Methane dehydroaromatization over Mo/HZSM-5: A study of catalytic process

The deactivation process of methane dehydroaromatization (MDA) reaction has been followed by various physical chemistry methods.     

Identification of the coke accumulation and deactivation sites of Mo2C/HZSM-5 catalyst in CH4 dehydroaromatization

Identifying the preferentially coking sites of Mo₂C/HZSM-5 catalyst in the CH₄ dehydroaromatization at non-oxidative conditions was attempted by employing a physically separable Mo₂C/α-Al₂O₃ + HZSM-5 mixture instead of Mo₂C/HZSM-5 as catalyst. Photographic observation on the spent Mo₂C/α-Al₂O₃ and HZSM-5 components separated from the deactivated mixture and their thermogravimetric analysis clearly revealed that coke accumulation occurred predominantly on the HZSM-5. Then, the comparative activity tests with the physical blends of the deactivated Mo₂C/α-Al₂O₃ + HZSM-5 mixture sample with fresh Mo₂C/α-Al₂O₃ or HZSM-5 further confirmed that the coked HZSM-5 component in the deactivated mixture definitely deactivated while that un-coked Mo₂C constituent remained highly active.     

Cerium promoted Pd/HZSM-5 catalyst for methane combustion

A series of Pd/HZSM-5 (Si/Al₂ = 165) catalysts without and with additives of oxides of La, Ce, Sm, Nd and Tb were prepared by the impregnation method, and characterized by XRD, Raman spectra, N₂-adsorption, CO-chemisorption, O₂-TPD and CH₄-TPR techniques. The catalysts were investigated for low-temperature CH₄ combustion, and CeO₂ was found to have a significant promoting effect on the activity of Pd/HZSM-5. Pd–Ce/HZSM-5 showed the best methane combustion activity and the improved thermal/hydrothermal reaction stability among tested catalysts. The characterization results of catalysts indicated that CeO₂ can effectively promote the formation of crystalline PdO and weaken the bond strength of Pd–O on Pd–Ce/HZSM-5, resulting in that Pd–Ce/HZSM-5 possessed lower temperatures for oxygen desorption and CH₄ reduction than Pd/HZSM-5. This could be ascribed to the covalent property and large oxygen storage/supplying capacity of CeO₂. It is believed that more active PdO species on Pd/HZSM-5 for low-temperature methane combustion process could be effectively promoted due to the introduction of CeO₂.     

Study on attrition of spherical-shaped Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst for methane dehydro-aromatization in a gas-solid fluidized bed

As a potential methane efficient conversion process,non-oxidative aromatization of methane in fluidized bed requires a catalyst with good attrition resistance,especially in the states of high temperature,long-time rapid movement and chemical reaction.Existing evaluation methods for attrition resistance,such as ASTM D5757 and Jet Cup test,are targeted for fresh catalysts at ambient temperature,which cannot well reflect the real process.In this study,spherical-shaped Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst prepared by dipping and spray drying was placed in a self-made apparatus for attrition testing,in which the catalyst attrition under differ-ent system temperatures,running time and process factors was investigated with percent mass loss (PML),particle size-mass distribution (PSMD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).Carbon deposition on the catalyst before and after activation,aromatization and regeneration was analyzed by thermogravimetry(TG),and the attrited catalysts were evaluated for methane dehydro-aromatization (MDA).The results show that the surface abrasion and body breakage of catalyst particles occur continuously,with the increase of system temperature and running time,and make the PML rise gradually.The process factors of activation,aromatization and regeneration can cause the catalyst attrition and carbon deposits,which broaden the PSMD in varying degrees,and the carbon-substances on catalysts greatly improve their attrition resistance at high temperature.Catalyst attrition has a certain influence on its catalytic performance,and the main reasons point to particle breakage and fine powder escape.     

