济南市居民主要膳食镉含量监测及暴露评估

了解济南市居民主要膳食镉污染现状,评估镉暴露风险。方法 2011—2012年对济南市小麦、大米、水产品、畜禽、蔬菜、蛋和乳制品中的镉含量进行监测,应用点评估方法,以山东省居民食物标准人平均消费量数据和JECFA 2010年制定的镉的暂定每月耐受摄入量(PTMI)25 μg/kg BW为参数,对济南市居民膳食镉暴露水平进行评估。结果 共监测食品样品441份,镉平均含量为49.39 μg/kg,P50和P95镉含量分别为13.40和118.20 μg/kg,总检出率为90.02%,总超标率为0.91%。小麦、大米和蔬菜均检出镉,乳制品镉检出率最低;水产品镉含量最高,镉平均含量为206.43 μg/kg。济南市居民主要膳食镉毎月平均暴露量为8.83 μg/kg BW,占PTMI的35.32%。镉贡献率较高的食品为水产品、小麦和蔬菜,贡献率分别为46.43%、32.62%和9.51%,三类食品对居民膳食镉暴露贡献了80%以上。结论 济南市居民膳食镉暴露水平位于安全限值以内,通过膳食摄入镉没有明显风险,但对头足类、贝壳类水产品应引起重视。     

杭州市居民主要膳食镉暴露评估

目的通过分析2011—2013年杭州市主要食品中镉污染水平及居民膳食消费量,评估杭州市居民镉暴露的安全性。方法对各类食品中镉含量进行检测,并结合2010年杭州市居民膳食营养调查中各类食物消费量数据,获得杭州市居民膳食中镉的实际摄入量,对居民由膳食摄入的镉进行安全性评估。结果 10大类食品1 010份食品样品中镉的总检出率为73.76%(745/1 010),总超标率为5.12%(41/801)。大米、小麦及猪内脏均检出镉,检出率为100%,乳制品检出率最低(29.03%,27/93),超标食品主要是大米、水产品、猪肾、蛋类、蔬菜及食用菌。按照食品消费量的均值估算,杭州市居民每月10大类主要食品的镉暴露量为22.61μg/kg BW,未超过每月耐受摄入量(PTMI)为25μg/kg BW,镉的安全限值MOS=1.11。贡献率最大的3类食品分别为大米(64.16%)、蔬菜(15.28%)及水产品(14.48%)。结论杭州市主要食品对居民膳食镉的平均贡献水平未超过PTMI值,MOS1,居民膳食镉暴露水平总体上安全,由于杭州市居民大米的消费量较大且大米对居民膳食镉贡献率最高,监管部门应对大米的镉污染问题予以重视。     

北京市丰台区居民主要膳食镉暴露评估

分析丰台区主要食品中镉含量水平,对该区居民通过膳食途径暴露镉的健康风险进行初步评估。方法 2011—2012年在全区监测6类食品共215份样品,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食品中镉的含量,结合居民膳食消费数据,比照镉的暂定每月耐受摄入量(PTMI)及安全限值(MOS),初步评估丰台区居民主要食品的镉暴露风险。结果 6类食品中食用菌及其制品的镉含量最高,为2.2778mg/kg。按照食品消费量均值估算,丰台区居民每月6类主要食品的镉暴露量为0.00146mg/kg BW,未超过PTMI(0.025mg/kg BW),MOS值为17.2。镉贡献率最大的3类食品分别为蔬菜及其制品(52.4%)、谷物及其制品(25.8%)和食用菌及其制品(13.4%)。虽然食用菌和动物内脏的消费量很低,但因其镉污染严重,所以贡献率较高。因此,食用菌和动物内脏为镉暴露高风险食品。结论 丰台居民6类主要食品镉的暴露水平未超过PTMI值,MOS值＞1,居民膳食镉暴露水平总体上安全,但有必要加强食用菌及动物内脏可能的污染问题研究。     

