DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENT FLOW IN A STRAIGHT SQUARE DUCT AT REYNOLDS NUMBER 600

This article presents the direct numerical simulation results of the turbulent flow in a straight square duct at a Reynolds number of 600, based on the duct width and the mean wall-shear velocity. The turbulence statistics along the wall bisector is examined with the turbulent flow field properties given by streamwise velocity and vorticity fields in the duct cross section. It was found that the solutions of the turbulent duct flow obtained in a spatial resolution with 1.2×10⁶ grid points are satisfactory as compared to the existing numerical and experimental results. The results indicate that it is reasonable to neglect the sub-grid scale models in this spatial resolution level for the duct flow at the particular friction Reynolds number.     

水电厂超声波测流试验及CFD验算

对国网江西省电力公司柘林水电厂改造后的机组的效率进行了试验,试验过程中,选用了超声波法和流速仪法来测量其流量。试验结果表明,两种流量测量方式的实测结果存在着大约+2.37%的相对误差。针对存在的误差,对其成因开展了分析研究。分析结果表明,由于超声波法和流速仪法在测流时是同步进行的,这样就使得流速仪的支架影响到了超声波测流声道的流场分布,从而导致超声波法的测流结果出现了偏大的误差;为此,进一步对测流管道、流速仪支架及超声波的测流声道进行了CFD模拟和计算,得到流速仪支架对超声波测流结果的影响大约为+2.2%。经过对试验结果与CFD模拟结果进行对比分析,验证了流速仪支架是导致上述试验误差的主要原因。     

Numerical investigation of the concentric annulus flow around a cylindrical body with contrasted effecting factors

This paper studies the wall-bounded flow around a cylindrical at a high Reynolds numbers body in a determined computational domain, with simulations of the 3-D, turbulent concentric annulus flow in a straight pipe. Numerical results show that a reversing zone, appearing as a tongue zone with nested velocities higher than the surrounding area, exists behind the cylindrical body. The annulus space is a region of high velocity and low pressure. The zero velocity, of combined the X- velocity and the Y- velocity, exists in the cross sections and no vortex shedding is formed behind the attaching cylinders. Among all investigated effecting factors, the diameters of the attaching and the main cylinders affect the wake feature behind the cylindrical body while the main cylinder length does not affect the distribution tendency of the flow field. The diameters of the main cylinder and the pipe affect the pressure values and the distribution tendencies on the main cylinder surface. Obviously, the increase of the pipe diameter reduces the drag coefficient of the cylindrical body and the increase of the diameter of the main cylinder increases the drag coefficient greatly. The numerical investigation of the concentric annulus flow provides foundations for further improvements of the intricate flow studies.     

LIQUID-GAS TWO PHASE FLOW RATES METERING BY DUAL PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL MEASUREMENTS

The measurement of the overall mass flow rates in a two phase, gas/liquid pipeline is considered on the basis of dual pressure differential measurements for a combined contraction/frictional pipe type of flow meter and a numerical model to predict overall mass flow rates from pressure differentials measured from this type of flow meter is presented. The experiments generally conform with the predictions of the flow rates prediction model. Whilst the practicability of such metering of two phase flows is clearly demonstrated, application of the method would require careful calibration to allow for the influence of nozzle coefficients, pipe Reynolds number and void fraction upon the one dimensional compressible flow equations through wall friction factor and interphase slip effects.     

