沉钒上层液用硫酸铝除硅制备低硅氢氧化铬研究

钒渣提钒过程产生的沉钒上层液中六价铬质量浓度为0.3～6.5 g/L、硅质量浓度为0.3～0.9 g/L。沉钒上层液中含有铬(Ⅵ),若直接排放对人类的健康危害较大。以硫酸铝为脱硅剂,采用沉淀法脱除沉钒上层液中的硅制备低硅氢氧化铬。实验结果表明,在除硅温度为65～75℃、溶液pH为8.5～9.5、硅铝质量比为1∶0.4、除硅时间为20～30 min条件下,除硅率达到95%以上,制备的氢氧化铬中硅质量分数(以二氧化硅计)达到0.26%。制备的低硅氢氧化铬可以作为产品出售,也可以作为冶炼低硅金属铬的原料。     

利用制钒废水中回收的含钒铬渣制备多钒酸铵的工艺研究

研究了以钒制品厂含钒废水中回收的含钒铬废渣为原料制备多钒酸铵的工艺。该工艺是将从含钒铬废渣中得到的含钒溶液进行净化除杂、浓缩、沉钒,制得多钒酸铵。其中,钒回收率可以达到95.77%,沉钒条件：pH=1.8-2.2,温度95℃,加铵系数为4。     

制钒废水中钒铬渣制备碱式硫酸铬的工艺研究

以钒制品厂含钒废水中回收的含钒铬废渣为原料,以HG/T 2678-2007工业碱式硫酸铬为检测标准,研究制备碱式硫酸铬的工艺。该工艺是将提钒后的铬渣进行浓酸熟化、浸取废渣中的铬后,再将浸取液除铁和纯化,制备达到纯度要求的氢氧化铬,最后按产品要求,与一定比例硫酸反应制成碱式硫酸铬。该工艺铬回收率达到89.61%,产品符合HG/T 2678-2007的要求,其中三氧化二铬质量分数可以达到31%。     

碱性锌镍合金电镀和钝化废水的组合处理工艺

向碱性锌镍合金电镀与钝化混合废水中加稀盐酸,调节其pH至4～6后加入氯化亚铁,再用石灰乳液调节pH至10～12,利用亚铁离子和钙离子的协同作用来沉淀羧酸配位剂,三价铬离子生成氢氧化物沉淀.过滤分离沉淀物后以稀盐酸调节上清液的pH至4.5～5.5,加二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠沉淀镍、锌、钴等离子.再次过滤分离沉淀物后以氢氧化...     

高纯偏钒酸钾制备工艺研究

以偏钒酸铵为原料,采用碱溶除杂、浓缩脱氨、溶析结晶的方法,制备的偏钒酸钾产品纯度大于99.5%。分析了制备过程的工艺原理,考察了pH、脱氨浓缩温度和钒浓度对偏钒酸钾成分的影响,探讨了溶析结晶的工艺条件。结果表明,影响偏钒酸钾质量的主要因素是碱溶除杂的pH和浓缩终点pH。制备过程的最佳工艺条件为：碱溶除杂pH为9~10、脱氨温度为95 ℃、浓缩终点pH为7.5~8.5、浓缩终点总钒质量浓度为180 g/L、溶析剂与溶液体积比为1∶1、结晶时间为30 min。滤液中残留的钒质量浓度低于3.0 g/L,钒收率达到98%以上。     

高碳铬铁制备氢氧化铬的研究

以高碳铬铁合金粉为原料,经过硫酸高温搅拌浸出,通过草酸除铁法除铁后得到含杂质量低的硫酸铬溶液,然后用碳酸氢铵调节硫酸铬溶液pH得到氢氧化铬沉淀.研究了溶液中铬离子浓度、反应温度、pH以及各种添加剂对铬(Ⅲ)的沉淀回收率及氢氧化铬沉淀过滤性的影响.通过实验得到溶液中铬(Ⅲ)回收的最佳条件:反应温度为85 ℃、溶液中铬(Ⅲ)质量浓度为10 g/L、pH=6.5、搅拌强度为200 r/min.在此条件下铬(Ⅲ)的回收率高达99%,并且氢氧化铬沉淀具有较好的过滤性, 滤液中铬质量浓度达0.001 5 g/L,完全可达到国家排放标准,具有一定的工业实用价值.     

