CHEMICAL SENSITIZATION OF TABULAR－GRAIN EMUL－SIONS IN THE PRESENCE OF SENSITIZING DYE

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APPLICATION AND FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH OF ROTATING STREAM TRAY

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叠加定量气相色谱法测定吹苯残渣中的三苯含量

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高效助凝剂改性活化硅酸在净化水处理中的应用

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水溶液中乙二胺四乙酸酰肼合Fe（Ⅲ）的研究

合成了乙二胺四乙酸酰肼，研究了水溶液中ＥＤＴＡＨ与Ｆｅ＾３＋的反应。利用ＵＶ分光光度计测定了Ｆｅ＾３＋－ＥＤＴＡＨ螯合物的组成、表观稳定常数。     

H4S涤纶FDY生产工艺与设备的改进

介绍了瑞士ＥＭＳ－ＩＮＶＥＮＴＡ公司开发的纺牵一步法涤纶ＦＤＹ生产技术－－Ｈ４Ｓ，通过对其工艺、设备进行合理化改进，有效地改善了生产稳定性，提高了产品质量。     

非线性本构关系的确立及莫工程设计应用（续）

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THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGE FOR EXISTING AND NEW CATALYTIC TECHNOLOGIES

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HF与Detal烷基化催化剂应用的经济性研究

通过环境保护、能量消耗、物料平衡、生产运行、建设投资、建设周期等成本因素和产品质量效益的评价分析,对苯-烯烃烷基化HF与Detal催化剂工艺应用的经济性进行了研究。     

芳烃长链烷基化催化工艺研究进展

芳烃长链烷基化是一类重要的有机合成反应,在化工生产中具有广泛的应用价值。传统催化工艺所采用的氢氟酸等催化剂具有高腐蚀、高污染的特点,难以满足化工行业环境友好的发展需求。本文指出固体酸、离子液体两大类催化剂是实现该工艺绿色化转型的关键所在,并综述了固体酸、离子液体两大催化体系的研究成果、应用现状及主要技术问题。研究表明二者对于芳烃长链烷基化均具有较高的活性及选择性,以固体酸为催化剂的Detal工艺已然实现工业化生产。但目前两种催化剂均存在易失活的问题,且Detal工艺的运行成本较高,因而未来需开展有关研究提高催化剂的稳定性、降低工艺的能耗及物耗以缩减运行成本。     

直链烷基苯工艺技术的发展

详细地叙述了国内外表面活性剂的主要原料——直链烷基苯生产的新工艺和新技术,着重介绍了固体酸催化剂生产工艺的最新进展。列举了大量的数据和资料,为从事直链烷基苯生产的设计人员提供参考。     

Monitoring the linear alkylbenzene sulfonation process using high-temperature gas chromatography

Controlling the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) sulfonation process is a critical part of the LAS manufacturing process; this process can be monitored by assaying for LAS content, unsulfonated linear alkylbenzene (LAB), and LAB sulfones. Traditionally, assaying the LAB and LAB sulfone contents has been time consuming and not straightforward. A simple and rapid procedure is described for the isolation and simultaneous capillary gas chromatographic (GC) quantification of LAB and LAB sulfones in LAS. The procedure involves extraction of the unsulfonated LAB and the LAB sulfones into n-heptane; sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate or linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid (reacted to form sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate) remains in the aqueous extraction solvent layer. High-temperature capillary GC using a specialty metal capillary column enables both LAB and high molecular weight LAB sulfones to be quantified.     

Evaluation of the rheological properties of sulfonic acids and sodium sulfonates

Sulfonic acids of linear alkylbenzene (LAB) are converted into the corresponding sodium salts to produce the most widely used anionic surfactant worldwide, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). Used in many industrial applications and consumer products, the physical and mechanical properties of the sulfonates are strongly dependent on the LAB manufacturing process. Until recently, commercial alkylation of benzene has employed aluminum chloride or hydrogen fluoride catalysts, but a new fixed-bed alkylation process (DETAL) has been developed with improved 2-phenyl isomer selectivity and low tetralin concentration. In order to better understand the rheology of LAS in aqueous media, a comprehensive comparative evaluation of sulfonic acids and sodium sulfonates of the three LAB process derivatives has been done using dynamic mechanical rheometry, steady shear viscometry, and X-ray diffraction for phase identification. LAB sulfonic acids are Newtonian fluids in the temperature range of 20–60°C. The neat AlCl₃, HF, and DETAL sulfonic acids are Newtonian fluids within the temperature range of 20–60°C. At 30 wt%, all three sulfonates are Newtonian at 20–60°C, and the 40 wt% AlCl₃ sodium sulfonate remains in the Newtonian regime within this temperature range. Lamellar liquid crystalline phases have been identified for the sulfonates in the concentration range of 40–60 wt% in water at 20–60°C, and a hexagonal lattice phase also has been identified for DETAL sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate at 40 wt%, 60°C. The presence of anisotropic phases results in non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior with time-dependent viscosity functions.     