槽道中方形障碍物绕流的大涡模拟

本文应用二阶全展开ETG有限元离散格式与大涡模拟相结合的方法对固定在槽道一侧的方形障碍物的绕流进行了数值模拟，计算了雷诺数为40000的湍流情况下的绕流流场，将模拟结果与实验结果及他人的数值结果进行了对比，符合较好，表明大涡模拟与所论的具有较高精度的数值算法相结合，适合于具有大尺度涡的绕流运动流场的分析。     

The experiment and analysis of transitional flow in pipe

The transitional flow in a pipe is important for delivery, but its characteristics remain to be explored. In this paper, the two-dimensional laser Doppler velocimetry(LDV) is used for the study, focusing on the attenuation characteristics of the axial velocity, the variation of the velocity gradient, the effect of the angle between the axis and the resultant velocity vector, and the relationship between the energy coefficient and the flow state. The attenuation characteristics of the axial velocity along the radial direction are obtained. It is shown that with the increase of the Reynolds number, the change rate of the velocity gradient slows down with a similar distribution, and a rapid decrease is seen in the near wall region. The amplitude and the frequency of the angular variation are obviously improved with the increase of the Reynolds number. The instability of the velocity field is enhanced with the increase of the energy coefficient.     

中等Reynolds数下并列方柱统流的数值模拟──MAC－AF1方法及其应用

本文通过采用ＭＡＣ－ＡＦ１方法求解原始变量二维不可压非定常Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程，对中等Ｒａｙｎｏｌｄｓ数绕流下的并列方柱绕流进行了数值模拟。通过对Ｒｅ＝３００、５００、１０００、２０００及间隙度为ｓ／ｈ＝２．３时并列方柱的数值计算表明：Ｒｅ数对横向力的变化频率毫无影响，恰好是单方柱绕流横向力变化频率的两倍。阻力的频率与横向力的频率相同，阻力的时间平均值基本上与Ｒｅ数无关，但随着Ｒｅ数的增大，阻力和横向力随时间变化的波动幅度稍微有所增加。本文计算的方柱阻力时间平均值和横向力的频率与实验值符合得很好。     

排沙漏斗流场特性与排沙机理研究

排沙漏斗是一种截沙率高、耗水率小的二级泥沙处理设施。为了进一步探明排沙漏斗的流场特性和排沙机理,该文采用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)对排沙漏斗立轴螺旋流进行了三维流场测试,采用雷诺应力模型(RSM)和VOF方法数值模拟了排沙漏斗内清水流场,计算的水流时均流速分布与实测结果吻合良好。通过数值模拟方法得到了全面详细的排沙漏斗流场结构信息,并据此分析了排沙漏斗的排沙机理,提出二次流是排沙漏斗能够顺畅高效排沙的关键。     

粘弹性流体平面收缩流动的数值模拟

在石油、化工、轻纺和材料等工业中，有大量粘弹性液体的流动问题。如原油升举过程和管道输送中的流动；聚合物溶液和纸浆的流动等。由于粘弹性具有复杂的流变性，实验模拟和解析求解都较困难，随着计算机和计算流体力学的发展，粘弹性流体流动的数值研究日益活跃，成为非牛顿流体研究的一个重要方向。粘弹性流体运动数值模拟的主要困难在于：当Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ数和Ｗｅｉｓｓｅｎｂｅｒｇ数达到一定值以后，方程组在求解域内是混合型的，既有椭圆型区又有双曲型区［１］，已有数值计算方法只是得到小Ｒｅ数（Ｒｅ≤８）和小Ｗｅｉｓｓｅｎｂｅｒｓ数（Ｗｅ≤０．４）的结果［２］，因此，探讨这类问题的数值方法有重要的实用意义。本文在二维Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ流体控制方程组类型分析基础上，采用类型相关格式求解原始变量方程，对粘弹性流体二维流动进行了数值模拟，得到收缩通道在Ｒｅ＝０～２０００和Ｗｅ＝０～０．８的流动结果。和已有算例比较，扩大了线性粘弹性流体的可计算范围，为进一步研究粘弹性流体三维流动的数值方法打下了基础。     

应用PIV研究带自由表面的后向台阶流流动特性

利用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术,对Re在450~4490之间的16种工况下的二维后向台阶定常流动的流场进行观测,并与文献资料的结果和数值模拟的结果进行比较,得到在此Re范围内的台阶后再附着长度Xr随Re变化的规律,以及台阶后流速分布和水面线位置等特性,对实验过程中所出现的粒子跟随性问题和存在自由表面的问题进行了讨论。     