用偏钒酸铵制备偏钒酸钠工艺研究

对以偏钒酸铵为原料制取偏钒酸钠的工艺进行了研究。提出了以乙醇作为溶析剂,对偏钒酸钠溶液进行溶析结晶,并获得了良好效果。考察了制备过程中的主要影响因素,并确定了最佳工艺条件：碱溶pH=9~10、脱氨温度为90 ℃、浓缩终点溶液pH=7.5~8.0、浓缩终点总钒质量浓度为160 g/L、溶析剂与溶液体积比为1∶1、结晶时间为60 min。在最佳工艺条件下,通过碱溶除杂、脱氨浓缩、溶析结晶等工艺过程,制备出高纯度的偏钒酸钠,产品纯度达到99.5%以上。该方法工艺简单,对于生产高纯度的偏钒酸钠产品具有重要的指导作用。     

从砷化镓污泥中回收镓的实验研究

本文通过浆化碱浸、中和、酸浸除硅、沉镓的工艺,从砷化镓污泥中分离回收得到氢氧化镓。考察碱浸浓度、反应时间、反应温度、pH值等对其分离效果的影响,结果表明:最佳实验条件下,氢氧化镓的纯度大于90%,镓的总回收率大于95%。     

专利技术

铁氢氧化物及氧化物的新生产方法　　以七水硫酸亚铁为原料,生产氢氧化亚铁或进而生产铁的氧化物,通常以氢氧化钠或氨为碱性原料,而从未有采用石灰为碱性原料。本发明采用被称为导沉剂的助剂的作用,使该导沉剂分别与硫酸亚铁和石灰水在不同容器中反应,从而使氢氧化亚铁或其进一     

电镀酸锡废水中不同金属离子的分离工艺

利用各种金属离子形成氢氧化物沉淀时pH的不同,从而实现电镀酸锡废水中各金属离子的分离与回收。原废水的pH为0.45,其中含锡137.3mg/L、Ni46.1mg/L、Fe11.4mg/L、Co8.6mg/L。先用10%的氢氧化钠溶液调节废水的pH为4.7,废水中的锡元素形成氢氧化亚锡沉淀;分离锡元素后的废水用10%的双氧水把其中的亚铁完全氧化成三价铁,再调节废水的pH至4.1,以除去铁元素;在分离了铁元素的废水中加入10%的次氯酸钠溶液,把其中的二价钴完全转化成三价钴,再调节废水pH为5~6,以分离钴元素;调节除钴后废水的pH为9.5沉淀其中的镍元素。     

Solubility and Aging of Calcium Silicate Hydrates in Alkaline Solutions at 25°C

Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gels are the principal bonding material in portland cement. Their solubility properties have been described, enabling pH and solubilities to be predicted. However, the gels also interact with other components of cements, notably alkalis. C-S-H has been prepared from lime and silicic acid in solutions of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide and by the hydration of tricalcium silicate (C₃S) in sodium hydroxide solutions. Analyses of aqueous phases in equilibrium with 85 gels show that the aqueous calcium and silicon concentrations fit smooth curves over the range of increasing sodium concentrations. Where anomalous data occur, they correspond to solids with low lime contents: such gels are tentatively assumed to fall into a region where the presence of another gel phase influences the aqueous composition. Dimensional changes have been observed in the hydration products of C₃S as a function of alkali content and these may be relevant to the alkali-silica reaction. The significance of this and other data is discussed with reference to real cement systems.     

