超声底波成像方法研究

针对超声缺陷波成像检测的盲区问题,研究了利用超声底部回波信号进行成像的方法。采用缺陷波幅值成像、缺陷波深度成像和底波幅值成像三种成像方式对ZGS对比试块上的9个不同深度的2 mm平底孔进行了检测。对比试验表明,超声底波成像方法可用较低的系统增益检测出缺陷,也能检测出用缺陷波幅值成像方法时近表面盲区部位的缺陷,是缺陷信号幅值成像方法的有效补充。     

基于FSTFM技术的焊缝表面裂纹的成像检测

Full-Skip TFM(FSTFM)是在全聚焦成像技术(TFM)的基础上发展起来的一种超声相控阵后处理成像技术. 文中分别采用TFM，FSTFM这两种算法分别对典型的对接焊缝模拟试件中的上表面微小裂纹(垂直表面扩展，深度约1 mm)进行了成像检测. 结果表明，在TFM的成像中，无法观察到裂纹的存在；而在FSTFM的成像中，裂纹的根部和尖端成像清晰可见. 同时根据FSTFM的成像结果，测量出裂纹的扩展深度，且具有较小的误差. 另外，文中通过试验验证了FSTFM对于有余高的对接焊缝的上表面微小裂纹的成像检测同样适用.     

脉冲涡流阵列成像检测

飞机多层铆接结构中内层埋藏缺陷的检测是无损检测领域的一个难点。设计了一套脉冲涡流阵列检测系统,包括线性霍尔阵列探头和软件成像系统。应用该系统对铝合金深层裂缝及铆接结构内层裂纹腐蚀缺陷进行检测,通过时间切片分析法获取缺陷信号特征值,组成特征幅值的矩阵,实现成像扫描。试验结果表明,采用时间切片分析法能够有效地对试件近表面及内层的缺陷进行成像检测。     

多模式全聚焦法成像解析

全聚焦法(TFM)是超声阵列数据的高级后处理成像算法,对缺陷检测和表征颇有潜力.可在换能器与聚焦点之间使用一系列成像路径.适于缺陷重建的模式有多种,这取决于给定试件中缺陷的几何形状和特征.另外,还可观察到非真实显示,易造成误判错读.这些成像伪显示归因于多种声传播模式不同作用的共存,还有声波与被检缺陷或与试件几何形状的相...     

脉冲涡流阵列缺陷成像检测技术

脉冲涡流阵列系统具有大面积、快速检测的优点,可用于金属表面裂纹的自动在线检测。在无损检测领域,应用成像技术可以直观地观测到被检测物体的缺陷位置及大小,提高检测人员的工作效率,促进无损检测技术的应用普及。设计了一套脉冲涡流阵列检测系统,包括脉冲涡流阵列探头。应用该系统对标准铝合金试件的缺陷进行了初步的成像处理,给出了标准铝合金试块缺陷成像检测结果,并指出今后的工作方向。     

石材质量的超声波检测技术

岩石和混凝土的超声无损检测原理是相同的。将成熟的超声波无损检测混凝土缺陷的方法移植于石材质量的判定检测。试验表明,针对混凝土非均质材料的超声检测技术,完全适用于在石材上的无损试验。研究结果对于均质石材内部质量的判据,采用统计方法检测石碑的均匀性,判断石碑的缺陷,所取异常数据判断值应比混凝土更严格些,建议提高至声速平均值减一倍标准差的临界值来评判,能避免缺陷的漏判。对石碑的裂缝检测时,结合超声首波相位反转的现象计算裂缝深度,可提高检测裂缝的精度。     

基于阵列重叠成像技术的车轴超声检测系统

介绍了一种基于超声阵列重叠成像技术的车轴检测系统,针对轨道交通车辆实心车轴易产生缺陷的部位,制定了专用阵列超声检测工艺,设计了轴端和轴身两套阵列超声扫查装置,开发了多通道阵列超声数据采集系统和专用检测软件。整套检测系统可分别从车轴的轴端和轴身对车轴易产生缺陷部位进行重叠覆盖超声检测,并运用了多种成像方式,对车轴的缺陷进行准确描述,提高了车轴检测的一致性、重复性和效率。     

线阵列探测器X射线数字成像试验

通过对钢板对接接头气孔模拟缺陷试件的射线数字透射成像检测试验,分析了线阵列X射线数字透射成像检测系统的透照参数、检测工艺与检测图像质量的关系,得出了影响射线数字透射成像图像质量的一些关键因素,给出了射线数字透射成像检测时应该注意的一些问题。     

TLB型复杂焊接结构超声SH导波成像检测

通过光弹试验分析超声水平剪切(shear horizontal,SH)导波具有优异传播性能,构建了超声导波成像检测系统,基于合成孔径聚焦对超声SH导波用于TLB型式复杂焊接结构成像检测进行了重点研究.结果表明,基于合成孔径聚焦的超声SH导波成像用于TLB型式复杂焊接结构构件检测是可行的,检测图像能够表征板材中区域特征,对焊缝有较好的定位功能,但在焊缝之后会形成长约100 mm的固有散射盲区.文中为进一步提高TLB型式复杂焊接结构超声导波成像检测应用水平提供了基础.     