LB-16有机硅杂化分子筛催化剂的制备及其在长链烷基苯合成中的应用

长链烷基苯(LAB)是制备合成洗涤剂烷基苯磺酸钠的主要原料,传统上LAB采用无机液体酸(HF)为催化剂将苯和长链烯烃烷基化而制得。在LAB的诸多异构体中,2-LAB因其更高的溶解性和可降解性而更受欢迎。使用低温成胶的策略,以水热合成法合成LB-16有机硅杂化分子筛催化剂,并考察其在LAB合成中的催化性能。结果表明,在反应温度190℃、空速0.2 h-1、苯烯物质的量比15∶1条件下,经过1 000 h催化试验,1-十二烯转化率大于99%,2-LAB选择性51%。LB-16有机硅杂化分子筛催化剂对苯与1-十二烯合成反应具有较好的催化活性和稳定性,同时对2-LAB具有较高的选择性,具有工业化应用前景。     

Injury Mechanisms of Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter Cultures During Spray Drying: A Review

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter cultures can be processed by many drying techniques, among which spray drying has great potential. However, injuries of LAB during spray drying lead to a low survival rate. The microbial injuries of LAB during spray drying are specifically induced by dehydration inactivation, thermal inactivation, and balance between the two. To reduce the drying temperature, new drying techniques based on spray drying were tried; that is, low-temperature vacuum–spray drying and spray–freeze drying.     

利用脂肪醇剩余烯烃能力增产烷基苯

通过对大量的数据及市场调研的分析,提出利用脂肪醇剩余烯烃增产烷基苯的可行措施。为直链烷基苯－ 合成脂肪醇联合装置的技术改造提供了依据。     

A contribution to understanding secondary reactions in linear alkylbenzene sulfonation

Modern industrial sulfonation of linear alkylbenzene (LAB) in falling film reactors produces p-alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (HLAS), which is usually neutralized with caustic soda (NaOH) and used in detergent formulations. During the sulfonation process, other products such as anhydrides and sulfones are also formed. Four reactions are proposed to occur during aging and hydrolysis. As a consequences, approximately 25% of sulfones and 75% of unreacted LAB are removed during aging and are transformed into additional active matter. Anhydrides are completely eliminated during hydrolysis. On the other hand, sulfones formed during the process are difficult to remove once formed. The goal of this work was to optimize the various operating conditions of the sulfonation process and to understand the various secondary reactions that occur therein so as to obtain a maximal active ingredient concentration in the final sulfonated product and a minimum of unsulfonated matter. Formation of sulfones can be minimized by using an SO₃/LAB molar ratio slightly lower than the theoretical optimum.     

Alkylaromatics in Detergents Manufacture: Modeling and Optimizing Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonation

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (ASA) is the main ingredient of many commercial formulations for industrial and domestic synthetic detergents. The current industrial ASA production method includes sulfonation of linear alkylbenzene (LAB) with sulfur trioxide in tubular falling‐film reactors. The present study investigates the influence of light alkylaromatics on the efficiency of ASA production. After dealkylation and polymerization, these aromatic compounds form viscous components in the sulfonation reactor. This increases the organic liquid viscosity and disrupts the uniformity of sulfonation. We present the results of IR analysis of the LAB and ASA samples, which indicate that the viscous components are sulfones that are part of the unsulfonated matter. With due consideration of the sulfonation process reaction network, we developed a mathematical model for a sulfonation reactor considering the alkylaromatics content in the feed flow and its effect on the reaction rates. The results allowed the improvement of sulfonation process in terms of increasing the number of days between the reactor washings. The sulfur flow rate increased from 371.7 to 380.9 kg h^?1 at the end of this period for the aromatics content in LAB of 4 wt.% and from 372.1 to 380.1 kg h^?1 for aromatics content in LAB of 6 wt.%. The proposed modifications of the process modes can increase the SO₃ conversion up to 98%.