十聚钨酸盐选择性催化H_2O_2氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛

合成了6种十聚钨酸盐化合物,考察了它们在无溶剂、无卤素、无相转移催化剂条件下用30%H2O2氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛反应中的催化活性。结果表明,该体系是一种高效的环境友好催化体系。6种十聚钨酸盐在反应过程中显示了较高的活性,其中以十聚钨酸十六烷基吡啶盐的催化活性最好,在温度90℃下,反应1.5 h,苯甲醛的收率和选择性分别达到93.5%和98%。时间、H2O2加入量、温度、催化剂加入量等条件对催化剂活性有明显的影响,适宜的反应条件为:n(苯甲醇)∶n(催化剂)∶n(H2O2)=10∶0.05∶11,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为1.5 h。     

Pd/NaY催化苯甲醇无溶剂选择性氧化反应

采用离子交换法将[Pd(NH₃)₄]²⁺交换到NaY分子筛中,经焙烧和氢气还原制备金属钯粒径可调变的Pd/NaY催化剂。在(120~500) ℃改变焙烧温度,可以获得金属钯粒径(1.3~11.9) nm的Pd/NaY催化剂。Pd/NaY催化剂能够催化苯甲醇的无溶剂选择性氧化反应,对含不同钯粒径的Pd/NaY催化剂上醇选择性氧化研究发现,在1.6%Pd/NaY催化剂用量0.1 g、反应温度100 ℃、苯甲醇用量48.5 mmol和O₂流速3 mL·min^-1条件下,苯甲醇转化的真实转化频率随粒径变化在3.2 nm处呈最大值,该反应为结构敏感反应。     

Clean benzylation of anisole with benzyl alcohol over recyclable partially sulfonated imidazole-exchanged heteropoly phosphotungstate

A series of organic heteropoly acidic salts with high acid strength have been prepared via the partial replacement of protons in a neat phosphotungstic acid. These hybrid catalysts have exhibited good activity and selectivity in the benzylation of anisole with benzyl alcohol. The “liquid-phase reaction at high temperature, solid-state separation at room temperature” performance of obtained hybrid catalysts enables an easy recovery and steady reusability demonstrated by a three-run recycling test.     

Liquid phase selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol over Pd–Ag catalysts supported on pumice

Selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde was carried out over pumice supported bimetallic and monometallic Pd and Ag catalysts. Preliminary kinetic studies were performed at 333 K in autoclave, at pressure of 2 atm in pure oxygen. Under these conditions, small amounts of benzoic acid were detected with the monometallic Pd pumice being the most active catalyst. The reaction was also carried out under flowing oxygen at atmospheric pressure and at 348 K. Under these conditions, the selectivity to benzaldehyde was 100%. The catalytic activity of the catalysts was measured after different oxidation and reduction treatments at high temperature. In addition, two mechanical mixtures of pretreated Pd and Ag monometallic samples were tested. The structural data (XRD, XPS, EXAFS) along with the catalytic results would indicate that Ag⁰ and Pd⁰ species are the catalytic sites acting with certain synergism.     

氮杂碳包铁负载钯催化苯甲醇无溶剂氧化

以氮杂碳包铁(Fe@NC)为载体、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为稳定剂,通过液相还原H_2PdCl_4和后续焙烧法制备新型的磁可分离Pd/Fe@NC催化剂,并进行AAS、TEM、XRD和XPS表征,将制备的催化剂用于苯甲醇无溶剂需氧氧化反应,考察焙烧温度、反应温度、催化剂用量和碱性助剂对其催化性能的影响,研究催化剂的循环使用性能。结果表明,Pd负载质量分数为4.86%,Pd有效负载比例为97.2%;Pd颗粒在载体上分散均匀,平均粒径为5 nm;催化剂活性物种组成包括Pd~0和含量较低的络合Pd(Ⅱ)及PdO。在无溶剂、无碱性助剂、O_2分压101.325 kPa(O_2流量为20 m L·min~(-1))和低催化剂用量[n(Pd)∶n(苯甲醇)=1∶2 000]条件下,Pd/Fe@NC可高效催化苯甲醇的氧化反应,100℃反应24 h,苯甲醇转化率达86%,苯甲醛选择性为87%,反应过程中无任何有毒物质产生与排放。催化剂循环使用7次后,催化活性略有提高,催化过程中络合的Pd(Ⅱ)向Pd0的转化是其活性提高的主要原因。     

