轨卫星通信系统特点,结合当前世界上应用最广泛的数字卫星电视广播( Digital Video Broadcasting,DVB)协议,对卫星通信下行链路进行设计与验证.介绍了协议整体架构的设计和链路模型的搭建,重点描述了同步模块中的预频偏估计过程的设计.频偏预估计实现了在进行精细的频偏估计和补偿之前对大频偏的估计...     

Performance evaluation of a reservation TDMA protocol for voice/data transmissions in a LEO satellite communication system

In this paper, the capability is investigated of a reservation TDMA‐based protocol to support constant bit rate and best‐effort traffics in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems under typical propagation conditions. Differently from several previous papers on the same subject, we focus here on a communication channel affected by multipath fading and characterized by a high round trip delay. In our protocol, a higher priority is given to constant bit rate terminals with respect to best‐effort data terminals. The performance for constant bit rate and best‐effort terminals was derived by means of a suitable analytical approach and computer simulations. The results shown herein permits to evaluate the influence of the channel propagation conditions on the system performance. Moreover, they highlight that the reservation TDMA protocol exhibits a good behaviour for the communication channel under consideration and in comparison with a recent protocol based on the classical PRMA scheme. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Control scheme for micro/macro/megacell-overlaying cellular systemincluding an LEO satellite system

A flexible radio resource management technique is proposed for multilayered cellular systems that consist of megacells using LEO satellites, and macrocell and microcell overlaid terrestrial cellular systems. In the proposed system, the radio spectra for microcell and macrocell terrestrial systems are adaptively and autonomously shared according to the traffic conditions of each microcell. Moreover, the radio resource for a satellite system is also dynamically shared by a temporarily unused satellite band. Computer simulation confirms that the proposed system can achieve high system capacity by reusing the radio resource allocated for the satellite band     

Impact of ionospheric scintillations on LEO satellite DS-CDMA communication system

The impact of ionospheric scintillations is investigated in terms of bit error rate for a multispot beam LEO satellite communication system employing direct sequence-code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) technique. Depending on the satellite orbit parameters and the Earth station location, the effect of time-varying ionospheric scintillation on the system varies. Performance degradation can be substantial in times of severe scintillations.     

All-digital Carrier Frequency Tracking Method in LEO DS/SS Communication

An efficient method to track the carrier frequency which is recommended to use in low earth orbit（LEO） direct-sequence spread-spectrum（DS/SS） communication system is given. The carrier frequency drifts quicker in LEO DS/SS communication system, its tracking problem becomes much more important especially in digital receiver with the limits of physical shape and power. Under the condition of coarse carrier frequency synchronization, a digital tracking method based on least square method（LSM） is proved to be a quick, simple and efficient method. Numerical results and charts are given.     

一种低轨卫星动态模型

分析了地球自转给低轨卫星动态模型带来的影响;针对大多数文献在低轨卫星动态模型中都未考虑地球自转的不足,提出了一种将地球自转考虑在内的低轨卫星动态模型,并在此模型的基础上对地面用户越区切换进行了分析;最后对模型进行了仿真分析,对于在低轨卫星动态模型中考虑地球自转的重要性做出了说明。     

信道保护策略在LEO卫星通信系统中的应用

信道预留策略可以降低通信业务的中断概率,提高整个系统的性能。但由于在地 面蜂窝通信系统中,小区业务量的变化较为复杂,使得该策略的应用十分困难。在此根据LEO 卫星的特点,对信道预留策略加以改进,使其可以根据小区中业务量的大小动态的调整预留的 信道数量,取得了良好的效果。此外,还采用了新到达业务排队策略,进一步提高了LEO卫星 移动通信系统的整体性能。     

ATM-based routing in LEO/MEO satellite networks with intersatellitelinks

An asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)-based concept for the routing of information in a low Earth orbit/medium Earth orbit (LEO/MEO) satellite system including intersatellite links (ISLs) is proposed. Specific emphasis is laid on the design of an ATM-based routing scheme for the ISL part of the system. The approach is to prepare a virtual topology by means of virtual path connections (VPCs) connecting all pairs of end nodes in the ISL subnetwork for a complete period in advance, similar to implementing a set of (time dependent) routing tables. The search for available end-to-end routes within the ISL network is based on a modified Dijkstra (1959) shortest path algorithm (M-DSPA) capable of coping with the time-variant topology. With respect to the deterministic time variance of the considered ISL topologies, an analysis of optimization aspects for the selection of a path at call setup time is presented. The performance of the path search in combination with a specific optimization procedure is-by means of extensive simulations-evaluated for example LEO and MEO ISL topologies, respectively     

低轨卫星系统频谱干扰及其规避仿真与分析

随着空间科学的发展,低轨(LEO)卫星的宽带业务需求不断增大,其使用频段向Ka等高频段扩展,不可避免地与静止轨道(GEO)卫星系统产生同频干扰.文中对GEO卫星系统受到LEO卫星系统的干扰及其规避措施进行了研究,通过建立上、下行同频干扰模型,对GEO卫星系统受到的干扰进行了仿真分析;进而,提出了基于空间隔离角和基于屏蔽...     

