原子转移自由基聚合制备超支化聚合物进展

介绍了原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)制备超支化聚合物的原理以及近年来采用ATRP方法制备的各种支化/超支化聚合物,展望了ATRP的发展趋势.ATRP是目前可控,活性聚合最成功的方法之一,它以过渡金属配合物为催化剂,通过有机卤化物引发乙烯基单体的自由基聚合,合成相对分子质量可控、相对分子质量分布窄的多种聚合物.     

超支化聚苯乙烯-线型聚四氢呋喃-超支化聚甲基丙烯酸(N,N.二甲胺基乙酯)三嵌段共聚物的制备与表征

合成了超支化聚苯乙烯-线型聚四氢呋喃-超支化聚(甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲胺基乙酯)三嵌段共聚物(HPS-b-LPTHF-b-HPDMAEMA).首先分别以丙烧醇和2.溴乙醇引发四氢呋喃的阳离子开环聚合,然后得到的聚四氢呋喃(PTHF)末端的羟基用带有援基的三硫代碳酸酯酯化,得到大分子RAFT试剂,并把溴端基用叠氮基取代.接着在大分子RAFT试剂存在情况下,通过自缩合原子转移自由基共聚合分别制得端烧基HPS-b-LPTHF和端叠氮基HPDMAEMA-b-LPTHF两嵌段聚合物.最后将两种两嵌段聚合物通过点击反应偶联得到超支化-线型-超支化三嵌段共聚物HPS-b-LPTHF-b-HPDM AEMA.核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)结果表明:所得产物分子量可控,得到了预期结构的聚合物.     

超支化聚α-溴丙烯酸甲酯的合成及表征

用原子转移自由基聚合制备了超支化聚α－溴丙烯酸甲酯,用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪跟踪聚合过程并测出单体转化率,研究了聚合动力学,用三检测体积除色谱,核磁共振和元素分析表征了聚合的结构。     

超支化聚(酰胺-酯)的合成与改性

以邻苯二甲酸酐和二乙醇胺为原料,制得AB2型单体;加入三羟甲基丙烷为核,采用一步法合成了超支化聚(酰胺-酯),并用硬脂酸对所得聚合物进行封端改性.应用红外光谱对改性前后超支化聚合物进行了表征.结果表明,所合成的聚合物与理论结构相吻合,且硬脂酸与端羟基发生了酯化反应,成功地接到了聚合物上.     

基于超支化聚对氯甲基苯乙烯聚合离子液体共混体系的制备与表征

以对氯甲基苯乙烯/乙烯基苄基氯(CMS/VBC)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)、1?甲基咪唑(MIm)、双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂(LITFSI)等为原料,通过活性/可控自由基聚合制备了超支化接枝多臂共聚物h?PCMS?g?PMMA、功能性嵌段共聚物PMMA?b?PGMA、离子液体嵌段共聚物PMM...     

缩酮保护的聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯的部分水解

以十二烷基三硫代碳酸酯为链转移剂调控缩酮保护的甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(DHEMA)的可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合,得到缩酮保护的聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(PDHEMA),用核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对其结构进行了确证.在弱酸性(pH 5)条件下水解PDHEMA,收集不同水解时间的产物,用1H...     

可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合法制备超支化聚甲基-6-氧-甲基丙烯酰基-α-D-葡萄糖苷

本文采用可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合法制备了超支化聚甲基-6-氧-甲基丙烯酰基-α-D-葡萄糖苷(HBMG)。探讨了单体比例、反应温度、反应时间及链转移试剂(CTA)对聚合反应的转化率、分子量、支化度、马克指数(α)的影响。实验结果证实增加N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)的浓度可以有效地提高聚糖的支化度;增加CTA的用量能够控制聚合反应避免凝胶,也有利于提高聚糖的支化度;反应温度处于CTA可逆平衡温度时聚糖的支化度最高,延长反应时间有利于提高聚糖的支化度。     

由配位链转移聚合制备星形聚丁二烯

采用2,5-二甲基-2-乙基己酸钕/二异丁基氢化铝/二氯二甲基硅烷三元稀土配位链转移聚合体系,利用烷基铝封端的链末端保持活性的特点,成功引发了双环己内酯4,4′-二氧杂环庚基-7,7′-二酮（BOD）的开环聚合,制备了中心含聚酯交联核结构的星形聚丁二烯。结果表明,随着聚合反应中BOD用量的增加,所得星形聚合物的重均分子量逐渐增加,同时由于星形聚合物臂数不一致,从而导致其分子量分布变宽。此外,所得星形聚丁二烯的Mark-Houwink方程参数α明显小于线型聚合物,其与传统星形聚合物的α值吻合良好。     