Vapor-phase alkylation of toluene by benzyl alcohol on H3PO4-modified MCM-41 mesoporous silicas

Several mesoporous aluminosilicate molecular sieves with the MCM-41 structure (SiO₂/Al₂O₃ = 20–200) have been synthesized using different aluminum sources and modifying several synthesis parameters during the preparation process, such as the temperature and the content of water and sulfuric acid in the gel mixture. All samples were characterized by element chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, N₂ physisorption, thermal analyses, and electron microscopy. These Al-MCM-41 materials have BET surface areas up to 940 m² g⁻¹. The catalytic properties of their H₃PO₄-treated derivatives for Friedel–Crafts alkylation of toluene with benzyl alcohol have been evaluated. Toluene benzylation preferentially gave p-benzyl-toluene. The conversion of toluene to monoalkylated products increased with increasing the H₃PO₄ content in the catalysts and reached a maximum value for a H₃PO₄ loading of 25%, a further increase in H₃PO₄ leading to a decrease in the activity for alkylation. The influence of H₃PO₄ loading and of the operating parameters on the performance of the catalysts was also investigated.     

Surface acidic properties of alumina-supported niobia prepared by chemical vapour deposition and hydrolysis of niobium pentachloride

Niobia–aluminas were prepared by chemical vapour deposition at 150°C of niobium pentachloride on the surface of γ-aluminas calcined at different temperatures and with controlled degrees of hydration, followed by hydrolysis with water vapour at 150°C and a thermal treatment with steam at 440°C aimed at removing surface chloride contamination. The samples were characterised with respect to chemical composition, surface area, acidity by temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia, nature of acid sites by infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine and catalytic activity at 370°C in the dealkylation of cumene.

The results showed that, for each alumina calcination temperature, the catalysts with the lowest niobium content have a higher density of acid sites than the alumina support, but the acidity decreased, within each series with an increase in the niobium content. Comparatively to the TPD results, catalytic activity in cumene dealkylation was much more sensitive to the history and composition of the samples. The niobia-alumina samples were much less active than the alumina support, but this was most likely due to the severe hydrothermal treatment for chlorine removal, since their activity was close to that of an alumina submitted to the same treatment. A strong decrease in the acidic activity was observed with increase in the niobium content. A sample of pure niobium oxide had a much higher activity than the niobia-alumina samples. Brønsted acidic sites could only be observed by the IR spectra of adsorbed pyridine on the surface of the pure niobium oxide sample.     

无溶剂法OMS-2催化氧化苯甲醇制苯甲醛的研究

以高锰酸钾和富马酸为原料,采用超声波辅助溶胶-凝胶法快速合成氧化锰八面体分子筛（OMS-2）,并考察了不同锰氧化物在无溶剂、无卤素条件下用70%过氧化氢叔丁醇（TBHP）氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛反应中的催化活性。结果表明,该体系是一种高效的环境友好催化体系,OMS-2在反应过程中显示了较高的活性,在80 ℃下,反应4 h,苯甲醇转化率、苯甲醛收率和选择性分别为44.72%、34.31%和76.74%。对该催化体系的重复使用性能进行了考察,结果发现,催化剂重复使用3次之后,苯甲醛收率和选择性稍微降低,表明OMS-2催化剂循环使用活性较好。     

Fluorous biphase oxidation of ethyl benzene and benzyl alcohol catalyzed by perfluoroalkyl phthalocyanine complexes

BACKGROUND: Ketones and aldehydes are important organic chemicals as intermediates for the pharmaceutical and fine‐chemical industries. The existing oxidation reactions to obtain ketones and aldehydes are no longer sustainable because of the large amount of waste generated and use of stoichiometric reagents: a cleaner catalytic oxidation system needs to be developed. RESULTS: The experimental results show that cobalt (II) tetra‐(perfluorohexyl) phthalocyaninate delivered a high catalytic activity for the oxidation of ethyl benzene (35% conversion and 86% selectivity to acetophenone) at 90 °C under ambient pressure of oxygen. The catalyst could be recycled for at least four runs. For the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde, a conversion of 6% was achieved but with a selectivity of 100% at 90 °C under 2 × 10⁵ Pa O₂. CONCLUSION: Perfluoroalkyl metallophthalocyanines can be used for the fluorous biphasic oxidation of ethyl benzene and benzyl alcohol with molecular oxygen. The cobalt (II) tetra‐(perfluorohexyl) phthalocyaninate exhibited the highest catalytic activity for the oxidation of ethyl benzene. The catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol using our method may be feasible in industrial applications. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Au-Pd/ZrO2可见光下催化苯甲醇氧化反应条件探索

