气流床煤气化炉壁面反应模型

建立了气流床煤气化炉煤灰渣颗粒沉积和壁面反应模型,相应完善了渣层流动、传热传质和相变模型,发展了数值模拟方法,并以国内某型两段式干煤粉加压气流床煤气化中试炉为对象进行了模拟。利用建立的模型可以得到壁面反应速率、渣层含碳量、固态渣层厚度、液态渣层厚度、渣层平均温度和液态渣层平均速度等。结果表明:氧煤比升高,渣层平均温度升高,固态渣层厚度、液态渣层厚度和气化炉出口灰渣含碳量降低。计算得到的灰渣含碳量在14%左右,整体碳转化率为95.2%左右,与实际值相近。通过模拟发现壁面反应对于所分析气化炉的碳转化率、排渣含碳量、壁面渣层流动和温度状态具有重要影响,进而影响气化炉的安全稳定运行。     

Modification of ash flow properties of coal rich in calcium and iron by coal gangue addition

Flow property of coal ash and slag is an important parameter for slag tapping of entrained flow gasifier.The viscosity of slag with high contents of calcium and iron exhibits the behavior of a crystalline slag,of which viscosity sharply increases when temperature is lowered than temperature of critical viscosity(Tcv).The fluctuation in temperature near the Tcv can cause an accumulation of slag inside the gasifier.In order to prevent slag blockage,it is necessary to adjust the ash composition by additive to modify the flow property of coal rich in calcium and iron.Main components of coal gangue are Al2O3 and SiO2,which is a potential additive to modify the ash flow properties of these coals.In this work,we inves-tigated the ash flow properties of a typical coal rich in calcium and iron by adding coal gangue with dif-ferent SiO2/Al2O3 ratio.The results showed that the ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) firstly decreased,and then increased with increasing amount of coal gangue addition.Chemical composition of coal ash rich in calcium and iron moved from gehlenite primary phase to anorthite,quartz and corundum primary phases.The slags with coal gangue addition behaved as a glassy slag,of which the viscosity gradually increased as temperature decreased.Besides,a high SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of coal gangue was beneficial to modify the slag viscosity behavior.Addition of coal gangue with a high SiO2/Al2O3 ratio impeded forma-tion of crystalline phases during cooling.This work demonstrated that coal gangue addition was an effec-tive way to improve the ash flow properties of the coal rich in calcium and iron for the entrained flow gasifier.     

煤灰熔融黏温特性及对气流床气化的适应性

以21个中国典型煤样为研究对象,根据煤灰中CaO和Fe₂O₃含量,将之分为低钙低铁类、中钙中铁类、中钙高铁类、高钙低铁类、高钙高铁类等类别。利用高温黏度计测量煤灰熔渣黏温特性,并利用计算软件FactSage对煤灰熔融状态进行热力学平衡计算,研究了液相熔渣及固体矿物质结晶与熔渣黏度的关系,分析整理了煤灰最初硅铝比(SiO₂/Al₂O₃)、固体结晶物以及液相熔渣组成3个因素对煤灰熔融特性和熔渣黏温特性的影响,为根据煤灰组分分析来预测不同煤的熔渣黏温特性及对气流床气化的适应性提供了一个简单而实用的判断方法。对气流床气化液态排渣的适应性从高到低依次为:中钙高铁类、高钙低铁类、中钙中铁类、低钙低铁类和高钙高铁类。     

Modeling of an oxygen-staged membrane wall gasifier: effects of secondary oxygen

A new type of entrained flow gasifier with membrane wall and two-stage oxygen supply is being developed in China. The fraction of the secondary oxygen in total oxygen (FSO) is an important parameter for this kind of gasifier. A dynamic reduced order model (ROM) based on a reactor network model (RNM) is developed for this gasifier, which is used to investigate the effects of FSO on the slag layer thickness profile on the wall and explore the potential of FSO in dynamic slag control. The ROM adopts a flexible RNM blocking method, which varies with FSO to account for the influence of FSO on the flow pattern in the gasifier. Available industrial data was used to validate the model and a detailed sensitivity analysis for the calculation of slag layer thickness was performed. Static analyses show that FSO has a marked effect on the slag thickness distribution and higher FSO leads to lower heat loss through the wall. Finally, a slag control system, which introduced FSO as an auxiliary regulator, is proposed. Dynamic simulation shows that the new control system offers an improved performance in slag control and can broaden the regulating range of operating temperature.     