杭州市下城区居民主要膳食中镉暴露评估

目的了解下城区居民主要食品中镉含量及居民膳食中镉暴露的风险。方法随机采集下城区11类食品进行镉含量检测,结合2009年下城区居民食物消费量调查数据,计算下城区居民膳食中镉的摄入量和安全限值(MOS)并进行风险评估。结果 875份食品中镉的总检出率为79.43%(695/875),总超标率为6.91%(55/796)。11类食品中菌藻类的紫菜镉含量最高为4.510 0 mg/kg。下城区居民主要膳食中镉每月平均总暴露量为15.785 8μg/kg BW,未超过镉暂定每月允许摄入量(25μg/kg BW),MOS1,表明经膳食暴露镉的健康风险较低。膳食中镉暴露贡献率最高的3类食品分别为水产品(43.97%)、菌藻类(17.42%)、大米(16.48%)。虽然下城区居民水产品和菌藻类的消费量很低,但因其镉污染严重,所以贡献率较高,为镉暴露高风险食品。结论下城区居民主要膳食中镉暴露水平总体上安全,水产品和菌藻类为镉暴露高风险食品,需加强水产品和菌藻类食品可能污染的问题研究。     

广东省居民主要膳食镉暴露风险的初步评估

目的分析主要食物中镉含量水平,对广东省居民通过膳食途径暴露镉的健康风险进行初步的评估。方法 2009年在全省21地市采集15类食物共2 200份,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食物中镉的含量,结合居民膳食消费数据,比照镉的暂定每月耐受摄入量(PTMI)及安全限值(MOS)初步评估广东省居民主要食物的镉暴露风险。结果 15类食物中紫菜中镉含量最高,为1 830.0μg/kg。城乡居民通过大米、蔬菜类、鱼虾类、动物内脏类四类食物每月膳食镉暴露量分别为1 314.6和1 394.3μg。大米对城市和农村居民膳食镉的贡献率最高,分别为50.1%和64.9%,且以粤北地区最高。结论主要食品对居民膳食镉的平均贡献水平未超过PTMI值,MOS值大于1,居民膳食镉暴露水平总体上安全。由于我国南方地区居民大米的消费量大及其对居民膳食镉贡献率最高,有必要加强大米可能的镉污染问题研究,并从源头上预防污染。     

华中某省农村妇女膳食中的镉暴露调查分析

目的调查分析华中某省农村重金属污染区域妇女膳食中的镉暴露水平。方法在华中某省16个农村重金属污染区域采集当地产的大米及其制品、叶菜类蔬菜、块根类蔬菜、瓜果类蔬菜、鲜豆类蔬菜、茄果类蔬菜、猪肉和鱼8类食物共384份样品,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食物中的镉含量;采用半定量食物频率问卷获得当地妇女这8类食物的消费量,比照镉的暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI),初步评估当地妇女膳食中的镉暴露的安全性。结果 8类食物中,大米及其制品的镉的平均含量最高(86.784μg/kg),其次为茄果类蔬菜(64.060μg/kg),猪肉的镉平均含量最低(4.862μg/kg)。当地妇女镉的平均每月暴露量为22.394μg/kg BW,占PTMI的89.18%,膳食中的镉每月暴露量的P90为53.929μg/kg BW,占PTMI的224.27%。大米及其制品对膳食中的镉暴露量的贡献率最高(67.52%)。结论该省农村重金属污染区域妇女膳食中的镉暴露量处于较高水平,且有一定比例的个体镉暴露量超标,食物中大米及其制品对镉暴露的贡献率最高。     

上海市闵行区部分食品镉污染暴露评估

目的 通过分析上海市闵行区居民膳食消费量及食品中镉污染物含量,了解我区居民通过膳食的镉暴露量,评估膳食的安全性.方法 采用食品类别选择性研究的方法,将2009年上海市居民食品消费量调查(闵行区)的数据和2007-2010年上海市闵行区8类食品污染物监测数据相结合,获得不同人群膳食镉暴露量,并对由膳食摄入的镉进行安全性评估.结果 (1)8类130件食品样品中镉的检出率为91.54％,超标率5.62％,超标食品主要是食用菌、猪肾及海水贝类;(2)平均每月镉的暴露量为0.441 1 mg/人,占每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI)的39.20％,每月暴露镉量的第90百分位值为1.096 4 mg/人,占PTMI的97.46％;(3)食用菌对镉暴露量的贡献率最高,为42.67％,其次是动物内脏,为20.39％,二类食品对镉暴露的贡献率占到63.06％;(4)各类人群所摄食品对镉暴露的贡献率有所不同,3岁以下儿童摄食的动物内脏对镉暴露的贡献率较高,而其他人群则为食用菌.结论 闵行区人群膳食总体处于安全状态;膳食中食用菌、猪肾、海水贝类对镉暴露的风险较大,应采取针对性措施,提高食品安全性.     