利用硼氢化钠还原法制备出Au-Pd/ZrO₂负载型双金属纳米催化剂,采用XRD、UV-vis DRS、TEM等手段对催化剂的结构、吸光能力、粒度、形貌等性能进行表征。结果显示,金、钯成功负载于二氧化锆上,且金、钯以球形颗粒均匀分散。可见光照射下,研究了Au-Pd/ZrO₂双金属纳米催化剂对苯甲醇氧化生产苯甲醛反应的适宜条件。实验结果显示,可见光照射下,反应时间为12 h、反应温度为（35±3） ℃、5.0 mL异丙醇为溶剂、50 mg Au-Pd（2:1）/ZrO₂为催化剂、1.0 mmol氢氧化钾为碱源的条件下,苯甲醇氧化生产苯甲醛产率最佳。     

Mesoporous molecular sieves: alkylation of anisole using tert-butylalcohol

Mesoporous aluninosilicate Al-MCM-41 molecular sieves with Si/Al ratios 25, 50, 75 and 100 have been synthesized under hydrothermal condition and these materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR, BET and pyridine adsorption techniques. The catalytic performance was examined in the vapor phase tert-butylation of anisole with tert-butanol at the temperatures between 150 and 250 °C under atmospheric pressure. The results indicate that Al-MCM-41 (25) was found to be more active than its relatives. The major products are found to be 4-tert-butyl anisole (4-TBA), 2-tert-butyl anisole (2-TBA) and 2,4 di-tert-butyl-anisole (2,4-DTBA). Maximum conversion of anisole is observed at 175 °C and decreased thereafter with increasing temperature. The influence of molar feed ratio, influence of temperature, WHSV and time on stream on the selectivity of products was investigated and the results are discussed.     

氧化铝负载杂多酸催化甲醇脱水制备二甲醚

制备并用N2 吸附和吡啶吸附红外进行表征 ,结果表明氧化铝负载杂多酸催化剂具有中孔结构 ,表面上具有布朗斯台特酸和路易斯酸。研究了反应压力、温度和质量空速对甲醇脱水生成二甲醚转化率和选择性的影响 ,及催化剂使用寿命。使用该催化剂制备二甲醚的最佳工艺条件为 :反应压力 0 .75～ 0 .85MPa ,反应温度 2 80～ 32 0℃ ,质量空速 1 .5～ 2 .5h- 1 。     

异丙醇和苯液相烷基化反应制备异丙苯

研究MWW结构的有机硅微孔沸石催化剂在苯和异丙醇液相烷基化反应中的性能,考察反应温度、反应压力和空速等对催化剂催化性能的影响。结果表明,反应温度低于150℃时,催化剂活性和稳定性较差,主要反应为烷基化反应及异丙醇的分子内脱水和分子间脱水反应,反应产物为异丙苯、丙烯和异丙醚。反应温度高于170℃时,催化剂活性和稳定性良好,异丙醇接近完全转化,主要反应为烷基化反应,主要产物为异丙苯和多异丙苯。随着原料空速的增大,异丙醇转化率和异丙苯选择性降低,异丙醚和丙烯选择性增大。反应压力(1.5~2.5)MPa时,反应为液相烷基化过程,反应压力的变化对催化剂催化性能影响较小。     

