压电叠堆联接方式及低频发电特点的研究

压电发电是一种新型的振动能量收集技术。论文推导并给出了压电叠堆在33模式低频振动时输出电压和功率的数学表达式,并分析指出了输出电压和功率与压电系数、压电片个数、压电片厚度、激振力、激振频率正相关,与电极面积和介电常数负相关;电学串联的压电叠堆可以输出较高的开路电压;电学并联的压电叠堆可以输出较高的输出电流和功率。文中设计了压电叠堆夹持装置和振动发电实验装置,在振动频率5Hz、激振力26N的情况下得到两片电学串联叠堆和并联叠堆的最大功率分别为0.14μW和0.4μW;实测输出电压随振动频率、电阻、压电片个数、振子厚度和电极面积的变化趋势与理论预测相符。     

基于压电纤维复合材料的洋流能发电装置发电性能分析

设计了一种基于压电纤维复合材料(MFC)的洋流能发电装置,并分析了其发电性能。以悬臂梁结构为分析对象,对影响发电性能的因素进行了分析,研究了基底材料的类型和厚度、频率、位移激励幅值、单晶和双晶结构对发电性能的影响规律。基于上述分析结论,设计了一种洋流能发电装置。分析了该发电装置的发电性能。分析结果表明,该发电装置在转子转速为500 r/min的工作条件下,最大输出功率为9.31 W,能满足功率要求。     

结合量子粒子群算法的光伏多峰最大功率点跟踪改进方法

光伏阵列在局部阴影时的P-U曲线呈现多峰特性,需要设计光伏多峰最大功率点跟踪方法,以实现光伏发电最大功率输出,提高光伏发电效率。相比粒子群优化算法,量子粒子群优化算法具有收敛速度更快和全局收敛性等优势。提出了一种基于量子粒子群优化算法的光伏多峰最大功率点跟踪改进方法。该方法采用量子粒子群优化算法实现最大功率点的全局搜索;根据光伏阵列在局部阴影时P-U曲线上功率极值点的分布特点初始化种群中的粒子总数及其电压;并根据量子粒子群优化算法收敛时粒子自身最优位置的特点,提出了更适合光伏多峰最大功率点跟踪的收敛判据。仿真测试表明,提出的改进方法能够快速有效地实现光伏多峰最大功率点跟踪,收敛速度更快,避免了不收敛的问题,且具有应对光照情况变化的能力,提高了局部阴影时光伏发电的效率。     

振动式压电风能发电装置的研究

建立了振动式压电风能发电装置在风流场中的有限元分析模型。基于标准k-ε模型进行了风流场仿真分析,并通过系统耦合实现了风流场和发电装置固体之间的双向耦合分析。获得了压电发电装置在风流体作用下的振动特性结果,结果显示:发电装置在流场中径向放置比其他放置方式能产生更多的电能。制作了压电发电装置,并在微型风洞中进行了实验。结果表明,发电装置在风场中径向放置时产生的电压明显比其他放置方式高,当风速为15 m/s时,径向放置的输出电压峰峰值大约是轴向放置的两倍。     

基于Non-MPPT算法的区域光伏消纳控制策略

基于两级式光伏发电系统环境自适应算法以及光伏阵列分布式结构,提出一种适用于区域光伏消纳控制的Non-MPPT（maximum power point tracking）算法,力主解决光伏发电系统出力过剩问题。该算法基于光伏模块分布式前级优化器,实现不同环境下光伏模块分散控制,并通过光伏模块输出电压、电流随机变量,导出光伏电池环境修正参数,进而实时修正区域光伏模块最大功率电压,使其最大功率电压实时跟随外部环境变化,并结合电导增量法,实现不同环境下光伏阵列全局最大功率跟踪。而后,若区域性电网光伏发电系统出力过剩,则将区域光伏按其实际出力情况进行分区管理,以区域电网对其出力分配额度为控制目标,推导出光伏阵列对应输出电压,并将其引入至光伏发电系统前级Boost电路,通过修正Boost电路占空比,使光伏发电系统输出功率快速跟随主网需求指令,解决了区域内光伏过剩出力的消纳问题。最后,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真软件搭建两级式三相光伏并网系统,验证该算法在电力系统应用中的有效性。     

悬臂梁式压电振动能量俘获装置输出功率分析与建模

文章通过理论分析,从悬臂梁式压电振动能量俘获装置常见结构的等效电路出发,结合俘能装置的结构参数以及电气参数等特性,总结推导出了该装置输出电压的近似公式,以及低阻值负载情况下恒流源的等效输出模型,也由此推出了多装置并联拓扑结构的输出电压公式。并基于该理论分析,利用Matlab对悬臂梁式压电振动能量俘获装置进行仿真,仿真结果验证了这些近似公式的正确性。     