吉林省主要食品中砷污染状况及居民膳食暴露风险评估

目的掌握吉林省主要食品中砷污染水平,评估吉林省居民砷暴露风险及对人体潜在的健康危害。方法 2012—2017年吉林省居民主要食品中砷的含量数据来自国家食品风险监测,共11种类别4 532份样品。食物消费量的数据来自2012年吉林省居民营养与健康调查。采用确定性评估方法 ,结合无机砷的原暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)和暴露边距(MOE),评价吉林省居民膳食中砷暴露情况。结果 11类食品中砷平均含量为0.030 mg/kg,谷物类、蔬菜类和水产类是膳食中砷的主要来源,三者贡献率之和为76.59%,其中谷物类贡献率高达54.44%。10个不同性别-年龄组平均摄入量为0.73～1.31μg/kg BW,一般人群暴露量MOE均1。结论吉林省居民膳食中砷暴露风险总体上是安全的。     

绍兴地区不同人群铅镉汞膳食暴露评估

目的了解绍兴地区不同人群膳食中铅、镉和总汞的摄入量,评估绍兴地区膳食中铅、镉和总汞的安全性。方法对绍兴地区食品中铅、镉和总汞含量进行监测,结合2008年绍兴市居民膳食消费量调查结果,对绍兴地区不同人群膳食中铅、镉和总汞的暴露水平进行评估。结果不同年龄和性别人群膳食中铅的每周平均暴露量为5.26~13.1μg/kg BW,占原PTWI的21.0%~52.4%,全人群膳食中铅的平均暴露限值(MOE)为1.02;镉的每月平均暴露量为16.0~39.4μg/kg BW,占PTMI的64.0%~157.6%,2~6岁和7~17岁年龄组男性、2~6岁年龄组女性膳食中镉暴露水平均超过了PTMI限值(25μg/kg BW);总汞的每周平均暴露量为0.67~2.02μg/kg BW,占PTWI的16.8%~50.5%。膳食中铅、镉和总汞的主要来源均为米及其制品和鱼虾类食品。结论绍兴地区居民膳食中总汞暴露水平是安全的,但膳食中铅和镉暴露水平较高,尤其是18岁以下人群,需加强相关食品中铅和镉的监测及膳食指导。     

基于北京市某城区和张家口崇礼地区食品调查数据的镉暴露评估

目的 预先评估北京冬奥会周边地区主要食品中镉（Cd）暴露水平及可能存在的健康风险,为2022北京冬奥会及周边居民食品安全风险评估和安全保障提供部分参考依据。方法 在对镉进行危害评估和限量标准分析的基础上,采用2019—2020年北京市某城区和张家口崇礼地区现场采样调查数据,结合2018年北京市主要食品消费量调查数据,运用点评估的方法,对镉的膳食暴露风险进行评估。结果 采集的各类食品中镉总体平均含量为0.010 6 mg/kg,总体超标率为0.47%。北京市居民通过摄入主要食品的镉平均暴露量为5.92μg/（kg·BW·m）,占粮农组织/世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会（JECFA）推荐的可耐受月摄入量（PTMI）25μg/kg·BW的23.66%,且粮谷和蔬菜类食品是本次调查膳食镉的主要暴露来源。按其现行GB 2762—2017《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》中镉的限量标准,除了这两类食品外,其余食品中的镉理论暴露量均未超过PTMI。蔬菜类和粮谷类的推算关注阈值（LOC）为0.172和0.199 mg/kg,略小于国标规定的最大限量值。结论 冬奥会及北京市居民主要食品镉暴露预期...     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the