A new integrated approach of coal gasification: the concept and preliminary experimental results

The total carbon conversion of conventional fluidized bed gasifier is relatively low (<90%) mainly because of carbon loss in fly-ash. In this paper, a new concept of integrated coal gasification—fluidized bed+entrained flow is introduced. Within this process, large partition of coal with higher reactivity is converted in an ash agglomerating fluidized bed reactor under moderate temperature (~1000 °C). The remaining small partition of coal (fly-ash) with lower reactivity is converted in a small integrated entrained flow gasifier under higher temperature (1200–1400 °C). Low carbon content ash is withdrawn in dry mode by ash agglomerating, with no need to be melted. Preliminary experimental results show that the whole system can be operated steadily, total carbon conversion reaches >95%, efficient gas (CO+H₂) concentration is 78–82%. Heat exchange between two reactors has been realized, the high temperature gas from entrained flow gasifier can be cooled, and in the mean time the temperature of fluidized bed nearly keeps constant. The high-temperature ash from entrained flow gasifier can be cooled by the char in dense phase of the fluidized bed and then withdrawn in agglomerating mode. All these results prove the concept correct and feasible.     

磁性灰粒在不同粒级气化灰渣中的分布特性

以气流床煤气化粗渣和细灰为原料,采用筛分和磁选的方法研究了磁性灰粒在不同粒级气化灰渣中的分布特性。结果表明：随着灰渣粒径的减小,在粗渣和细灰中,磁性灰粒的含量均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,磁性灰粒在粗渣中的含量高于细灰。粗渣中,磁性灰粒在0.5~0.25mm粒级中分布最多,该粒级神宁炉和GSP气化炉粗渣在粒度组成中的占比也最高,质量分数分别为38.42%和37.16%,各个粒级中磁性灰粒产率随粒径减小呈递增趋势;细灰中,磁性灰粒在0.074~0.045mm粒级中分布最多,而细灰粒度组成中的占比最高的却是大于0.25mm粒级,磁性灰粒产率在各个粒级都不高,呈现随粒径减小而升高的规律。气化过程中,磁铁矿会更多地富集在凝结团聚且高度玻璃化的大粒径粗渣中,粗渣和细灰中仍有相当量的含铁物相不显磁性。不同粒级煤气化灰渣中磁性灰粒的分布特性可为气化渣分级分质及高值化利用提供基础数据支撑和应用思路。     

Cyclone gasifier and cyclone combustor for the use of biomass derived gas in the operation of a small gas turbine in cogeneration plants

An inverted cyclone gasifier and secondary cyclone combustor have been developed for use in a biomass fired small-scale cogeneration plant. The gasifier was designed with a vortex collector pocket (VCP) and a central collector pocket (CCP) to maximise particle and ash separation from the flow, and remove alkali and other heavy metal traces that agglomerate with the ash particles. The gasifier design was robust and suitable for firing with varying input conditions. The gasifier exhaust gas is suitable for directly firing into the secondary cyclone combustor without any complex hot gas clean up systems. The cyclone combustor produces a strong swirling flow with good mixing and burnout patterns, creating stable combustion conditions. The use of an additional VCP situated before the combustor exit removes the need for additional cyclone separators. An exhaust mounted tangential off-take on the combustor reduces pressure drop across the system and gives near uniform exhaust velocity profiles. The gasifier achieved 98–99% burnout with good separation/retention rates and 50% alkali, Na and K removal. A good quality low calorific value (LCV) gas was produced that could be effectively utilised in the cyclone combustor. The cyclone combustor produces a stable flow, with good mixing and burnout rates, and uniform exit conditions and could be operated in a lean mode to minimize NO_x. The additional use of a VCP removed particles above 5 μm, as specified by turbine inlet conditions. The gas was suitable for directly firing into the gas turbine. Low pressure drop was found across the system.     