悬臂梁压电发电机输出特性及其影响因素分析

为研究悬臂梁压电发电机的输出特性及其影响因素,设计搭建了悬臂梁物理实验模型。通过空载、负载和短路实验测试了振动频率、振动位移和负载大小对其输出电压的影响,对比了不同尺寸压电陶瓷的发电能力,为压电式发电技术的发展和改进提供详细的数据基础和实验依据。研究表明:当振动频率接近压电振子的谐振频率时,发电机有较高电压输出,而随着振动位移的增大,输出电压会线性增加,二者相比,振动位移对输出电压的影响更显著。发电机直接带负载的能力较弱,当外界负载与发电机内阻匹配时才能保持稳定的电压输出。对于不同尺寸的压电陶瓷来说,其长宽比越接近1,发电能力越强。     

改进猎人猎物优化算法的光伏发电MPPT控制策略

光伏发电在局部遮挡时的功率-电压（P-U）特性曲线呈现多峰状态,导致传统MPPT控制策略易陷入局部最大功率点。提出了一种改进猎人猎物优化算法的MPPT控制策略。该优化算法引入非线性收敛因子,提高了算法全局探索与局部开发的能力。结合黄金正弦算法更新位置,提高了算法的寻优速度。在算法搜索后期利用莱维飞行策略避免算法陷入局部最优。经仿真验证,结果表明,与猎人猎物优化算法、布谷鸟算法和传统扰动观察法相比,所提算法跟踪速度快、收敛精度高且有效抑制了系统功率输出的振荡,能够满足光伏发电局部遮挡MPPT的要求。     

一种微型压电振动能量发电装置的设计与分析

设计了一款多槽型压电振动能量发电装置,通过开槽可增加压电元件的应力、应变以及发电能力。利用有限元方法建立发电装置的仿真分析模型,并进行静力学和模态仿真分析。基于压电发电装置输出的电能与压电陶瓷的应力、应变成正比,分析了压电陶瓷的长度、厚度和弹性基体厚度等参数对压电元件应力和应变的影响规律,并对微型压电振动能量发电装置进行优化。     

自供电同步开关电感阻尼电路功率特性分析

为了明确自供电式同步开关电感阻尼电路的功率特性,同时为优化开关控制电路提供理论依据,分析了该电路的阻抗特点及其输出功率随负载的变化关系,并研究了在不同激振强度下能量收集的效率。实验测试了压电悬臂梁尖端振幅为2mm及4mm时负载电路获得功率及悬臂梁振子输出的总功率。结果表明,在振幅为2mm时,负载获得的最大输出功率为38.6μW;在振幅为4mm时,最大功率187μW。在压电振子正常工作的振动强度范围内,激振强度越大,自供电式同步开关电感阻尼电路的能量收集效率越高。在200~800kΩ负载范围内,振幅为4mm时的效率比2mm时高10%左右。     

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC MEMS ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICE

ABSTRACT

Piezoelectric MEMS power generator is used to harvest energy from the ambient vibrations in the environment. This paper proposes a structure design of MEMS power generator for low-frequency applications, which is based on bulk MEMS technology and (110) Si wafer. The structure consists of a silicon cantilever with a piezoelectric layer attached. The cantilever is modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli beam with a lumped mass beneath the tip of the cantilever, and then analytical modeling and simulations are carried out using MATLAB. Simulation results show that a tradeoff between the geometric parameters and the proof mass should be made for a high output power of the device. To increase the output power, the length of piezoelectric layer can be optimized, which is not necessarily equal to that of cantilever. Simulation results point out ways to perform the optimization of MEMS power generator. The analytical modeling and simulations are also helpful for the design of macro-scale power generator.     

A shoe-equipped piezoelectric transducer system based on PVDF film

Many piezoelectric transducers mounted in shoes have been conducted to harvest energy from walking. However, the energy harvested is influenced by some factors, such as the structure of piezoelectric transducer, piezoelectric material and so forth. Taking into account these factors, a wide-band energy harvester-shoe equipped piezoelectric transducer with cantilever beam structure based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric film is designed and examined in this paper. The piezoelectric transducer makes little difference in the sensation with the device mounted in the shoes when walking. The harvester can provide a maximum output power of 0.48 mW at the load resistance of 300 kΩ. This study demonstrates that it is feasible to scavenge energy from human motion by piezoelectric harvester to power wearable sensors, such as pedometer, respiration and pulse monitoring system and so on.     

VSC-HVDC系统风力发电结构分析与控制

针对基于电压源换流器的高压直流输电(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC),提出了基于永磁同步风力发电机、不控整流和Boost电路的变速直流风力发电系统结构。首先给出先并后串的新型风电场结构;然后建立最小串联系统的简化模型,用一种基于直流电压电流乘积控制的最大风能跟踪控制算法解析出输出电压和输出功率的关系。仿真结果表明：最小串联系统中的2个机组可以互不影响地独立运行,输出电压按照输出功率的变化而变化,同时2个机组均具有较好的最大风能跟踪精度和速度。     

宽频激励下双稳态压电振动发电机供电能力分析

为了探讨双稳态压电振动发电机在宽频激励下的供电能力问题,建立了宽频激励下双稳态压电振动发电机系统的动力学模型,仿真了双稳态压电振动发电机系统的输出响应特性和不同运动状态的输出电压特性,研究了双稳态压电振动发电机系统运行在高能量轨道上的激励条件,据此优化双稳态压电振动发电机结构参数,并对传感器网络节点的用电需求和双稳态压电振动发电机的供电能力进行分析。仿真和实验结果表明:双稳态压电振动发电机在宽频激励下,其输出平均功率为3.8 m W,能够满足实际振动环境下无线传感器网络节点的用电需求。     