双金属Ni-Co/HZSM-5催化剂上甲烷二氧化碳重整反应

采用等体积浸渍法制备一系列双金属Ni-Co/HZSM-5催化剂,考察反应温度和Ni与Co质量比对甲烷二氧化碳催化重整性能的影响。采用BET和H2-TPR表征催化剂的孔结构和还原性能,结果表明,负载的活性组分均匀分散在HZSM-5载体孔道内。Ni与Co之间存在协同作用,促进了Ni-Co/HZSM-5催化剂的还原性能。单金属Co催化剂几乎对甲烷没有转化活性,双金属Ni-Co催化剂催化活性明显提高,Ni与Co质量比6∶4时,催化剂甲烷二氧化碳重整反应的催化活性和稳定性优于单金属Ni催化剂。     

甲烷芳构化反应催化剂Ｍｏ-Ｍ／ＨＺＳＭ-５表面性质的研究

对甲烷芳构化催化剂Ｍｏ-Ｍ／ＨＺＳＭ-５进行了异丙醇分解、ＮＨ３-ＴＰＤ-ＭＳ、积炭量测定表征,其结果均与芳构化性能有关。芳烃收率高,稳定性好,积炭量较少,而且具有相当量的酸量和一定量强酸量及较强的脱氢中心。     

Non-oxidative methane conversion into aromatics on mechanically mixed Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts

The catalyst prepared by the physical mixing of powder MoO₃ and HZSM-5 exhibits a better performance for methane conversion at high Mo loading compared with those prepared by the impregnation method. The specific surface area is larger for physically mixed samples than that for impregnated samples with the same Mo loading. The preferential orientation of MoO₃ crystallite is along the (0 k 0) axis, while the (0 2 1) plane is exposed preferentially by MoO₃ to impregnated HZSM-5. Both hcp β-Mo₂C and fcc α-Mo₂C can be formed on physically mixed samples, while only hcp β-Mo₂C is found on the impregnated samples under the same reaction condition.     

Remarkable improvement in the activity and stability of Pd/HZSM-5 catalyst for methane combustion

A novel Pd/HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared first by glow discharge plasma treatment followed by calcination thermally. Such prepared catalyst shows a higher activity and an enhanced stability for methane combustion. The XRD characterization and XPS analysis confirm that the plasma preparation leads to a better preparation of PdO active species over the HZSM-5 support. Especially, a plasma-enhanced acidity has been achieved upon the FT-IR analysis. The enhanced acidity plays an important role in stabilizing the dispersed PdO active species on the zeolite support.     

Effect of thermal treatment on states of molybdenum in Mo/H–ZSM-5 catalyst for methane dehydroaromatization: ESR and UV–VIS study

Valence and coordination states of molybdenum ions formed upon thermal treatment of Mo/H–ZSM-5 catalyst for methane dehydroaromatization in Ar and Ar/CH₄ media at 573–973 K have been studied by ESR and UV–VIS spectroscopy. For comparison, the characteristic ESR spectra of thermolyzed bulk ammonium heptamolybdate have been studied and analyzed in detail. The nature of earlier observed Mo⁵⁺ ions has been verified, and new paramagnetic states of molybdenum in Mo/H–ZSM-5 catalysts have been detected: Mo³⁺ ions, and Mo⁵⁺ ions in tetrahedral coordination with delocalization of unpaired electron to Al and H or Al and N atoms.     

Hydrothermal Post-synthesis of HZSM-5 Zeolite to Enhance the Coke-resistance of Mo/HZSM-5 Catalyst for Methane Dehydroaromatization

Hydrothermal post-synthesis was used to modify the micropores and acidity of commercially available HZSM-5 zeolites. The recrystallization and the dynamic incorporation and extraction of the framework Al not only stabilized the framework with high crystallinity, but also inhibited the creation of extra-pores during the post-synthesis in NaOH aqueous solution. The resulted Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst showed rather high catalytic stability and greatly enhanced selectivity towards aromatics for methane dehydroaromatization reaction by effectively inhibiting the coke formation.     