二维浅水流动的有限元进行数值模拟

建立了并行计算系统工作站机群，实现了浅水流动的并行数值模拟。采用信息传递接口(MPI)为通讯库，实现了基于图论的区域剖分方法，并且提出了一种显隐交错的数值格式，该格式具有数值计算精度高，适合并行计算的特点。计算了较低雷诺数下（R<300）方柱绕流的情况。并与Suzuki及Breuer的结果进行了比较。     

Numerical investigation of flow and heat transfer performances of horizontal spiral-coil pipes

The flow and heat transfer performances of horizontal spiral-coil pipes of circular and elliptical cross-sections are studied.The numerical results are compared with the experimental data,to verify the numerical method.The effects of the inlet water mass flow rate,the structural parameters,the helical pitch and the radius ratio on the heat transfer performances are investigated.Performances of the secondary fluid flow with different radius ratios are also investigated.Numerical results demonstrate that the heat transfer coefficient and the Nusselt number increase with the increase of the water mass flow rate or the helical pitch.The maximum heat transfer coefficient and the maximum Nusselt number are obtained when the radius ratio is equal to 1.00.In addition,the fluid particle moves spirally along the pipe and the velocity changes periodically.The particle flow intensity and the spiral movement frequency decrease significantly with the increase of the radius ratio.Besides,the secondary flow profile in the horizontal spiral-coil pipe contains two oppositely rotating eddies,and the eddy intensity decreases significantly along the pipe owing to the change of curvature.The decreasing tendency of the eddy intensity along the pipe increases with the increase of the radius ratio.     

CALCULATION OF VISCOUS FLOW AROUND CIRCULAR CYLINDER WITH THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｆｌｏｗａｒｏｕｎｄａｃｉｒｃｕｌａｒｃｙｌｉｎｄｅｒｉｓｖａｌｕａｂｌｅｉｎｏｉｌｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓｏｒｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｔｈａｔｒｅｌｙｉｎｍｏｓｔｃａｓｅｓｏｎｓｕｂｓｅａｐｉｐｅｌｉｎｅｏｒｒｉｓｅｒｓｔｏｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｇａｓａｎｄｏｉｌｆｒｏｍｏｃｅａｎｇｒｏｕｎｄｓｔｏｌａｎｄｏｒｓｕｒｆａｃｅｐｌａｔｆｏｒｍ .Ｗｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｅｎｓｕｒｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｓｅｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓａｒｅｒｅｓｉｓ ｔａｎｔａｎｄｓｔａｂ…     

三维圆柱绕流数值模拟湍流方法的选择

研究湍流模拟方法对三维圆柱绕流数值模拟精度的影响,分别采用雷诺平均法（RANS）中的κ-ω模型、SST模型以及大涡模拟法（LES）对亚临界区内雷诺数Re=3 900时的三维圆柱绕流进行数值计算,分析了圆柱体表面的受力、圆柱后流场时均速度特性与瞬时涡量分布情况。结果表明,当流体流过圆柱表面时,圆柱表面出现的与流速方向相反的负压力差区域使流体从圆柱表面分离,引起了不稳定的周期性交替脱落的湍流涡泄,从而在圆柱表面产生周期性波动的升力,同时在圆柱后近流场区域形成回流区。研究还发现,LES法对圆柱体的受力以及流场时均速度特性的模拟效果要优于κ-ω模型与SST模型;相较于前人利用浸入边界法得到的模拟结果,LES法的模拟精度也有了较大提升;同样,通过对瞬时流场涡量等值线图的分析,并与已有的模拟结果进行对比,发现LES法不但可以从整体上表现出漩涡的周期性脱落,而且对流场中不同位置的、复杂的小尺度湍流涡泄也描述得非常细致,得到的自由分离剪切层长度与湍流涡泄的卷曲度更符合湍流涡泄的特征。所以,在亚临界区,LES法对湍流的模拟效果相对较好。     

