Glossary

<正>Editor’s Note:The observation on China’s urban development since the 1950s till today reveals that it has been closely related to the construction of a number of mega-projects,such as the 156 industrial projects aided by the former Soviet Union in the 1950s,the"Three Lines"war preparation projects in the 1960s,the directly imported production projects from the West in the 1970s,the special development zone projects in the 1980s,and the industrial or economic development zone projects in the 1990s.That makes the construction of mega-projects a key character of China’s contemporary urban development,which has greatly influenced not only the socio-economic development but also the physical environment of Chinese cities.During this process,urban design,as an important complement     

Change and Continuity:Chinese Villages in Transition (I)–Longmei Village

This is the first in a series of four articles ethnographically exploring instances of village transformation in peri-urban China.Each article presents an in-depth case study of a single village and its unique combination of change and continuity.Together,these case studies demonstrate the specificity and idiosyncrasy of village transformation and the need for planners to"take actions that suit local conditions"(yindi zhiyi).This first installment investigates Longmei Village in the Panyu District of Guangzhou Municipality.Longmei’s leaders have encouraged economic transformation through industrialization and real estate development while seeking to maintain the village’s socio-spatial continuity.These competing priorities have led to contradictions in Longmei’s development,as integration into economic networks brings new people,goods,and ideas to the village.This tension has intensified as both registered villagers and migrant workers have pursued divergent visions for Longmei’s future transformation.     

全球城市与社会极化研究：基于北上广的实证分析（英文）

Globalization can promote the flow of production factors across countries and regions.Developing "global cities" in China is conducive to enhancing China’s international competitiveness and participation in the world’s economic activities.Relevant theories reveal that globalization is of great significance to urban socio-spatial restructuring,and the social polarization or professionalization issues brought by "global cities" have been controversial.Based on the data from the statistical yearbooks of Beijing,Shanghai,and Guangzhou,this study tries to test the global city hypothesis through the analysis on these three "global cities" in China.The study finds that Beijing and Shanghai have shown certain social polarization characteristics in the process of social differentiation,while Guangzhou has not.The results can provide scientific support for the formulation of urban management and household registration policies in China.     

低收入群体住房：克罗地亚转型经济展望

The transition process in the housing and construction industry has embraced deep structural changes on the side of both suppliers and buyers. As a new independent country, Croatia has been undergoing a complex process of transition towards a market environment. The country was exposed to war in the early 1990s, that has resulted in targeting major portion of its potentials towards the reconstruction of destroyed/damaged property.A comprehensive reconstruction should involve all forms of market-friendly, social, environmental, and economic policy to ensure good quality of life as well as regional and sustainable development. However, it is important to notice that the efficient privatization and establishing an effective private sector is an unavoidable pre-condition for the overall economic development as well as an efficient housing industry. Therefore, the increasing role of the private sector strongly correlates with the successful market transformation and the time needed to catch up with the needed growth. This paper introduces low-income housing as the perspective of the Croatian transition economy.     

Glossary

Editor’s Note: Due to insufficient attention to the social transformations amid its transition from planned economy to socialist market economy, China had to face the challenge of a series of social problems when celebrating its admirable achievements of economic development in the past decades, such as the enlargement of regional disparity, the tendency of social stratifi cation, the defi ciency of public services, and the inequality of social welfare, etc. These problems can also be clearly seen in the physical environment of cities, such as the spatial segregation of housing, the uneven distribution of public facilities, the unequal access to public services, and so on. Great efforts have been made to deal with these social problems after the "people-oriented" principle was put forward by the Central Government of China in 2003 as an important part of the Scientif ic View of Development. In the field of urban planning, these efforts include to promote social planning at macro level and to encourage community planning at micro level. In spite of that, social considerations should be further strengthened in urban planning so as to create a better living environment and a harmonious society at the same time.     

