Summary: Electrorheological properties in steady shear of perchloric acid doped poly(3‐thiopheneacetic acid), PTAA, particles in silicone oil were investigated to determine the effects of field strength, particle concentration, doping degree (conductivity values), operating temperature and nonionic surfactant. The PTAA/silicone oil suspensions show the typical ER response of Bingham flow behavior upon the application of electric field. The yield stress increases with electric field strength, E, and particle volume fraction, ?, according to a scaling law of the form, τy ∝ Eα · ?γ. The scaling exponent α approaches the value of 2, predicted by the polarization model, as the particle volume fraction decreases and when the doping level of the particles decreases. The scaling exponent γ tends to unity, as predicted by the polarization model, when the electric field strength is low. The yield stress under electric field initially increases with temperature up to 25 °C, and then levels off. At electric fields above of 1.5 kV/mm, the yield stress increases significantly by up to 50% on addition of small amounts of a nonionic surfactant.
Effect of switching the applied electric field on the viscosity of a 20 wt.‐% highly HClO4 doped polythiophene suspensions during stress sweep test. 相似文献
Nitrogen-enriched carbonaceous nanotubes (N-CTs) were prepared by the heat treatment of conducting polyaniline (PANI) nanotubes and then were used as new carbonaceous electrorheological (ER) fluids. Characterization showed that the nanotubular morphology of the original PANI was preserved after heat treatment, whereas the chemical structure and conductivity were changed significantly depending on the heat treatment temperatures. Under electric fields, the rheological properties of the N-CT suspensions prepared by the ultrasonic dispersion of the N-CTs in silicone oil were measured. This showed that the N-CT suspensions possessed versatile ER performance including high ER efficiency, good dispersion stability, and temperature stability. Especially, compared to the corresponding heat treated granular PANI suspensions, the N-CT suspensions showed better dispersion stability and higher ER effect. Furthermore, the ER effect of N-CT suspensions could be adjusted by varying heat treatment temperatures and the N-CTs obtained at around 600 °C exhibited the maximum ER effect. This could be explained by the polarization response, which originated from the regular change of conductivity of N-CTs as a function of heat treatment temperatures. 相似文献
Using a modified oxidative polymerization, the nano-fibrous polyaniline with 200 nm diameter and several micrometer lengths was synthesized on a large scale and then was applied as a new electrorheological (ER) fluid. Compared to conventional granular polyaniline ER fluid, the nano-fibrous polyaniline ER fluid exhibited distinctly improved suspended stability. Under electric fields, the nano-fibrous PANI ER fluid also exhibited larger ER effect. Its shear stresses are about 1.2-1.5 times as high as those of the granular PANI ER fluid. At the same time, the shear stress of nano-fibrous PANI ER fluid could maintain a stable level and even an increase for the wide shear rate regions from 0.1 s−1 to 1000 s−1 under various electric fields. In addition, the dynamic experiment showed that the shear modulus of nano-fibrous polyaniline ER fluid under electric field was higher than that of the granular polyaniline fluid, which also confirmed the larger ER effect. 相似文献
Dodecylbenzene-sulfonic acid (DBSA)-doped polyaniline (PANI) was prepared by emulsion polymerization, where DBSA was used as both an emulsifier and a dopant. The chemical structure and morphology of the DBSA were examined via FT-IR and SEM, respectively. Electrorheological (ER) properties of DBSA-doped PANI particles dispersed in silicone oil were studied under different operating temperatures and an applied electric field. Shear stress data as a function of shear rate fitted quite well with the Cho-Choi-Jhon (CCJ) shear stress model. Both deduced static and dynamic yield stresses were found to be collapsed into a universal scaling function. Furthermore, the Cole-Cole plot and the dielectric spectra gave relaxation times of the ER systems for different operating temperatures of dielectric measurements, confirming the correlation of dielectric properties with ER performance. 相似文献
Suspensions of copolyaniline containing ethoxy group, namely poly(aniline-co-o-ethoxyaniline), in silicone oil have been investigated as one of many potential candidates for dry-base electrorheological (ER) fluid systems. The copolyanilines were synthesized by a chemical oxidation of aniline and o-ethoxyaniline with various molar ratios in an acidic media, and the characteristics of these polymers were examined by using several techniques. By using FT-IR, SEM, and a particle size analyzer, we studied chemical structure, particle size, and the particle size distribution of the copolymer, respectively. A Physica rheometer equipped with a high voltage generator was also adopted to measure the rheological properties of ER fluids using the copolyaniline. Controlled shear stress mode was used for the shear rate sweep measurement, and the copolyaniline synthesized in this study was found to give a typical ER behavior, that is, shear stresses increase with increasing electric fields and volume fractions. 相似文献
Semiconducting graphene oxide/polyaniline (GO/PANI) composite particles for potential electrorheological (ER) fluid applications were synthesized by the in situ dispersion polymerization of aniline in the presence of GO particles, which were prepared using a modified Hummers method. The electroresponsive ER characteristics of the composite when dispersed in silicone oil exhibited a phase transition from a liquid-like to solid-like state under an applied electric field. The morphology and composition of the composite particles were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Its fibrillation phenomenon was observed by optical microscopy during the application of an external electric field. The bulk rheological characteristics of both the flow curve and yield stress were examined using a rotational rheometer equipped with a high voltage generator. The GO/PANI composite showed typical ER behavior, which demonstrated its potential applications as an ER smart material. 相似文献
In this study, polyindole (PIN) and polyindole/polyethylene (PIN/PE) conducting composites, having various amounts of PIN, were synthesized by chemical polymerization using FeCl3 as an oxidizing agent and taking the ratio of salt:monomer as 3:1. The samples of PIN and PIN/PE composites were characterized by FTIR, UV–vis, TGA, SEM, Gouy scale magnetic susceptibility, conductivity (1.2 × 10−3 S cm−1 > σ > 1.96 × 10−6 S cm−1, at T = 25 °C) and density measurements. FTIR analysis suggested a 2,3-propagation mechanism for PIN formation. The ground milled samples were subjected to particle size analysis by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and a micron-sized particle distribution was obtained. A series of volume fractions ( = 10–25%) were prepared from the materials in silicone oil (SO) and their sedimentation stabilities determined. The most stable composite [PIN(89%)/PE(11%)] against gravitational sedimentation was subjected to flow-rate measurements under externally applied electric field strength (E) and an electrorheological (ER) activity was observed; threshold energies (Et) were calculated. The effects of volume fraction, shear rate, external E, frequency and temperature onto ER activities of the suspensions were investigated. Enhancement in the electric field viscosities and shear thinning viscoelastic behaviors were observed for all the samples studied. Recoverable viscoelastic deformations were determined from the creep tests under external E. 相似文献