同流中不同流速比对多孔热浮射流的影响

利用雷诺应力模型对同向流动环境中3孔热水浮射流进行数值模拟,得出了不同流速比下的速度场,温度场,并对结果进行了对比分析。探讨了不同流速比时各股射流之间的相互影响,最后得出3种流速比下的射流轨迹线。     

圆管湍流近壁结构的DPIV实验研究

采用粒子数字图像测速(DPIV)对充分发展的圆管湍流进行了研究，测量结果和直接数值模拟结果的比较，表明作者开发的DPIV技术可取得满意的精度。在此基础上通过瞬时脉动速度场对圆管湍流的近壁结构进行了研究，并在近壁结构中检测出涡诱导的喷发和扫掠、低速条带和流向涡结构等拟序结构，而且发现低速条带和涡的诱导是低速流体喷发的必要条件。     

孤立波作用下边界层的模拟与分析

孤立波作用下的边界层内的剪切力以及涡量变化对海啸传播和海底地形塑造十分重要。本文基于多区域谱方法,利用直接模拟(DNS)数值模型,对在具有矩形断面的U形水洞内的孤立波下的边界层流动进行了模拟。将数值模拟结果与解析解以及试验结果进行了对比,发现数值结果与后两者吻合得较好。模拟结果显示,在低雷诺数下,扰动不会改变流态,而随着雷诺数的增大,流态会变得十分复杂。中等雷诺数情况下,边界层内会产生正向的涡,并进行稳定的传播。在较高雷诺数情况下,流动进入层流向紊流发展的过渡期,此时边界层内会产生正涡以及负涡,并会在水深方向进行不规则运动。     

Volatilization of hydrogen sulfide from a quiescent surface

Air-water mass transfer of hydrogen sulfide from a shallow tank with a quiescent surface under the influence of weak wind stress on the water surface was studied numerically using a two-dimensional model. The flow field in the tank was investigated using a computational code based on a finite volume, which is used to numerically solve momentum, mass and continuity conservation equations. The results show that water phase flow field is strongly dependent on the wind-induced surface velocity and the aspect ratio of the tank. Based on the numerical study, the liquid-side mass transfer coefficient is correlated with Reynolds number (R(e)), tank aspect ratio (AR) and Schmidt number (S(c)). Overall mass transfer coefficient (K(L)) values extend further downstream as the R(e) number increases.     

Numerical study of impurity distribution in ultrasonic heat meter body

Based on a discrete phase model, the numerical simulation is carried out for the flow fields of different size calcium carbonate suspensions in the ultrasonic heat meter body. The flow characteristics and the impurity distribution in the ultrasonic heat meter body are analyzed. The errors of the ultrasonic heat meter in measuring calcium carbonate suspensions of particles of 10 micrometers and the causes are analyzed by simulation and experiment. Results show the effects of the impurities on the value of the k coefficient and the sound attenuation on the reflection path due to the particle distribution are the two main factors that influence the measurement accuracy.     

基于能量比系数的圆柱栅绕流LES方法研究

圆柱阵列流场不但是工程上常见的流动换热结构,而且绕流问题与湍流涡发展研究密切相关。该文采用数值模拟算法研究了不同雷诺数下的单列圆柱栅绕流的不可压缩流动。比较了非定常RANS方程计算得到的湍动能和耗散率,引入湍流能量比系数对初始计算网格进行重新划分和局部加密,进而建立适宜于大涡模拟网格尺度,其结果与PIV和RANS结果进行对比。结果表明,在湍流流场区域能量比系数达到30%-40%的情况下,就可得到工程实际需要的精确计算结果,这大大减少LES算法所需要的计算网格总数和时间。