“场所空间”与“流动空间”双重视角的“大湾区”发展研究——以粤港澳大湾区为例（英文）

This paper makes a systematic analysis on the development characteristics and evolution process of the built-up areas,as well as the sub-structure of the network connectivity and the functional division,of core cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao region from the dual perspectives of "space of places" and "space of flows." It does so by using data of satellite remote sensing and industrial census to describe the spatial development trend and to establish an urban connectivity network based on the headquarter-branch data of enterprises.It also reveals the development differences within and outside of the Bay Area in Guangdong Province.The research shows that,firstly,since the new century,the integration of the Bay Area has become more obvious for Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao region,as it has developed in a highly-concentrated way around the Bay Area of the Pearl River Estuary.Secondly,Guangdong,Shenzhen,Hong Kong,and Macao exhibited a more obvious regional division of labor,and their functions have been increasingly complementary to each other.Thirdly,a regional hub of "two sectors"–linking outside to the world city network and driving internal development of regional hinterland has been formed.Finally,based on the conclusion of the empirical research,development and planning implications of the Bay Area are discussed.     

Study on Spatial Spillover Effects of Infrastructures Investment: A Case Study on Cities along Shanghai-Kunming Railway Line

Using the economic development of regions and cities along the Shanghai-Kunming railway line as an example, the paper carries out an empirical study on the spatial spillover effects of infrastructure investment in China. It has been found that the infrastructure investment along Shang-Kunming line not only produces positive spatial spillover effects, such as promoting the region’s transportation capacity, expanding trading volume, adjusting industrial structure, and facilitating economic development, but also leads to certain negative spatial spillover effects like unbalanced flow of production elements among the region, and unbalanced economic growth.     

Planning Strategic Sustainable Development in Malaysia by Incorporating the Concept of Low Carbon Society

Malaysia has undergone rapid urbanization and economic growth for past decades and is expected to continue to have an average economic grow at 5%-6% per annum in the next five years. This phenomenon of growth and pursuit of socio-economic progress has great impact not only on the economy but also on community life style and environment. The concept of sustainable development was adopted by Malaysia government as early as mid 1990s to address some of the emerging environmental issues and more specifically on climate change issues recently. Malaysia government announced a commitment of voluntary 40% reduction in CO2 emission intensity by 2020 during the Conference of Party （COP15） meeting in Copenhagen in 2009. In parallel to this commitment of CO2 emission reduction, the concept of sustainable development in urban planning should incorporate a more comprehensive and quantitative approach in the preparation of development plan as well as in exercising the routine development control practice at the local planning authority. This paper prepares a quantitative scenario study on the establishment of low carbon society in Iskandar Malaysia.     

Challenge in Protecting Famous Historic and Cultural Cities in New Situation and Some Issues in Understanding

China is now in a period of fast economic growth withlarge-scale construction.Especially since 1992 some statelevel famous historic and cultural cities are undergoing aprocess of land leasing and transferring the the land userights,trying to attract domestic and foreign fund for devel-opment of their old city propers.Therefore, it has becomeextremely urgent as to how to handle properly the relation-ship between conservation of these cities and their econom-ic development and construction. It is well known that China is a country with an an-cient civilization.Its rich historic remains and cultural heri-tage are appreciated by the whole world. The protectionand preservation of this heritage is an issue of concern notonly for all the decendents of the Chinese nation but alsofor other countries and peoples,for this heritage is an essen-tial part of the cultural heritage of the whole mankind.Tenitems from China have been included in the list of the worldnatural and cultural heritages under protection publish     

Planning and Construction of Low Carbon Cities:The Relevance of Cost-Benefit Analysis

Cities are the major source of carbon dioxide emissions in China,and are the critical locations where emissions should be effectively managed.Adopting a low carbon urban development model is the pathway towards reducing the emissions.A low carbon city development model means achieving efficient and effective urban growth through low energy consumption and low emissions.While many local authorities in China have started to express the intention to construct low carbon cities,it is important to emphasize the need to apply a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) to low carbon urban policies and development projects.Since all policies and projects will have their costs and benefits to the society,the effects of the policies and projects on reducing emissions should be measured and assessed objectively.Through the setting up of an analysis framework to assess the costs and benefits,one can provide a scientific basis for decision making,and enhance the overall efficiency in the use of resources for the society as a whole.     