新型气化炉装置渣水处理系统的问题探讨

介绍了多喷嘴对置式新型气化炉装置渣水处理系统的工艺流程，着重阐述了渣水处理系统运行以来出现的问题，并对问题进行分析，从工艺优化及设备操作方面提出了一系列的改进方法与措施。     

水冷壁气化炉熔渣流动的实验研究

水冷壁气流床气化炉的核心思想是"以渣抗渣",因此对熔渣沉积形态与流动规律的研究尤为重要。文中在实验室小型水冷壁气化炉热模装置上,以神府煤气化灰渣、柴油和纯氧气为原料模拟气流床水冷壁气化实验,采用高温内窥镜并结合数字图像处理技术研究了熔渣的沉积、流动过程。实验结果表明:气化炉操作温度高于熔渣临界黏度温度时,渣层表面灰渣处于熔融状态;运动到壁面处的灰渣颗粒主要被熔融渣层吸收;熔渣的流动速度和渣层表面温度有关系,渣层表面温度越高,熔渣流动速度越大。在实验条件下,熔渣层表面速度约为0.002 6—0.003 m/s。     

Slag-coated wall structure technology for entrained flow gasifiers

An extensive research and technology base for utilization of slag as an active protective coating on wall structures has been developed. This work was aimed initially at MHD topping cycle components. Duration testing under conditions very severe relative to those considered for gasifier operation has shown that negligible wall damage occurs over hundreds of hours of flow. Complete and uniform slag coverage of properly designed water wall structures is obtained, resulting in operation in regimes heretofore inaccessible because of refractory dissolution or wall erosion. The active slag coating serves as an effective erosion barrier, with particle impact and gas flow shear load absorbed by the flowing self-renewing slag coating. Multiple shutdowns and restarts, including in-situ development of a slag coating on a bare wall, have been demonstrated.Improved durability in high temperature reaction zones is projected, using this technology. An advanced technology two stage entrained flow gasifier, utilizing high peak temperature and velocity to achieve high carbon conversion by pyrolysis, and low overall oxygen consumption, is outlined.     

Effect of slag viscosity model on transient simulations of wall slag flow in an entrained coal gasifier

The viscosity-temperature relation of slag determines its behavior inside an entrained flow coal gasifier. However, existing prediction models give results with large variations among them. We investigated the influence of different viscosity models in the prediction of the steady and transient behaviors of slag flow on the wall of a gasifier undergoing gas temperature changes. Five viscosity models adopted showed differences in the temperature (T₂₅₀) at 25 Pa?s as large as 97 K for the selected slag composition, which was used as the interface temperature between the solid and liquid slag. When the predicted viscosity and corresponding T₂₅₀ increased, the solid slag became thicker and the dynamic response of the slag became slower. In contrast, the differences in the liquid slag thickness were small. The influence of T₂₅₀ predicted was dominant, compared to that of different viscosity curves of the liquid slag.     

Experimental studies of 1 ton/day coal slurry feed type oxygen blown, entrained flow gasifier

Experimental Studies of a 1 Ton/Day coal slurry feed type oxygen blown, entrained flow gasifier have been performed with the slurry concentration and gasifier temperature at 65% and above 1,300 ‡C, respectively. The characteristics of ash fusion temperature with addition of CaO as a flux were investigated to maintain the proper slag tapping condition in the range of reaction temperature. As the flux addition increased, ash fusion temperature showed a eutectic effect with the eutectic at around 20–30% CaO. In order to analyze the gasification characteristics, the effects of O₂/coal feed ratio on the product gas composition, heating value, gasifier temperature and cold gas efficiency were evaluated. From the results, it was shown in the case of Kideco coal that the cold gas efficiency was 44–60% and the heating value was 1,700-2,200 kcal/Nm³, while Drayton coal showed a cold gas efficiency of 55–62% and a heating value of 1,800-2,200 kcal/Nm³. In the case of Datong coal, the cold gas efficiency was 38–65%, and the heating value was 2,000-2,300 kcal/Nm³. Also, the results showed that the optimal operating condition of O₂/coal ratio for the three different coals was 0.9. Presented at the Int’/Symp. on Chem. Eng. (Cheju, Feb. 8–10, 2001), dedicated to Prof. H. S. Chun on the occasion of his retirement from Korea University.     