复杂结构电子束焊缝超声无损评价

采用超声C扫描成像方法检测了复杂结构电子束焊缝.根据这类焊接结构的特点,采用模拟试件,代替真实试件,简化了试验条件.着重分析了大深宽比工件内超声的传播特性,在此基础上,经反复试验研制了聚焦效果较好的声透镜,将声透镜应用于平探头上进行检测试验,为了验证检测结果的可靠性,对试件上典型位置进行了破坏性试验分析.结果表明:自制探头的检测灵敏度较高,超声检测结果与界面缺陷分布情况具有较好的一致性,说明超声C扫描成像检测方法是电子束焊缝质量评价的有效手段.     

Feasibility of detecting embedded cracks in concrete structures by reflection seismology

Reflection seismology has been widely used in the petroleum exploration industry for decades. To improve the capabilities of detecting the depths and lengths of cracks inside a concrete element, an ultrasonic common depth point (CDP) reflection technique was employed in this study. The effectiveness and accuracy of applying the reflection seismology method to detect cracks embedded in concrete structures are discussed. Test results show that simulated blind cracks with certain lengths, dip angles and depths inside concrete specimen can be successfully imaged and identified. This study shows that when the signals reflected from the crack are obscure, the CDP signal stacking method is very useful and provides an opportunity to look into the object, which is not possible with traditional ultrasonic methods.     

基于超声相控阵的耐候钢接头疲劳裂纹动态监测

借助超声相控阵技术对耐候钢对接接头开展疲劳失效过程动态监测. 基于超声波探头的信号特征,研究其扇形扫描反射过程,建立实时扫查方案, 并对10 mm厚的耐候钢对接接头实施实时监测.结果表明,当疲劳寿命为5 × 104次时,相控阵检测到多个裂纹从对接接头焊趾部位萌生,并沿着板厚扩展,当疲劳寿命超过3.5 × 105次时,裂纹开始快速扩展. 与疲劳试验断口对比发现,基于相控阵检测得到的裂纹尺寸与试验结果基本一致,验证了相控阵裂纹动态检测的准确性. 根据裂纹深度a、裂纹长度2c与循环次数N关系,明确了裂纹动态演化行为,并获得中厚板耐候钢对接接头表面裂纹的扩展演化规律.     

A comparative study of two non-destructive testing methods to assess near-surface mechanical damage in concrete structures

Concrete specimens displaying surface-breaking cracks are tested using two non-destructive testing techniques: the measurement of electrical resistivity and the transmission of ultrasonic surface waves. The capacity of each method to detect, localize and characterize the induced crack pattern—i.e. its width and depth—is investigated. The specimens are made of concrete with three different mixes. A major crack is induced in the middle of the specimen using a three point bending setup. As the bending strength is increased, three different loading levels are obtained. Both methods were able to correctly localize the main crack and follow its evolution. However, due to the complex crack pattern, the crack depth could not be estimated. Nevertheless, the ultrasonic technique was able to detect a change of state of the material before cracks became visible. As the crack intensity increases, variations of ultrasonic parameters in the apparently undamaged area surrounding the main crack were observed, thus highlighting the sensitivity of ultrasonic waves to distributed damage. The obtained results have also thrown bases for further research to couple resistivity and ultrasonic non-destructive methods.     

High-selectivity imaging of closed cracks in a coarse-grained stainless steel by nonlinear ultrasonic phased array

In measuring crack depths by ultrasonic testing, there are two difficulties; crack closure and coarse grains. Crack closure can cause the underestimation or miss-detection. Coarse grains can hide crack tip responses due to strong linear scatterings at coarse grains. To solve these problems, a combination of a crack opening method, global preheating and local cooling (GPLC) and a high-selectivity imaging method, load difference phased array (LDPA) was proposed. However, it has yet to be verified. Here we formed a tightly closed fatigue crack in a coarse-grained stainless-steel specimen using a stepwise-decremental method. In the specimen, we demonstrated that our method is useful in selectively imaging closed cracks in coarse-grained materials.     