Characteristics and Causes of the Spatial Evolution of Urban Villages:A Case Study of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone

Studies on the renovation and governance of urban villages have become the interest of human geography since the 1990s.However up to now,there is little literature focusing on the development patterns and dynamic mechanism of the spatial evolution of urban villages based on the theoretical system of urban spatial structure,and there are few scholars doing analyses on the relationship between urban villages and general urban areas in terms of spatial development.In this paper,Shenzhen,the most representative city of China in terms of urban village development,is taken as a case for exploring the characteristics and modes of the spatial evolution of urban villages.With census data of urban village construction in 1999 and 2004 in terms of built-up area,floor area,and construction intensity,the spatial and temporal evolution of the 91 administrative urban villages in the original Shenzhen Special Economic Zone have been analyzed in comparison with that of Shenzhen’s general urban areas.It is indicated that the spatial evolution of urban villages matches with the general rules of the spatial development of general urban areas in three aspects.First,land expansion is the most remarkable mode of spatial evolution in the early stage of development;second,in the period of rapid development,there is the obvious tendency of "distance-decay" in terms of construction intensity accompanied by some anomalous fluctuations at certain points;third,renewal and redevelopment are carried out gradually in the mature stage of development.However,because of historical and institutional restrictions,the spatial evolution of urban villages shows its unique characteristics in the aspects of original spatial distribution and spatial expansion mode in the period of rapid development,etc.The outcomes of this study would help not only enrich the theoretical study on the evolution mode of urban spatial structure,but also strengthen the administration over urban villages,in particular with the suggestions that the spatial evolution of urban villages as a type of urban space should not be the same as that of general urban areas and its unique characteristics should not be ignored;specific rules should be set up to guide the rational spatial evolution of urban villages according to the economic development of the city,as well as the housing demands of various kinds of residents.     

Hong Kong:Creative City Between East and West

Abstract The slogan"One Country,Two Systems"guides the political,economic and cultural development of Hong Kong–one of the world’s most important financial centers.However,the city is more than just a financial center and a tradehub.The city also has a strong civil society,and the members of the civil society have much interest in culture and cultural identity.The city aims to strengthen its position as a prominent center of higher education in Asia.Therefore,cultural facilities,infrastructure,festivals(such as the Hong Kong Film Festival)and culturerelated fairs,as well as cultural and creative industries,are high on the political agenda,dedicated to promoting Hong Kong to be a cultural center in Asia.In recent years,a number of studies have been commissioned to explore the potential of cultural and creative industries under the urban economy.The findings suggest that cultural and creative industries are one of the economic development fields that the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(HKSAR)Government should support and promote in the future.A design center and agency,called Cyberport,has been established to create institutions that can support the evolution of cultural and creative industries.In addition,the Hong Kong Special Administrative Regional Government of China decided in 2008 to develop a prime location in the middle of the city into a cultural district.The West Kowloon Cultural District will position the city on the cultural map of Asia.     

Glossary

Editor’s Note: Along with the acceleration of urbanization, and automization as well, more and more Chinese cities, in particular the big ones, have to face the serious challenge of traffic congestion, and the development of public transportation, including the rail transit, has become an effective solution to this headachy problem. In     

A Sustainable Funding and Financing Strategy for Urban Infrastructure Renewal in China

In a relatively short time, many of China’s cities have become major industrial, shipping, and financial hubs. To support this unprecedented growth and economic development, China has invested enormous sums to provide transportation, power, communications, sanitation, and other basic infrastructures. Although much of this investment has been in newer urban districts, old districts within existing cities still add value to the economy and are often repositories of China’s considerable cultural heritage. Maintaining compatibility between the old and the new is always challenging but the renewal of older infrastructure systems often lags behind due to a shortage of capital and difficulties in raising sufficient revenue to support replacement and upgrading of basic systems. This paper will examine the range of funding and financing options that are in use throughout the world to see what mix of public and private approaches might be most suitable for Chinese cities to adopt as part of a funding and financing strategy that will support enduring and sustainable renewal and redevelopment of older urban districts.     

“一带一路”倡议下中东阿拉伯国家工业城发展与规划研究（英文）

Industrial city is an important concept in urban planning.This paper discusses the connotation,origination,quantity,scale,type,distribution,achievements,and planning characteristics of industrial cities in the Middle East Arab countries through literature,statistical,and comparative analyses.It identifies the problems and challenges industrial cities in the Middle East Arab countries are facing and proposes relevant countermeasures for their transformation under the new situation of the Belt and Road Initiative.At present,the research shows that there are about 100 industrial cities planned and constructed in Saudi Arabia,Syria,Qatar,and other Middle East Arab countries.Composed of free trade zones,industrial parks,and handicraft zones,a multi-levelled carrier system is formed for regional industrialization,helping to optimize the urban and economic geography pattern and to promote the integration of industrialization and urbanization of the region.They become a systematic upgrade and comprehensive transcendence of free trade zones and industrial zones,forming a comprehensive platform for the Middle East Arab countries to promote resource development and integration,industry upgrading and transformation,and industry-city integration and symbiosis.The paper proposes that China and the Middle East Arab countries should learn from each other regarding the planning and development of industrial cities and manage to achieve the coordinated development between China’s Overseas International Cooperation Parks and the Middle East Arab countries’ industrial cities.     