某金铜矿区含铜废水处理试验研究

采用"石灰调整pH-铁屑置换-硫化沉淀"组合技术处理铜矿区酸性含铜废水,结果表明,控制铁屑置换时溶液的pH在2左右时,海绵铜的回收率达97.15%,置换后的溶液用石灰和硫化钠沉淀处理,余液中铜离子的去除率最高可达99.24%,处理后的水达到了排放标准。。     

水热法合成镍锌铁氧体工艺研究

以硫酸镍、硫酸亚铁、硫酸锌和氢氧化钠为原料,采用水热合成法制备纳米镍锌铁氧体粉体,利用正交实验法考察考察pH、水热温度、水热反应时间和Zn的含量（x）对产物性能的综合影响,结合XRD和SEM结果,确定水热法合成镍锌铁氧体的最佳工艺为：共沉淀pH=10,水热温度为180℃,水热反应时间为10h,Zn的含量（x）=0．65。     

Pilot plant investigation on petrochemical wastewater treatmentfor the removal of copper and chromium with the objective of reuse

There has been great demand for development of technologies that remove toxic heavy metal ions from wastewater. Chemical precipitation operation is known to remove heavy metal ions from water. In this study applicability of alkaline reagents such as Ca(OH)₂ (lime) and NaOH (caustic soda) in removing copper and chromium ions were evaluated. Separation of heavy metals such as chromium compounds from petrochemical industries' cooling water wastes was achieved by conversion of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), to trivalent chromium, Cr(III). Maximum conversion occurred in the pH range of 2.0 and 2.3, adjusted by ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acid. Maximum precipitation of Cr(III) occurred at pH 8.7 with addition of Ca(OH)₂, followed by mixing and 2-h sedimentation. At the end, the concentration of chromate was reduced from 30 ppm to 0.01 ppm. In the case of copper, which is found in the form of cupro-ammonia in ammonia plant wastes, it was observed that the presence of ammonia in wastewater prevents effective chemical precipitation. Therefore, the quantity of ammonia was reduced by aeration. The optimum aeration rate was determined to be 70 L/min, and it was found that ammonia concentration reached equilibrium after 5.0 h o f aeration. Furthermore, hydroxide and carbonate methods were evaluated with respect to precipitation of heavy metals at bench scale, and the former was selected as the method of choice. The results obtained in the Jar test were then applied to pilot scale, and it was determined that the optimum pH for maximum copper precipitation was about 12.0 for both lime and caustic soda used in the hydroxide precipitation method. Lime was preferred due to economics and its high speed of precipitation. Finally, using established methods described here, the concentration of copper followed by coagulation with lime, mixing, 2-h sedimentation and filtration through Whatman 0.45 Am filters was reduced from 48.51 mg/L to 0.694 mg/L, which is below the environmental standards for water resources.     

线切割废砂浆资源化利用研究技术

研究了从单晶硅或多晶硅线切割加工硅晶片产生的废砂浆中回收碳化硅,同时生产白炭黑的工艺方法。该工艺包括对废砂浆进行预处理,酸洗除去其中的铁及金属杂质;然后,向其中加入高浓度氢氧化钠溶液,使其与砂浆中的硅反应生成硅酸钠,过滤得到纯的碳化硅,对硅酸钠溶液进行酸处理,得到絮凝状沉淀,干燥后即得白炭黑产品;最后,向酸洗液中加入一定量10%的石灰乳溶液,得到红褐色沉淀,干燥得到氢氧化铁产品。本工艺操作简单,可有效回收废砂浆中的碳化硅,同时利用处理后的废液副产白炭黑,进一步降低碳化硅的回收成本,减少污水的排放量,具有较好的经济效益、社会效益和环保效益。     

电磁屏蔽导电涂料用镀银铜粉的制备

采用置换反应法制备镀银铜粉时,铜粉还原银氨溶液中的Ag+生成的Cu2+与NH3形成络合物[Cu(NH3)4]2+,它吸附于铜粉表面而阻碍还原反应的继续进行,使制备的镀银铜粉表层的银含量降低。用氨水提高银氨溶液的pH,可增加制备的镀银铜粉表层的银含量,提高其抗氧化性能。当用氨水调节银氨溶液的pH至11.50时,可制得表层银的质量分数高达47.91%且具有常温抗氧化性能的镀银铜粉。研究了pH、AgNO3用量、AgNO3浓度和反应温度对镀银铜粉的抗氧化性能的影响。     