Conversion of methane to styrene over the mixed catalyst La2O3 + MoO3/HZSM-5

The gas‐phase hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde has been performed over unsupported Mo₂N and over Mo₂N supported on two carbonaceous materials, an activated carbon (AC) and a high surface area graphite (G). These catalysts were in situ prepared by the temperature‐programmed reaction of MoO₃ and carbon‐supported Mo precursors with NH₃. It is found that selectivity to the unsaturated alcohol is maximum for the Mo₂N/G sample, where crotylalcohol selectivities exceed the 60% during all time in reaction. Higher selectivity surface sites are associated with the (200) planes of the γ‐Mo₂N crystallites. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Re/HZSM-5: a new catalyst for ethane aromatization with improved stability

Rhenium-impregnated HZSM-5 is found to be a promising catalyst for ethane aromatization. The Re–HZSM-5 catalyst deactivates significantly slower than well-known ethane aromatization Zn–HZSM-5 catalyst. Product selectivities for the two catalysts are similar, indicating that the shape selectivity and acid-function of the zeolite are the determining factors, and the metal function is only responsible for the activation of ethane by dehydrogenation to ethylene.     

Transformation of olefin over Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst

Olefins in the cracked naphtha can be transformed into aromatics and isoparaffin to reduce the olefin content as well as to improve the octane number. In this work, Ni/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst was prepared and was characterized by nitrogen adsorption, FT-IR analysis with adsorbed pyridine as well as by X-ray powder diffraction analysis. The activity of the catalyst was investigated with the transformation of 1-hexene. The experimental results show that the main reactions occurring over Ni/HZSM-5 at relatively low temperature are cracking and isomerization of 1-hexene, which results in the high concentration of olefin in the hydrotreated product. The double-bond isomerization of 1-hexene is dominant at low temperature (<220 °C) while the skeletal isomerization is elevated at high temperature, and the aromatization activity of the Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst is promoted by high temperature. The sulfided Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst shows higher aromatization activity than the reduced one and the zeolite supported Ni catalysts show comparatively better stability than that without metal components.     

A Facile and Effective Method for the Distribution of Mo/HZSM-5 Catalyst Active Centers

Post-steaming treatment of Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts results in more molybdenum species migrating into and residing in the HZSM-5 zeolite channels. This is confirmed by XRF and XPS measurements. ¹H MAS NMR and ²⁹Si MAS NMR also demonstrate that the number of free Brönsted acid sites decreases in the Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts that underwent post-steaming treatment, compared to untreated Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts. As a result, the deactivation rate constant (k _d) on the Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst after post-steaming treatment for 0.5h is much smaller, and the catalyst therefore shows remarkable stability in the probe reaction of methane dehydro-aromatization. The results suggest that a more beneficial bi-functional balance between active Mo species for methane activation and acid sites for the following aromatization is developed over those Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts that have experienced post-steaming treatment for 0.5h, in comparison with the untreated Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts.     

Synthesis of Mo/IM-5 catalyst and its catalytic behavior in methane non-oxidative aromatization

A Mo-modified catalyst, Mo-IM-5, was prepared for the non-oxidative aromatization of methane, and for comparison, Mo-ZSM-5 was also synthesized for the same reaction. The physical properties and acidities of the samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET and IR spectroscopy. Compared with Mo-ZSM-5, the Mo-IM-5 catalyst showed both a higher methane conversion and higher benzene selectivity. In addition, Mo-IM-5 was slightly more stable than Mo-ZSM-5. The catalytic behavior of Mo-IM-5 may be attributed to its unusual two-dimensional 10-member-ring channel system with the character of three-dimensional cavity. Furthermore, the effects of different Si/Al ratios, Mo loadings and temperatures on the catalytic performance of Mo-IM-5 were also investigated.     