风险中的城市

Cities, as the most complex of human creations, are at great risk both from a wide range of hazards and from their own multiple vulnerabilities. With the current form of globalization, cities around the world are moving together into a new and hazardous environment. More cities have now become strategic and independent linchpins in the global economy. Disrupt economic life in any one major city and shock waves circle the earth almost instantly. However, to sustain consumer confidence which underlies the global economy, much information that might generate serious doubt about the world‘s future has not been tabled for general public consideration.While the new hazard of global terrorism forces the reveal of the reality, globalists are facing severe challenges including the psychological impact. The author draws an analogy of the industrialization in 19th century and proposes many of the changes that are needed to reduce the vulnerability of cities.     

Study on Urbanization Development Strategy along Wuhan to Xianning Intercity Rail

As the development of＂two-oriented society＂ in Wuhan urban agglomeration, the intercity railway will be an important way of driving the development of urbanization in Wuhan urban agglomeration. Intercity railway shortens the time in traffic between surrounding cities of Wuhan and it brings a lot of people, materials and information. It has also brought opportunities and challenges to the areas along intercity railway. The question is how to seize the development opportunities and coordinate the contradiction between development and environmental protection, and taking a new type urbanization. The paper, studying on the areas along Wuhan to Xianning intercity railway, made a summary of the objective law of urbanization and the influence to the along areas by the intercity railway, meanwhile, had experienced from the developed areas which along the intercity railway both in China and abroad. Then the paper proposed the urbanization development strategy from the aspect of land use, industry, population and transportation on the basis of analysis to be economic base and development conditions of the areas.     

The Issue of Street Construction in the Transformation of Old City Areas in Medium-and-Small-Sized Cities

Excerpts: The rapid economic development of cities provides the material basis for the transformation of the oldcities. The reconstruction of streets is the first issue being looked at. In the past few years,experiences have beengained and problems encountered. For instance, only some sections of the streets are reconstructed, the scale and de-velopment program of reconstruction are decided without any comprehensive, conceptual planning program, Thispaper attempts to analyse the reasons and defects of the past practice and some suggestions are made on improve-ment measures. It is pointed out in particular, that the transformation of streets should be based in the need, devel-opment potential, characteristics and specific role of the cities in order to enable the streets to be reconstructed incoordination with the transformation of the cities as a whole.     

社会生态视角下街道体力活动影响因素理论模型构建（英文）

Insufficient physical activity has become a significant issue of global health.To optimize the environment of streets,an important kind of public space in cities,is an effective way to push residents to engage in daily physical activities.Due to the complexity of behaviors,identifying the relevant influencing factors and their relationship,as well as building a comprehensive research framework are key to making environmental development strategies.Therefore,from a social ecological perspective,this paper analyzes the basic logic of these influencing factors at various levels and summarizes their specific content.According to the rational interpretation on behavioral decision-making based on the theory of health behavior,the paper builds a multi-dimensional model on factors influencing physical activity from theoretical and cognitive perspectives.By exploring the model’s structural relationship,it concludes that strategies considering street physical factors are conductive to physical activity interventions from multiple dimensions.As theoretical deduction needs to be continuously verified and optimized in empirical studies,it proposes suggestions for the next stage of research on data support of quantitative analysis.     

West To East: Adapting Architecture

by Paul Tan de Bibiana Rebirth is the term which most readily comes to mind to describe the phenomenal development which has overtaken China. We are seeing the latent potential of this nation being realized in the transformation of its economy, resulting in truly spectacular development opportunities.The most vivid example of this activity is the resurgence of Shanghai as the "dragon's head" of China's economic reform. Just as the 200 square miles of boggy farmland known as the Pudong New Area provided a significant opportunity to continue Shanghai's history as the "Pearl of the Orient", this city and other regions of China have provided B+H Architects International with the occasion to redefine the boundaries of its practice.