Development of a Precipitation Based Separation Scheme for Selective Removal and Recovery of Heavy Metals from Cadmium Rich Electroplating Industry Effluents

Abstract

The treatment of electroplating wastes is a serious worldwide problem, because of their high content of many different heavy metals. Chemical precipitation based treatment methods could be an important alternative for fractional selective separation of heavy metals if they are systematically developed by sequencing of pH, adjusting the added portions of precipitating agents, and selecting the optimum time period before removing the precipitate from the solution. In this study, for selective removal and recovery of Cd from real electroplating bath wastewater (containing high amounts of Cd, medium amounts of Zn, Cu, Fe and small amounts of Ni, Co, Mn), a precipitation based separation scheme was developed. The scheme comprised of three consecutive steps: 1) Acid treatment with nitric acid (HNO₃). Cyano‐metal complexes were decomposed in acidification step and complete removal of iron was achieved. 2) Alkali precipitation by sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Large portion of Cd was recovered as pure Cd(OH)₂. 3) As a polishing step sulfide precipitation by sodium sulfide (Na₂S) was applied. pH was the critical parameter in sulfide precipitation. Addition of sodium sulfide in alkali pH range led to cadmium precipitation whereas copper was totally precipitated in acidic pH range. The sulfide precipitation step may be replaced by more environmentally friendly steps (e.g. polymer enhanced ultrafiltration) until the heavy metal concentrations were reduced down to suitable discharge limits.     

制革废水中铬(Ⅲ)的降低与铬的回收

西安市潭家乡辛庄制革厂排出的未经处理的废水 ,其总铬含量高达 42 5 0mg/L。经采用饱和石灰水沉淀法处理后 ,总铬含量降低至 0 0 43mg/L ,完全达到或低于国家污水综合排放标准 (GB 8978 88,总铬≤1 5mg/L)。沉淀所得氢氧化铬经回收处理 ,可重新制成皮革鞣制剂Cr(OH) (SO4 ) 2 。     

反应条件及陈化过程对氢氧化铬氧化速率的影响

氢氧化铬是含铬二次资源中铬的重要存在形式,也是含六价铬污染物还原时的主要产物,其氧化过程的研究对铬资源的提取和铬污染的控制具有重要意义。以亚硫酸钠还原重铬酸钠制备的氢氧化铬为研究对象,实验考察了氧化温度（室温~200 ℃）、氧化时间（0~168 h）、添加剂种类（碳酸钠、硫酸钠）等因素对氢氧化铬氧化的影响,并进行了氧化方程选取和动力学拟合计算。结果表明,温度越高两种氢氧化铬样品氧化反应越充分、氧化限度越大。在无添加剂条件下,200 ℃时新制、陈化氢氧化铬的氧化速率K值分别是80 ℃时的617、4 375倍;添加剂的加入会促进其氧化反应,140 ℃条件下,新制氢氧化铬添加碳酸钠、硫酸钠为n（Na）∶n（Cr）=0.2时的氧化速率K值分别是无添加时的10、4倍;新制氢氧化铬较陈化氢氧化铬更易氧化,氧化速率K值为陈化氢氧化铬样品的1.4~1.9倍,可能与其所含结合水较多有关。     

工业废水处理及回收锌的工艺探讨

介绍了用空气氧化低价铁,再分别用石灰和碳酸钠中和沉淀锌冶炼过程产生的酸性废水中铁和锌的工艺,研究了溶液pH值、空气流速、沉淀剂种类及反应时间对铁去除率、锌损失率及沉锌率的影响。研究结果表明,氧化沉淀除铁的最佳反应条件为pH值3.5,空气通入流速20 mL/min,反应时间4 h,此时铁去除率为99.54%,锌损失率为2.50%;沉淀提锌较适宜的沉淀剂为碳酸钠,最佳反应条件为pH值7.5,反应时间30 min,此时沉锌率为99.60%,干燥后沉淀中锌质量分数为52.03%,折合碳酸锌的质量分数高达99.77%。