A reliable technique to identify superior quality clones from tea germplasm

Variations in the substrate level and enzyme activity of prominent south Indian tea germplasm were studied. The content of polyphenols, catechins (substrates) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) showed variation, which influenced the final black tea quality. The enzyme PPO occurs in tea shoots and catalyzes the reactions between catechins to form theaflavins in the presence of oxygen. The catechins mainly epicatechin (EC), epigallo catechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallo catechin (EGC) get mixed with PPO during the oxidation process to form quality constituents like theaflavins (TF), thearubigins (TR) and high polymerized substances (HPS). Theaflavins and their fractions such as simple theaflavin, theaflavin monogallate, (TFMG), theaflavin digallate (TFDG) in black tea are the essential quality constituents that are responsible for the liquor characteristics where as TR and high polymerized substances impart colour to the liquor. As oxidation of macerated leaves proceed through different stages of tea manufacture, a decline in PPO activity, polyphenol and catechin contents were observed. Data revealed that the oxidation reaction was faster during the initial stages of oxidation. During the period, oxygen consumption was higher and declined thereafter. Ratio between the enzyme (PPO) and its substrate (catechins) were used to characterize the quality potential of tea clones. An attempt has also been made to categorize prominent tea clones as high, moderate and average quality clones based on their enzyme substrate ratio. Theaflavin content (oxidation product) of different tea clones suggests that the ratio between PPO and catechins forms an important criterion which determines black tea quality. Results obtained were compared with standard clones of known high quality (CR-6017) and moderate quality (SA-6). The study reveals that the enzyme substrate ratio can be used to identify superior quality clones from the existing tea germplasm.     

Common tea formulations modulate in vitro digestive recovery of green tea catechins

Epidemiological evidence suggests a role for tea catechins in reduction of chronic disease risk. However, stability of catechins under digestive conditions is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of common food additives on digestive recovery of tea catechins. Green tea water extracts were formulated in beverages providing 4.5, 18, 23, and 3.5 mg per 100 mL epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), and epicatechin-gallate (ECG), respectively. Common commercial beverage additives; citric acid (CA), BHT, EDTA, ascorbic acid (AA), milk (bovine, soy, and rice), and citrus juice (orange, grapefruit, lemon, and lime) were formulated into finished tea beverages at incremental dosages. Samples were then subjected to in vitro digestion simulating gastric and small intestinal conditions with pre- and post-digestion catechin profiles assessed by HPLC. Catechin stability in green tea was poor with <20% total catechins remaining post-digestion. EGC and EGCG were most sensitive with less, not double equals 10% recovery. Teas formulated with 50% bovine, soy, and rice milk increased total catechin recovery significantly to 52, 55, and 69% respectively. Including 30 mg AA in 250 mL of tea beverage significantly (p<0.05) increased catechin recovery of EGC, EGCG, EC, and ECG to 74, 54, 82, and 45% respectively. Juice preparation resulted in the highest recovery of any formulation for EGC (81-98%), EGCG (56-76%), EC (86-95%), and ECG (30-55%). These data provide evidence that tea consumption practices and formulation factors likely impact catechin digestive recovery and may result in diverse physiological profiles.     

Phenolic content and antioxidative capacity of green and white tea extracts depending on extraction conditions and the solvent used

The efficiencies of different solvents in the extraction of phenolics from bagged and loose leaves of white and green tea, after different extraction times, as well as the antioxidative capacity of the obtained extracts, were investigated. The developed HPLC method has the potential to separate and determinate 17 phenolics widely distributed in plants, but in investigated tea extracts only four catechins and traces of three flavonols and one flavone were separated and detected based on comparison with authentic standards. The extraction efficiency of phenolics depended strongly on the time of extraction and the solvents used. The extraction of catechins from green tea was significantly affected by the form (bagged or loose) of the tea, whereas this effect was shown not to be statistically significant for white tea. Green tea was a richer source of phenolics than was white tea. The extraction of phenolics from white tea by water could be accelerated by the addition of lemon juice. Aqueous ethanol (40%) was most effective in the prolonged extraction of catechins. The antioxidative capacity of the investigated tea extracts correlated with their phenolic content.     