Performance enhancement of DS/CDMA system using chaotic complex spreading sequence

In this paper, a novel direct sequence/spread spectrum (DS/SS) communication system is proposed. This scheme exploits the two-dimensional complex valued chaotic Ikeda map as the spreading sequences. With this double spreading DS/SS system, the effect of multiple access interference can be mitigated by choosing the spreading sequences with appropriate cross-correlation properties. The performance of the system is assessed and demonstrated in a multiuser environment by means of computer simulation with additive white Gaussian noise, Rayleigh fading, and selective fading channel conditions. These studies reveal that the proposed system significantly outperforms the Gold code DS/SS-BPSK system in synchronous channel conditions. In asynchronous case, the improvement is substantial for low signal-to-noise ratios.     

扩频体制低轨卫星通信信号捕获与跟踪系统设计

针对扩频体制下低轨卫星信号的捕获及跟踪等系统设计实现问题,根据卫星信号模型进行了捕获及跟踪算法设计,重点对基于快速傅里叶变换的快速捕获算法、锁频环、锁相环和码跟踪环路进行了设计,并进行了工程系统实现。试验验证表明,该系统可以实现码分多址体制低轨卫星信号捕获、跟踪处理,工作性能参数满足系统需求。     

面向Massive MIMO低轨卫星通信系统的鲁棒高效波束成形设计

以低轨卫星通信系统能量效率最大化为优化目标,重点研究鲁棒波束成形设计。假设卫星侧配备大规模多输入多输出技术,综合考虑传播延迟和多普勒频移造成的信道状态信息误差影响,在发射功率受限和用户服务质量约束下,提出了一种鲁棒高效的波束成形方案。考虑到遍历用户速率和遍历信干噪比都没有闭合表达式,采用具备闭合表达式的近似值代替,同时,采用半正定规划算法将非凸二次约束二次规划形式问题进行等价转换,并提出了一种联合二次变换分式规划和凹凸过程的内外两层嵌套迭代算法。最后,采用一种惩罚函数算法解决半正定规划算法中存在的秩1约束问题。仿真结果表明,所提算法性能优于传统算法,且鲁棒性较高。     

Performance evaluation of LEO satellite constellations with inter-satellite links under self-similar and Poisson traffic

A real-time simulation study for the evaluation of traffic flow in low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations, used for the interconnection of high-speed networks, is presented in this paper. The proposed model simulates the traffic process end to end at the packet level, supporting successfully the implementation of self-similar traffic sources, a modelling approach that has been considered more realistic than the well-known Poisson, for real-time communications. An in-depth study for the establishment of inter-satellite links (ISLs) and the design of the terrestrial and space segments is presented and the performance of the integrated system is evaluated in terms of delay and throughput parameters. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Q-GERT survivability assessment of LEO satellite constellation

Wireless Networks - Due to the complexity of space environment and the difficulty of satellite maintenance in outer space, survivability has become one of the most important problems of LEO...     

A survivable routing protocol for two-layered LEO/MEO satellite networks

Due to the rapid development of space communication, satellite networks will be confronted with more complex space environment in future, which poses the important demand on the design of the survivable and efficient routing protocols. Among satellite networks, two-layered Low Earth Orbit (LEO)/Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite networks (LMSNs) have become an attractive architecture for their better communication service than single-layered satellite networks. To determine the topological dynamics of LMSN, the satellite group and group manager (SGGM) method is a prevalent strategy. However, it can not precisely capture the topological dynamics of the LEO layer, which may result in the unreliability of data transmission. Besides, most existing routing protocols based on the SGGM method will collapse once any top satellite fails. To overcome both limitations, this paper proposes a new topology control strategy for LMSNs. The proposed strategy determines the snapshot in terms of the topological change of the LEO layer, which ensures the topological consistency of routing calculation. Moreover, a new survivable routing protocol (SRP) is presented for LMSNs by combining both centralized and distributed routing strategies. The SRP can provide strong survivability under the LEO or MEO satellite failure. Besides, it can also achieve the minimum delay routing provided the MEO layer can effectively work. The performance of SRP is also evaluated by simulation and analysis.