可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合的新进展

可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合的适用单体范围广,反应条件温和,没有聚合实施方法如本体、溶液、乳液和悬浮聚合的限制,因而引起了研究者的广泛兴趣,取得了许多新的研究成果。主要对近年来RAFT聚合中使用的最新链转移剂、单体及相关合成与使用情况以及几种新型RAFT反应体系进行了介绍。     

半连续乳液聚合法制备高支化聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为单体、二乙烯基苯(DVB)为支化剂和十二硫醇(C12SH)为链转移剂,采用半连续乳液聚合法制备了一系列低凝聚率高支化的PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)。着重探讨了不同单体配比对该乳液的稳定性、支化度(DB)、玻璃化转变温度(Tg)、相对分子质量及其分布等影响。结果表明:高支化PMMA乳液的粒径较小、粒径分布较窄;当n(DVB):n(C12SH)=1:2时,DVB和C12SH总用量越多[或当n(MMA):n(DVB)=100:10时,C12SH用量越多],聚合物的DB越高、相对分子质量越小、相对分子质量分布越窄且Tg越低。     

Novel synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) brush encapsulated silica particles

Silica (SiO₂)‐crosslinked polystyrene (PS) particles possessing photofunctional N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamate (DC) groups on their surface were prepared by the free‐radical emulsion copolymerization of a mixture of SiO₂ (diameter = 20 nm), styrene, divinyl benzene, 4‐vinylbenzyl N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamate (VBDC), and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate with a radical initiator under UV irradiation. In this copolymerization, the inimer VBDC had the formation of a hyperbranched structure by a living radical mechanism. The particle sizes of such core–shell structures [number‐average particle diameter (D_n) = 35–40 nm] were controlled by the variation of the feed amounts of the monomers and surfactant, or emulsion system. The size distributions were relatively narrow (weight‐average particle diameter/D_n ≈ 1.05). These particles had DC groups on their surface. Subsequently, poly(methyl methacrylate) brush encapsulated SiO₂ particles were synthesized by the grafting from a photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization approach of methyl methacrylate initiated by SiO₂‐crosslinked PS particles as a macroinitiator. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Hyperbranched poly(methyl methacrylate)s prepared by miniemulsion polymerization and their (non)-Newtonian flow behaviors

Miniemulsion polymerization is most suitable for the targeted synthesis of vinyl copolymers than the conventional emulsion polymerization, because in miniemulsion polymerization each monomer nanodroplet is a nanoreactor, and the monomers in each droplet are in situ converted to the corresponding polymers. Soluble and hyperbranched poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMA) were prepared with quantitative monomer conversion and without gelation by the miniemulsion copolymerization with di- and tri-acrylate and mediated with 1-dodecyl thiol (DDT). DDT acted both as a gelation prohibitor and as a reactive cosurfactant. The PMMAs with varied “X” or “Ж” shaped branches, depending on the di- and tri-functional acrylate used as the branching agent, are characterized and interpreted in terms of the repeating units per part, parts and branches per macromolecule, average molecular weight, latex particle size and size distribution. Effects of topology changes of the branched PMMAs on the rheological behaviors are observed for the first time: from Newtonian flow for the densely branched PMMAs to the non-Newtonian flow with pronounced shear thickening for the PMMA samples with high-molecular-weight and longer parts.     

Synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched poly(ethyl methacrylate) by quasi‐living radical polymerization of photofunctional inimer

The hyperbranched poly(ethyl methacrylate)s (PEMAs) were prepared by the quasi‐living radical polymerization of 2‐(N,N‐diethylaminodithiocarbamoyl)ethyl methacrylate (DTCM). DTCM monomer plays an important role in this polymerization system as an inimer that is capable of initiating quasi‐living radical polymerization of the vinyl group. Hyperbranched PEMAs with relatively narrow polydispersity ( M _w/ M _n ≈ 1.6) were obtained. The compact nature of the hyperbranched PEMAs is demonstrated by solution properties which are different from those of the linear analogues. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Modified frontal polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate)

In this work, we propose a modified frontal polymerization method to build a uniform reaction front by gradually immersing the reacting mixture in a thermal bath. This scheme allows uniform materials to be obtained with nearly constant molecular weights and polydispersities and a low residual monomer concentration. A comparative study of the molecular weight distributions of poly(methyl methacrylate)s obtained by bulk polymerization, frontal polymerization, and frontal polymerization with the proposed gradual immersion is presented. Samples obtained by these methods show that materials obtained by bulk polymerization and by frontal polymerization are less uniform than those obtained by frontal polymerization with gradual immersion in a thermal bath. The obtained uniformity is directly related to a stabilizing effect of the reaction front by the gradual immersion of the reactor in a constant‐temperature bath and to a reduction in the reaction rate promoted by a moderate transfer agent concentration. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles prepared through microwave emulsion polymerization

The emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was conducted with microwave irradiation. Superfine and monodisperse poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres were obtained. Microwave irradiation notably promoted the polymerization reaction. This phenomenon was ascribed to the acceleration of the initiator [potassium persulfate (KPS)] decomposition by microwave irradiation. The experimental results revealed that the apparent activation energy of KPS decomposition decreased from 128.3 to 106.0 kJ/mol with microwave irradiation. The average particle size of the prepared PMMA latex was mainly controlled with the MMA concentration; it increased linearly from 103 to 215 nm when the MMA concentration increased from 0 to 0.3 mol/L and then remained almost constant at MMA concentrations of 0.3–1.0 mol/L. The KPS concentration had no effect on the average particle size, but the particle size dispersity was significantly reduced by a high KPS concentration. With a mixed polymerization phase (water/acetone = 1:3 v/v) or a redox initiation system, PMMA nanoparticles were obtained with an average particle size of 45 or 67 nm, respectively. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2815–2820, 2004     

Water structure in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate): Effect of molecular weight of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) on its property related to water

Low molecular weight poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (polyHEMA) with a number average molecular weight (Mn) <22,600, were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization. The molecular weight and end groups of the polyHEMA were varied, and the water content equilibrium moisture sorption and water structure were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Higher water content was observed for polyHEMA with Mn < 10,000. DSC revealed that the amounts of nonfreezing water are affected neither by the molecular weight nor by the end groups of the polyHEMA. On the other hand, the amount of freezing water was affected by both the molecular weight and end groups of polyHEMA, especially for polyHEMA with Mn < 20,000. The XRD-DSC measurements showed that water in polyHEMA form hexagonal ice and that the direction of crystal growth is dependent on the molecular weight. These findings indicate that the molecular weight of polyHEMA plays a significant role in the water structure in polyHEMA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Thermal characterization of poly(vinyl chloride) samples prepared by living radical polymerization: Comparison with poly(vinyl chloride) prepared by free radical polymerization

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) samples were synthesized by a living radical polymerization (LRP) method and compared with commercial PVC prepared by the conventional free radical polymerization (FRP). The differences were assessed, for the first time, in terms of viscosimetry parameters and thermal analysis. The LRP method used to prepare the PVC‐LRP samples is the only one available to obtain this polymer free of structural defects, being of commercial interest in a view of preparing a new generation of PVC‐based polymer with outstanding performance. The polymerization temperature selected (35°C) to prepare the LRP samples is currently used in the industry to prepare PVC‐FRP grades with moderate to high molecular weight. Since the thermal stability is a direct consequence of the polymer structure, this study is of vital importance to understand the potential of new PVC‐LRP. The thermoanalytical measurements demonstrate an enhanced thermal stability of PVC‐LRP when compared with its FRP counterpart. The PVC‐LRP sample with very low molecular weight reveals a higher thermal stability than the most stable PVC‐FRP sample. It is the first report dealing with thermal analysis of PVC prepared by LRP. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Synthesis and characterization of polypropylene-based polymer hybrids linking poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

Isotactic polypropylene-based polymer hybrids linking poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) were successfully synthesized by a graft copolymerization from maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene (PP-MAH). PP-MAH reacted with ethanolamine to produce a hydroxyl group containing polypropylene (PP-OH) and the thus obtained PP-OH was treated with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide and converted to a 2-bromoisobutyryl group containing polypropylene (PP-Br). The metal-catalyzed radical polymerization of MMA with PP-Br was performed using a copper catalyst system in o-xylene solution at 100 °C to give the PP-based polymer hybrids linking PMMA segments (PP-PMMA hybrids). Thus obtained PP-PMMA hybrids demonstrated higher melting temperature than PP-Br and microphase-separation morphology at the nanometer level owing to the chemical linkage between both segments. On the other hand, the polymer hybrids linking PHEMA segment (PP-PHEMA hybrids) were also obtained by the radical polymerization of HEMA with PP-Br in o-xylene slurry at 25 °C. TEM observation suggested that the polymerization mainly initiated on the surface of the PP-Br powder, led to the peculiar core-shell-like morphology. These PP-PHEMA hybrid powders showed a good affinity with water due to the hydrophilicity of the PHEMA segments.