黑茶金花体外抗氧化及降血脂活性研究

目的 探究黑毛茶、金花黑茶、去花茶底和纯金花主要品质成分含量及其体外抗氧化、降血脂活性差异。方法 以黑毛茶为原料,采用传统黑茶发花工艺制成金花黑茶,分离金花后获得黑毛茶、金花黑茶、去花茶底和纯金花4个样品,分析其主要品质成分含量、体外抗氧化及降血脂活性差异。结果 相比黑毛茶、金花黑茶和去花茶底,纯金花的水浸出物、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),黄酮类物质含量则显著降低(P<0.05),茶多酚含量表现为黑毛茶>去花茶底>金花黑茶>纯金花;各样品对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、亚硝基、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力和总还原能力表现为黑毛茶>去花茶底>金花黑茶>纯金花,去花茶底对羟基自由基的清除能力最强;同时通过分析4个样品体外结合胆酸盐能力、对胰脂肪酶活性的激活能力及对胆固醇酯酶的抑制能力发现,去花茶底的体外降血脂效果最佳,其次是金花黑茶(P<0.05)。相关性分析显示,茶多酚含量与超氧阴离子自由基清除能力呈显著正相关(P<0.05);黄酮...     

绿茶、桑叶和臭黄荆叶细粉水提液抑菌和抗氧化能力

探究绿茶、桑叶和臭黄荆叶3种植物干叶细粉水提液的抑菌和抗氧化能力。采用当量法测定3种原料中黄酮、多酚含量,二倍稀释法测定水提液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度,牛津杯法分析原料的抑菌活性。利用分光光度法研究3种水提液及其两两等比混合后的DPPH自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率和Fe2+螯合能力。结果表明,绿茶粉中水溶性黄酮、多酚含量最高,分别为62.22、133.82 mg/g,桑叶粉次之,臭黄荆叶粉最少。绿茶、桑叶和臭黄荆叶细粉在DPPH自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率和Fe2+螯合能力方面无协同作用,但黄酮、多酚含量与其抑菌和抗氧化活性间存在显著的量效关系(P<0.05)。因此,绿茶、桑叶和臭黄荆叶细粉水提液抑菌和抗氧化能力依次减弱,且三者抗氧化活性没有协同增效作用。     

体外模拟胃肠消化对古茶树叶酵素中活性成分和抗氧化活性的影响

为探究古茶树叶酵素经模拟胃、肠消化后活性成分和抗氧化活性的变化,该研究采用体外模拟胃、肠消化的方法,检测古茶树叶酵素模拟胃肠消化过程中总酚、黄酮、原花青素含量的释放规律,同时对模拟胃肠消化前后茶叶酵素中的5种儿茶素类物质含量变化进行了分析,并对其体外抗氧化活性的变化规律进行了进一步研究。结果表明:古茶树叶酵素在模拟胃消化中,总酚、总黄酮含量和ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力、还原力均显著提高（P<0.05）,原花青素含量、DPPH自由基清除能力无显著变化（P>0.05）;在模拟肠消化中,总酚含量、ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力显著提高（P<0.05）,总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力、还原力无显著变化（P>0.05）,原花青素含量显著降低（P<0.05）。5种儿茶素类物质中在胃消化过程中无显著性变化（P>0.05）,而在肠消化过程中均显著下降（P<0.05）,儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素、表儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯含量在模拟肠消化2 h后分别下降了74.58%、64.40%、86.95%、48.21%。这表明,古茶树叶酵素在模拟胃肠消化过程中,胃蛋白酶、胃酸可促进抗氧化活性物质释放,有较好的抗氧化活性,有望应用于抗氧化产品的开发。     

Comparative study on composition and antioxidant properties of mint and black tea extract

The antioxidant properties of plants could be correlated with oxidative stress defence in different human diseases. The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the antioxidant potential and the phytochemical composition in the aqueous extracts of mint leaves, black tea and black tea enriched with mint extract. All the three preparations exhibited free radical‐scavenging potential for nitric oxide (NO) radical, superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical, and the values were lesser than those of the antioxidants which acted as standards. In comparison, the mint extract exhibited higher free radical and NO scavenging effect. Hydroxyl radical and superoxide scavenging effects were more pronounced in tea with the mint extract, while the reducing power was exhibited more significantly by the black tea extract. The phytochemical compounds were identified and the total phenols and flavonoids were quantified and compared between these extracts.     