双三相永磁同步发电机多目标优化设计

为实现双三相永磁同步发电机(PMSG)的低固有电压调整率、高发电效率和低成本的特性,研究了侧重于降低固有电压调整率的多目标优化设计方案。采用解析法建立单元电机磁链模型,以永磁体磁化方向长度、永磁体所跨弧长和单元电机相绕组匝数为设计变量,分析上述参数对固有电压调整率、发电效率等评价指标的影响,并提出了基于权重系数的多目标优化函数。分别用标准遗传算法(SGA)、差分进化算法(DE)和基于以上2种算法的混合遗传算法(HGA)优化设计参数并进行对比。试验结果表明,HGA优化效果与设计目标具有良好的一致性,与初始设计参数相比,优化后的电机输出能力以及稳压能力均有所改善。     

基于BAS-IMOPSO算法的风电系统储能优化配置

风力发电作为一种清洁的可再生能源,在电力系统中应用广泛,但风电出力的随机波动性会对电力系统电能质量产生不利影响。储能系统(energy storage system, ESS)因其灵活的双向调节能力被用于平抑风电接入系统带来的电压与功率波动问题。文中考虑储能接入节点与容量不同对风电出力波动的平抑效果不同,以系统电压偏差、日有功网损和ESS配置容量为目标函数建立多目标储能优化配置模型。采用一种基于天牛须搜索算法的改进多目标粒子群优化(beetle antennae search-improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization, BAS-IMOPSO)算法求解该模型,利用基于信息熵的逼近理想解排序法在Pareto解集中选取最佳储能配置方案。在IEEE 33节点系统中对模型进行仿真验证,结果表明：BAS-IMOPSO算法优化下的ESS降低配电网电压偏差与有功网损的能力较多目标粒子群优化(multi-objective particle swarm optimization, MOPSO)算法显著提高,有效改善了系统的电能质量,具有削峰...     

Enhanced piezoelectric energy harvester performance using magnetic force and thermal energy

One possible approach of improving the performance of energy harvesters is to use energy harvester with an external magnetic force to create a nonlinear coupling system. In this work, we report experimental results of a single piezoelectric cantilever beam (PCB) with tip mass or conventional piezoelectric energy harvester (CPEH), and the effect of applying an external magnetic force. The output voltage and power at optimal resistance was 7.62 V and 0.62 mW, respectively, at the resonance frequency of approximately 11 Hz of a CPEH. Also, the output voltage and average power at optimal resistance was 8.56 V and 0.44 mW, respectively, at resonance frequency of 7 Hz of a PCB with fixed opposing magnet. Furthermore, the output voltage and average power at optimal resistance was 13.31 V and 1.77 mW, respectively, at resonance frequency of 11 Hz of a PCB with opposing magnet attached at a second cantilever. In addition, comparison between the experimental results of all different configurations showed a reasonable enhancement of performance of energy harvester when an external magnetic force added over the main PCB. Finally, the performance of a multisource energy harvester with magnetic, thermal and mechanical sources is also presented in this study. In this case, it is demonstrated that increase in output voltage with temperature gradient under effect of magnetic force; the results of 2^nd and 3^rd model showed 44% and 99% enhancement of its original output voltage value at 1.2 °C and 2.7 °C temperature difference, respectively.     

Load frequency control of an autonomous hybrid power system by quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm

This paper deals with a novel quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm (QOHSA) based design of load frequency controller for an autonomous hybrid power system model (HPSM) consisting of multiple power generating units and energy storage units. QOHSA is a novel improved version of music inspired harmony search algorithm for obtaining the best solution vectors and faster convergence rate. In this paper, the efficacy of the proposed QOHSA is adjudged for optimized load frequency control (LFC) of an autonomous HPSM. The studied HPSM consists of renewable/non-renewable energy based generating units such as wind turbine generator, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal power generator, diesel engine generator, fuel cell with aqua-electrolyzer while energy storage units consists of battery energy storage system, flywheel energy storage system and ultra-capacitor. Gains of the conventional controllers such as integral (I) controller, proportional–integral (PI) controller and proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller (installed as frequency controller one at a time in the proposed HPSM) is optimized using QOHSA to mitigate any frequency deviation owing to sudden generation/load change. In order to corroborate the efficacy of QOHSA, performance of QOHSA to design optimal LFC is compared with that of other well-established technique such as teaching learning based optimization algorithm (TLBOA). The comparative performances of the HPSM under the action of QOHSA/TLBOA based optimized conventional controllers (I or PI or PID) are investigated and compared in the present work. It is found that the QOHSA tuned frequency controllers improves the overall dynamic response in terms of settling time, overshoot and undershoot in the profile of frequency deviation and power deviation of the studied HPSM.