A simple device for detecting impact time in impact-echo testing of concrete

The objective of this paper is to describe a simple device for detecting the time of an impact and to demonstrate its efficiency in measuring the depth of surface-opening cracks in concrete. Surface-opening cracks in concrete are relatively deep so that a mechanical impact instead of an ultrasonic transmitter is used to generate stress waves with enough energy for successful evaluation. A technique called the time-of-flight diffraction technique with impact-generated stress waves is an efficient method for detection of surface-opening cracks in concrete. Because the initial time of the impact is unavailable in a mechanical impact device, two receivers are employed in the test. One of the receivers is used to determine the time of the impact indirectly. The present study developed a simple device to record the time of impact initiation. The device comprises a conductive impact device, a sensing film, and an auxiliary circuit. With the device, stress waves are generated and the time of impact is detected so that the evaluation work needs only a single receiver. Laboratory studies were carried out on concrete specimens containing cracks with depths of 0.158 and 0.90 m. Field studies were performed on a dam damaged by an earthquake. Experimental results show that the new device can be used to accurately determine the crack depth in concrete. Using the device, the cost and effort for evaluation and signal analysis are reduced, which largely enhances the evaluation efficiency.     

超声冲击处理冷轧钢板缝焊接头的疲劳性能

用窄搭接电阻缝焊机对汽车用SPCC（冷轧低碳普通钢板）进行焊接,采用超声冲击仪对缝焊接头进行处理;通过拉压疲劳试验、X射线应力分析仪、OM、SEM对处理和未处理的缝焊接头疲劳性能和组织进行测试和观察分析对比.结果表明,未经超声冲击处理的缝焊接头经5×104次交变载荷作用即在焊趾区萌生裂纹,裂纹与载荷方向呈45°;经超声冲击处理过的缝焊接头经1.88×106次交变载荷作用未发生断裂;超声冲击处理使缝焊接头表层晶粒细化并形成塑性变形层,降低了其表面的微裂纹缺陷造成的应力集中,使表面残余拉应力变为了压应力,有利于改善缝焊接头的疲劳性能.     

基于双波的焊缝根部底面开口裂纹的超声相控阵测量

由于压力和腐蚀等原因,承压设备的大焊缝根部易出现底面开口裂纹。本研究采用超声相控阵扇扫检测技术对底面开口裂纹进行检测。基于底面开口裂纹上下尖端回波,提出采用绝对到达时间技术(Absolute Arrival Time Technique,AATT)测量其高度。制作含有不同高度的人工裂纹试块,通过模拟仿真和实验测量验证AATT法测量底面开口裂纹高度精度。实验结果表明超声相控阵AATT法能从单面单侧对缺陷进行检测测量,当裂纹高度大于3 mm时,能达到与常规TOFD相同的测量精度。同时研究了声束偏转角度对AATT测量结果的影响,结果表明基于裂纹尖端衍射波的AATT具有更高的测量精度。     

A new ultrasonic angle-beam technique for sensitive evaluation of closed cracks

This paper is on the ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation of smaller cracks in the size range of 1–7 mm. Sensitive evaluation of the crack that was originally present or that developed during operation is imperative for assessing the integrity of structural components. In order to develop a method for the enhancement of sensitivity of ultrasonic evaluation of closed cracks, the principle of a new angle-beam approach is proposed, where the use of an oblique longitudinal wave with a small angle of incidence upon the specimen surface is emphasized. The crack treated exists nearly vertically on the back surface of the specimen. In contrast with the normally incident wave beam, the effect of angular incidence on the ultrasonic response due to a crack is investigated in an attempt to predict the optimum angle of evaluation. The sensitive feature of the present angle-beam technique is discussed in light of comparison made with the usual methods of normal incidence and large-angle beam technique. Ultrasonic measurements performed on the closed fatigue-cracked specimens show that the method offers bright prospects for the sensitive evaluation of small, closed cracks.     

基于几种超声压电晶片阵列的金属板缺陷成像

结合椭圆定位方法,分别采用了线型、十字型和时钟型超声压电晶片阵列对金属薄板中缺陷进行成像识别。根据Lamb波在薄板中的传播分析,选取激励信号及其参数,构建超声信号检测模型。依据椭圆轨迹原理进行成像,判断薄板中有无缺陷存在。通过压电陶瓷晶片加载脉冲激励信号,分别对三种情况进行数据处理并成像。结果证明十字型和时钟型阵列能有效地对缺陷成像,并避免了成像过程中的虚像。