Scavenging effect of tea catechins and their epimers on superoxide anion radicals generated by a hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase system

Catechins are a major group of polyphenolic compounds contained in abundance in green tea. Using electron spin resonance spectroscopy along with a spin‐trapping agent, the scavenging effect of tea catechins and their corresponding epimers against superoxide anion radicals generated by a hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase reaction system was evaluated. The presence of 3′,4′,5′‐trihydroxyl groups attached to the B‐ring of the flavan skeleton of tea catechins elevated their radical‐scavenging efficiency in comparison to those with 3′,4′‐dihydroxyl groups. There were no significant differences between the four dominant tea catechins and their corresponding epimers with regard to radical‐scavenging ability. Under the different spin‐trapping agent concentrations, the sigmoid curves of reducing spin‐trapping adducts produced by tea catechins were shifted leftward, suggesting that a likely possible action of tea catechins is to scavenge superoxide anion radicals directly, not to inhibit the function of xanthine oxidase. Although caffeine is also known as a major ingredient of tea, its superoxide anion radical‐scavenging effect was much weaker than that of the catechin family. It is concluded that tea catechins and their epimers serve as powerful antioxidants for directly eliminating superoxide anion radicals, and may be useful in the prevention of diseases relating to in vivo oxidative stress. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

杜仲叶茶与蓝锭果提取物的体外抗氧化性研究

本文通过对自由基清除、还原力以及抗油脂和抗脂质过氧化能力的测定,以清除率和抑制率为评价指标,探讨了不同浓度的杜仲叶茶和蓝锭果提取液体外抗氧化的效果,并以维生素C为对照实验进行比较,研究表明,杜仲叶茶和蓝锭果提取物均有一定的抗氧化作用。随着浓度的增加,DPPH?自由基、羟自由基及超氧自由基的清除率及抗脂质氧化抑制率均逐步提高。杜仲叶茶的还原能力明显优于蓝锭果提取物和维生素C。2种植物提取物及维生素C对ABTS⁺自由基的清除率普遍低于对其他自由基的清除作用,蓝锭果提取物在清除ABTS⁺自由基方面效果最优,当杜仲叶茶和蓝锭果提取物提取液浓度为0.2 mg/mL时,其抗油脂氧化能力均弱于维生素C。该研究可为杜仲和蓝锭果的功能性产品开发提供一定的指导思路。     

Integrating satellite images and spectroscopy to measuring green and black tea quality

This study quantifies the effects of green leaf and black tea parameters that influence tea quality in Northeast India. It was motivated by a decline in tea quality that is of concern to tea growers. The rationale of the study is to identify the different parameters that have a significant influence on liquor brightness and other variables measuring tea quality. Here, we investigate several methods for estimating tea quality based on tea quality data, near infrared spectroscopy and remotely sensed data (NDVI). Attention focused on two high yielding clones (TV1 and S3A3). NDVI was obtained from ASTER images. Statistical analysis shows that liquor brightness is affected by the levels of caffeine content, theaflavins and catechins. Relationships exist between quality parameters and remote sensing in particular for the S3A3 clone. NDVI has a positive relation with caffeine, theogallin, EC, and ECG. NIR is negatively related to caffeine, theogallin, and catechins. We conclude that NDVI and Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy have a large potential to be used for monitoring tea quality in the future.     

Influence of polyphenol oxidase activity and polyphenol content of tea shoot on quality of black tea

Variation in polyphenot oxidase activity and levels of total polyphenols and catechins with respect to different clones and shoot components, and its effect on quality of black tea (Camellia sinensis (L) 0 Kuntze, were studied. There was a wide variation in polyphenol oxidase activity of the different clones tested. The optimum fermentation time and polyphenol oxidase activity of different clones exhibited a hyperbolic relationship, viz y = 2.36 + 1129/x, where y = optimum fermentation time in minutes and x = polyphenol oxidase activity in μM catechol oxidised g^?1 acetone powder min^?1, with an r value of ?0.98, which is signi Jicant at P ≤ 0.001. A good non-linear relationship was found between polyphenol oxidase activity of ji-esh tea shoots of different clones and the theajavins content of corresponding black teas. Among different shoot components, bud and first leaf had higher levels of polyphenols and catechins than internodes. However, the polyphenol oxidase activity showed a reverse trend: the internodes exhibited a higher enzyme activity compared with other components. Formation of theajavins during fermentation of different shoot components was in good agreement with polyphenol oxidase activity. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the theaflavins fraction in tea brew of black teas made from different components of tea shoot showed that buds resulted in black tea with the highest amount of theaflavin gallates, whereas teas produced from internodes had the lowest amount of theaflavin gallates. A new factor, viz theaflavin digallate equivalent, was developed, and the significance of this factor for chemical evaluation of black tea quality is discussed in this paper.     