气化对煤质的要求

介绍了气流床气化对煤质的要求,论述了煤的水分、反应活性、粒度和灰分对气化的影响。研究表明,煤的内水含量是决定煤浆性能的主要因素,灰渣的黏温曲线比灰熔点对气化炉的操作更具指导意义,选择在操作温度区间灰渣黏度变化平缓的煤种有利于气化炉的安全、平稳运行。     

气化炉与辐射废锅接口的数值模拟

建立了多相流动和传热耦合数学模型,以实验室规模气化装置对模型进行了验证,发现计算值与实验值吻合较好。再通过该模型对气化炉与辐射废锅的接口进行了数值模拟,结果发现:气化炉底部锥体壁面有大量灰渣颗粒积聚,并在锥体上形成热阻较大的熔渣流;废锅拱顶存在长约4 m的回流区,部分颗粒被卷吸回流;此外,增加直段高度、加长冷却管和降低耐火砖厚度都将使接口工作温度下降;提高气化温度和操作负荷则会使接口工作温度上升,且气流流速也将随产气量的增加而提高。     

煤气化工艺的发展趋势之一：—两段气化法

如果仔细观察近年来国外开发的和正在开发的各种煤气化工艺,不难发现采用两段气化工艺的愈来愈多,这种气化方法既保持了气流床气化的碳效率高、生产能力大的特点,又吸取了逆流气化的优点,将高温煤气显热用于煤气化反应,使煤气出口温度下降,煤气夹带的熔融液渣固化,因此使气流床气化工艺更趋完善。     

Shell粉煤气化炉渣池内熔渣流动特性

搭建Shell气化炉及其下部渣池的冷模装置,采用糖浆模拟熔渣,研究熔渣离开渣口后,在渣池上部空间的流动特征.研究发现:模拟熔渣离开渣口落入渣池并非自由沉降过程,而是在气化炉内旋流场作用下发生旋转,并最终由液膜变成液丝.当装置负荷大于75%时,部分模拟熔渣会在旋转气流作用下开始沉积到渣裙壁面.模拟熔渣在渣裙壁面上的沉积率...     

顶置单喷嘴气化炉旋流场特征研究

受限旋转射流流场特征的研究对顶置单喷嘴气化炉的开发、结构优化以及长周期稳定运行有重要意义。本文对不同旋流数下顶置单喷嘴气化炉内的速度场和停留时间分布进行了实验研究。结果表明：随着旋流数的增加,切向旋转速度显著增加,气化炉内轴向速度衰减加快,回流区减小;气量一定时,随着旋流数的增加,气化炉内气体的最短停留时间显著增加,停留时间标准差减小。     

Modeling and simulation of an entrained flow coal gasifier

A mathematical model has been developed to simulate the Texaco downflow entrained-bed pilot-plant gasifier using coal liquefaction residues and coal-water slurries as feedstocks. This model describes the physical and chemical processes occurring in an entrained coal gasifier. The gasification kinetics describes different complex reactions occurring in the gasifier and the hydrodynamics describes mass, momentum and energy balances for solid and gas phases. Temperature, concentration and velocity profiles along the reactor height were obtained by solving the mass, momentum and energy balances. Parameter studies were made to provide a better understanding of the reactor performance for various inlet feed conditions utilizing the model.     

The study of the effect of gas-phase fluctuation on slag flow and refractory brick corrosion in the slag tapping hole of an entrained-flow gasifier

The service life of refractory brick in the slag tapping hole of the entrained flow gasifier was significantly lower than that in other locations. It was critically important to study the corrosion mechanism of refractory brick in the slag tapping hole for guiding industrial production. Considering the complex flow field in the slag tapping hole, the influence of gas velocity and temperature fluctuation on the service life of refractory brick was investigated in this study. The results showed th...