Study on the induction period of methane aromatization over Mo/HZSM-5: partial reduction of Mo species and formation of carbonaceous deposit

The induction period of dehydrogenation and aromatization of methane over Mo/HZSM-5 was studied by combining a pulse reaction method with TPSR, UV laser Raman, and ¹³C CPMAS NMR techniques. BET and XRD results showed that Mo species were well dispersed on/in the zeolite. TPSR in CH₄ stream revealed that Mo species were reduced in at least two different stages before the formation of benzene. TPR results were in agreement with TPSR results. The two stages might be attributed to the reduction of two kinds of Mo⁶⁺ species to low valence Mo species. One was polymolybdate MoO₃, and the other was crystalline MoO₃. UV Raman spectra showed the existence of octahedrally coordinated polymolybdate species. XRD, however, did not detect any crystalline MoO₃, possibly because they were too small to be detected with this technique. Pulse reaction results indicated that pre-reduction of the catalyst and formation of carbonaceous deposit could shorten the induction period. It is concluded that the formation of active sites during the induction period via partial reduction of Mo⁶⁺ species and formation of carbonaceous deposit on partially reduced Mo species is of significance for methane aromatization over Mo/HZSM-5. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

改性HZSM-5对甲醇制烯烃反应性能的影响研究

分别用非金属、碱金属、碱土金属、过渡金属以及稀土金属对HZSM-5催化剂进行改性,考察了改性催化剂对低碳烯烃的选择性影响,并选取改性效果较好的元素组合制备双金属改性催化剂,以进一步提高低碳烯烃的选择性。结果表明,双金属改性催化剂可明显提高C2=～C4=的总烯烃选择性,副产物得到了有效抑制。其中,钾-钙改性后丙烯的选择性最好,从25%提高到42%;钙-铈改性后,乙烯选择性较高,从25%提高到43%;钾-锌和钙-锌改性后,低碳烯烃选择性下降,二甲醚的选择性呈现不断上升趋势,从5%提高到60%左右。改性催化剂对反应过程的影响从一定程度上验证了本文提出的MTO反应网络。     

HZSM-5催化剂在MTG反应中的积炭失活

在固定床不锈钢反应器中进行了HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制汽油(MTG)反应的催化性能和失活实验。采用热重、X射线衍射、FT-IR、低温氮吸附-脱附、色谱-质谱联用仪等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,在反应进行到336 h时,甲醇转化率为40%,汽油收率低至12.6%,催化剂严重失活,但在700℃有氧再生后活性恢复,且保持了完整的MFI结构。积炭是催化剂失活的主要原因,大部分积炭沉积在分子筛微孔中,积炭物种主要是带有双键的聚合态化合物和稠环芳烃。     

Catalytic conversion of methane to benzene over Mo/ZSM-5

Dehydroaromatization of methane to benzene occurs over a 2 wt% Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst at 700C under non-oxidizing conditions. Following an initial induction period, during which CH₄ reactant reduces the original Mo⁶⁺ ions in the zeolite to Mo₂C and deposition of coke occurs, a benzene selectivity of 70% at a CH₄ conversion of 8–10% could be sustained for more than 16 h. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction measurements indicate that the reduced Mo is highly dispersed in the channels of the zeolite. Initial activation of CH₄ reactant occurs on Mo₂C sites, leading to the formation of C₂H₄ as the primary product. The latter then undergoes subsequent oligomerization reactions on acidic sites of the zeolite to form aromatic products.     

Adsorption properties of methane on Mo and Pd–Ga loaded HZSM-5 at mild temperature

Methane adsorption on Mo/HZSM-5 and Pd–Ga/HZSM-5 was investigated by TPD. Even at 323 K, methane could adsorb on the catalysts. It dissociated transferred to the high hydrocarbons with temperature increase. The enough concentration of intermediates is necessary step for aromatics formation. The higher ability of hydrogenation over Pd–Ga/HZSM-5 than that over Mo/HZSM-5 was probably the reason for the rich in hydrogenation products and the lack of H₂.