油茶饼中酚类化合物的抗氧化性研究

用异丙醇、正己烷、乙醚分别从油茶饼中提取酚类化合物,所得到的3种提取物中酚类化合物的含量分别为:764、105、276μg/mL。研究这3种酚类提取物的抗氧化活性,包括对DPPH·自由基、羟基自由基、超氧阴离子的清除作用,以及对Fe2+的络合能力和Fe3+的还原能力。结果表明,异丙醇提取物对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的清除能力和对Fe3+的还原力极显著地大于正己烷提取物和乙醚提取物。而正己烷提取物对超氧阴离子有较强的清除能力,3种提取物对Fe2+的络合能力没有极显著性差异。说明油茶饼提取物有显著的抗氧化性,而异丙醇提取物的抗氧化活性较好。     

不同黑茶提取物功能性成分分析及活性评价

探究不同黑茶提取物(天尖茶、茯砖茶、百两茶、六堡茶及普洱茶)中主要功能性组分的差异,评价其功能性活性1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除能力、氧自由基的吸收能力(oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC)及对PC12神经细胞保护作用,并建立功能性组分与其活性的相关性。结果表明,湖南产的茯砖、天尖和百两茶,其提取物中的茶多酚、茶多糖及儿茶素总含量均显著高于普洱和六堡茶提取物,而咖啡碱、没食子酸及茶氨酸含量则以普洱茶提取物最高。茯砖、天尖和百两茶提取物对DPPH自由基的清除能力及对氧自由基的吸收能力均较强,而在PC12神经细胞损伤保护实验中,茯砖、普洱及六堡茶提取物效果明显。通过相关性分析,发现茶多酚(特别是酯型儿茶素表儿茶素没食子酸酯(epicatechin gallate,ECG)和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG))是黑茶提取物DPPH自由基和ORAC活性的主要影响因素,而茶氨酸含量则与PC12细胞保护作用正相关。     

柠檬汁清除DPPH自由基能力及实验方法比较研究

应用电子顺磁共振(EPR)和紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)两种方法研究美国加州和中国广西柠檬汁清除DPPH自由基的能力。结果表明,EPR方法测得加州和广西柠檬汁的半数清除率EC50值分别为54.53%和32.73%;UV-Vis方法测得加州和广西柠檬汁的EC50值分别为46.41%和30.41%,并且DPPH自由基清除率与柠檬汁浓度呈现良好的正相关性。统计学分析结果表明,两种实验方法的实验结果之间无显著性差异,测试方法对实验结果无显著性影响,两种方法均可用于柠檬汁对DPPH自由基清除能力的研究。     

Comparison of the main compounds in Fuding white tea infusions from various tea types

The purpose of this study was to compare the main components, and particularly catechins, caffeine, theanine, free amino acids, and water extracts, in Bai Hao Yin Zhen, Bai Mu Dan, and Shou Mei Fuding white tea infusions brewed at different temperatures, and their contributions to taste were estimated by dose-over-threshold value. Infusion temperature had a distinct effect on the main components extracted, and 100 °C was found to be optimal for extracting catechins and caffeine. However, the effect of temperature on theanine, free amino acids, and water extracts varied with tea type. Bai Mu Dan and Shou Mei yielded a higher content of the major compounds than did Bai Hao Yin Zhen. Thus, infusion temperature had a large effect on extracting the main compounds, and the differences in content between the three white teas presumably reflected differences in the harvest time, processing method or leaf shape.     

树莓叶茶和嫩尖茶抗氧化活性成分研究

目的 研究树莓叶茶和嫩尖茶的抗氧化活性成分。方法 对树莓叶茶和嫩尖茶的鞣花酸、黄酮和多酚含量进行了测定, 并与绿茶炒青进行了比较, 在此基础上考察了不同种类茶叶对DPPH和ABTS自由基的清除能力。结果 树莓叶茶和嫩尖茶的鞣花酸含量较为丰富, 最高达26.75 mg/g, 是特级炒青6.8倍, 黄酮含量也较绿茶炒青高, 达18~22 mg/g; 树莓嫩尖茶的多酚含量同炒青接近, 均超过180 mg/g, 两者的抗氧化活性均较强, 而树莓叶茶的总多酚含量较低, 仅为绿茶和树莓嫩尖茶36%~39%, 抗氧化活性较弱。相关性分析发现茶叶样品的抗氧化活性与多酚含量呈极显著正相关。结论 树莓叶茶抗氧化性较弱, 而嫩尖茶具有较强的抗氧化活性, 可以加以推广。     

柠檬红茶酸奶的加工工艺研究

以柠檬、红茶和鲜奶为主要原料,以嗜热性链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌为发酵剂,经发酵制成一种新型固体酸奶。通过正交试验方法和感官评定,确定该产品的最佳配方和生产工艺为：柠檬红茶汁5%,蔗糖和蜂蜜4%,保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热性链球菌3％,发酵温度42℃、发酵时间5h。