干水法制备核壳聚合物微球及其性能评价

以丙烯酰胺、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸为单体，N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂，过硫酸铵和亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂，水为溶剂，疏水Si O₂为壳层原料，采用干水法制备干水微反应器，将其干燥后即得核壳聚合物微球(PMS@SiO₂)。考察了SiO₂疏水性、疏水Si O₂与水相质量比、搅拌速度和搅拌时间对形成稳定干水微反应器的影响，通过正交实验对PMS@SiO₂的制备条件进行了优化。采用FTIR、TGA、激光粒度仪、SEM和TEM对样品进行了表征，评价了PMS@SiO₂吸水膨胀性能和调驱性能。结果表明，PMS@SiO₂的最佳制备条件为m(SiO₂-R812S)∶m(水相)=1∶10，搅拌速度12000 r/min，搅拌时间120 s，交联剂用量0.10%(以单体总质量为基准，下同)，引发剂用量0.15%，反应温度50℃，反应时间4 h。与常规聚合物微球PMS相比，PMS@SiO₂在90℃环境中水化...     

一种聚合物微球的合成

以环己烷为连续相,Span60为乳化剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,合成了深部调驱用聚合物微球。以聚合物微的膨胀倍率指标,考察了反相乳液聚合体系稳定性的影响因素和深部调驱聚合物微球基本性能的影响因素,结果表明,当油水比为1∶1、乳化剂用量4.5%(相对油相)、聚合温度为60℃,搅拌速度600 r/min时,体系稳定性好、产物成粒性好;合成深部调驱有机颗粒的最佳配比:丙烯酰胺为60 g/L,丙烯酸为8 g/L,2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸为5.5 g/L,它们之间的比例为AM∶AA∶AMPS=120∶16∶11,交联剂加量为0.3 g/L,引发剂加量为0.4 g/L,约为单体总量的5.4‰。产物为稳定均一的聚合物微球,初始粒径在475.5~525.0 nm,水化膨胀24 h后,平均粒径为1 100 nm。     

一种聚合物微球的合成

以环己烷为连续相,Span60为乳化剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,合成了深部调驱用聚合物微球。以聚合物微的膨胀倍率指标,考察了反相乳液聚合体系稳定性的影响因素和深部调驱聚合物微球基本性能的影响因素,结果表明,当油水比为1∶1、乳化剂用量>4.5%(相对油相)、聚合温度为60℃,搅拌速度>600 r/min时,体系稳定性好、产物成粒性好;合成深部调驱有机颗粒的最佳配比:丙烯酰胺为60 g/L,丙烯酸为8 g/L,2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸为5.5 g/L,它们之间的比例为AM∶AA∶AMPS=120∶16∶11,交联剂加量为0.3 g/L,引发剂加量为0.4 g/L,约为单体总量的5.4‰。产物为稳定均一的聚合物微球,初始粒径在475.5⁵25.0 nm,水化膨胀24 h后,平均粒径为1 100 nm。     

一种聚合物微球驱油效果影响因素研究

以环己烷为连续相,Span60为乳化剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,N'N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂、合成了深部调驱用聚合物微球,并从不同的聚合物微球注入体积与注入浓度对驱油效果进行研究。结果表明,微球水化膨胀期为五天,此时D(0.9)为10.7μm,且在相同条件下,其原油采收率随着聚合物微球注入体积,注入浓度的增大而增大。     

热可膨胀微球的影响因素及成粒过程的研究进展

热可膨胀微球是一种以热塑性聚合物为壳层、发泡剂(低沸点的烷烃或其他化合物)为核的具有核-壳结构的聚合物粒子,具有广泛的应用领域。总结国内外学者研究成果,主要介绍了单体、交联剂、发泡剂、引发剂、聚合温度及助剂等主要影响因素对热可膨胀微球制备过程、微球颗粒特性及膨胀性能的影响,重点阐述了热可膨胀微球的成粒过程及机理,并对热可膨胀微球的发展前景及研究方向进行了展望。     

亚微米中空微球聚合物的制备及其形貌调控

采用乳液聚合协同碱渗透溶胀法，制备了亚微米中空微球聚合物。通过SEM、TEM、DLS分别对中空微球的形貌和粒径进行表征，并考察了中空微球聚合物的遮盖性能。研究了引发剂用量对核粒径的影响，中间层和壳层聚合物配比对微球形貌结构及其遮盖性能的影响。结果表明，在核制备过程中，核的粒径随引发剂用量的增加而减小；对于平均粒径为148 nm的核，当中间层甲基丙烯酸丁酯（BMA）用量为10 wt%、甲基丙烯酸（MAA）用量为3 wt%，甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）用量为87 wt%，壳层苯乙烯（St）用量为97 wt%，交联剂用量为3 wt%时，可制备平均粒径414 nm，中空率为40.6 %的聚合物微球，且微球表面较为光滑，此时中空微球聚合物具有优异遮盖性能，遮盖度达到66 %。     

沉淀聚合法制备咖啡因分子印迹聚合物微球

以咖啡因为印迹分子,甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,采用沉淀聚合法在乙腈溶液中制备了针对咖啡因的分子印迹聚合物微球。对沉淀聚合中单体、引发剂、溶剂用量的比例关系进行探索,并利用平衡结合实验研究了聚合物对印迹分子的吸附性能,结果表明该印迹聚合物微球呈现出较好的结合能力。     

悬浮聚合制备微米级聚苯乙烯微球

以羟乙基纤维素和白明胶为稳定剂、甲苯和庚烷为致孔剂,经悬浮聚合制备了单分散交联聚苯乙烯微球。考察了单体用量、引发剂和交联剂含量、搅拌速度对微球粒径的影响。结果表明,最佳的悬浮聚合条件为：单体苯乙烯的用量为水相的质量分数20%、交联剂二乙烯基苯为单体的质量分数4%、引发剂过氧化苯甲酰为单体的质量分数1%、聚合温度为60 ℃、搅拌速度为500 r/min、反应时间为24 h。在此条件下制备的交联聚苯乙烯微球平均直径为40 μm左右,扫描电镜观察结果显示,合成的交联聚苯乙烯微球的形态良好且表面有微孔,分散性好。     

一种调驱用聚合物微球的制备与性能评价

储层非均质性与注水剖面不均匀性限制了油藏水驱后的采收率,聚合物微球具备尺寸可控、注入性能好、封堵效率高等优点在油田调驱中取得了良好的应用效果。以丙烯酰胺与甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵为单体制备了PAD聚合物微球,通过红外光谱与扫描电镜表征了微观结构与表观形态,研究了模拟地层环境下的调驱性能。实验结果表明,采用反向乳液法制备的微球形状均匀、尺寸均一、球形度好。模拟地层条件下,PAD聚合物微球在32 h后体积膨胀9倍,表现出良好的水化膨胀性能与耐温耐盐能力。调驱实验证明PAD聚合物微球对高中低三种渗透率岩心均有良好的封堵效果,具备良好的应用潜能。     

调驱用聚合物微球性能及驱油效果评价

聚合物微球作为一种分散型调驱体系,具有注入性好、成本低、配液方便、耐温耐盐性强等优点。本文针对M型聚合物微球体系,开展了膨胀性能、封堵性能、传输运移能力及驱油效果评价。结果表明,M型聚合物微球可在7d内膨胀15～16倍,膨胀倍数不受浓度影响,同时具有良好的封堵性、传输运移能力及增油效果,岩心实验采收率增幅可达16.5%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。