Shape-selective alkylation of biphenyl catalyzed by H-Mordenites

Liquid phase alkylation of biphenyl was studied over large pore zeolites. Selective formation of the narrowest products, 4,4′’-diisopropylbiphenyl (4,4′’-DIPB), occurred only over HM among the zeolites with twelvemembered pore openings. These shape-selective catalyses are ascribed to steric restriction of transition state and to entrance of bulky substrates into the pores. The dealumination of HM enhanced catalytic activity and the selectivity of 4,4′’-DIPB because of the decrease of coke-deposition, while the activity and the selectivity were low over HM with the low SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio. Non-regioselective catalysis occurs on external acid sites because severe cokedeposition deactivates the acid sites inside the pores by blocking pore openings. The selectivity of DIPB isomers was changed with propylene pressure and/or with reaction temperature. 4,4′’-DIPB yielded selectively under high propylene pressure (<0.3 MPa) at 250 °C, while the selectivity of 4,4′’-DIPB decreased under such low propylene pressure as 0.2MPa. Selective formation of 4,4′’-DIPB was observed at moderate temperature such as 250 °C, whereas the decrease of the selectivity of 4,4′’-DIPB occurred at higher temperature as 300 °C. However, 4,4′’-DIPB was almost exclusively isomer in the encapsulated DIPB isomers inside the pores under every pressure and temperature. These decreases of the selectivity of 4,4′’-DIPB are due to the isomerization of 4,4′’-DIPB on the external acid sites. The deactivation of external acid sites of HM was examined to reduce non-regioselective alkylation and isomerization. External acid sites were deactivated by calcination after impregnation of cerium on HM without the decrease in pore radii. Selectivities of 4,4′’-DIPB were improved even at high temperatures in the isopropylation of biphenyl because of the suppression of non-regioselective alkylation and isomerization at the external acid sites. The selectivity of 4,4′’-diethylbiphenyl (4,4′’-DEBP) in the ethylation of biphenyl was much lower than that in the isopropylation. Among the DEBP isomers, 4,4′’-DEBP has the highest reactivity for the ethylation to polyethylbiphenyls inside the pores, whereas the isopropylation of 4,4′’-DIPB was negligibly low inside the pores. These differences are ascribed to the difference in steric restriction at the transition state composed of substrate, alkylating agent, and acid sites inside the pores.     

Liquid phase synthesis of methyl tert-butyl ether catalyzed by ion exchange resin

Synthesis of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) from methanol and isobutene was studied using macroporous cation exchange resin, Amberlyst 15 in the hydrogen form, as a catalyst in the temperature range of 313-328 K. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor at a pressure of one atmosphere in the liquid phase. A high degree of agitation was maintained in order to eliminate film diffusion resistance. The effect of catalyst loading, catalyst particle size and reaction temperature on reaction rate were studied. The reaction rate increased with increase in catalyst concentration and reaction temperature. Resin particle size had virtually no effect on the rate under the experimental conditions. The reaction rate data were analysed using homogeneous kinetics and heterogeneous models based upon Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expressions. The apparent activation energies using homogeneous and heterogeneous models were determined and found as 79.0 kJ/mol and 76.7 kJ/mol respectively.     

SRM分子筛上液相烷基化合成异丙苯工艺研究

分别用强化失活和寿命试验方法研究了丙烯和苯的液相烷基化反应。考察了工艺条件对反应的影响，提出了合适的工艺条件。     

醚基功能化离子液体合成及催化烷基化反应

合成了一系列酸性的醚基功能化离子液体,对其进行了表征和测定。通过乙腈探针红外光谱法确定了最强酸性的催化剂,并将其用于催化异丁烷与2-丁烯的烷基化反应。结果表明:1-甲氧基乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴氯铝酸离子液体([MOEMIM]Br/AlCl₃)在AlCl₃摩尔比为0.75时酸性最强,催化烷基化反应效果最佳;在反应温度35℃,异丁烷与2-丁烯体积比10:1的反应条件下催化烷基化反应,可得到C₈选择性66.6%的烷基化油;其催化效果远优于非醚基功能化氯铝酸离子液体的催化效果;该催化剂可循环利用。     

AlPW12O40/TiO2催化苯甲醚乙酰化反应

以钛酸丁酯、磷钨酸、硝酸铝为主要原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了AlPW12O40/TiO2复合催化剂.考察了对苯甲醚乙酰化反应制备对甲氧基苯乙酮的催化活性.实验结果表明:AlPW12O40负载量、催化剂用量、反应物配比、反应时间及反应温度等是影响催化效果的重要因素.反应的适宜条件为:AlPW12O40负载量为35％,乙酸酐与苯甲醚物质的量之比为2.5,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的3％,反应温度100℃,反应60 min,苯甲醚转化率可达到84.5％.催化剂易于分离,重复使用仍有较高催化活性.     

氯化苄水解合成苯甲醇反应过程的研究

针对氯化苄水解合成苯甲醇反应过程,通过对相转移催化法和溶剂法的比较,选择了具有高选择性的溶剂——二甲苯,研究了溶剂、水及水解剂的用量、反应温度和时间等影响因素,得出了优化工艺条件。