相同氧含量醇类混合燃料燃烧和排放特性差异研究

对一台4缸发动机燃用相同氧浓度的不同醇类混合燃料进行了试验研究,以对比不同三元燃料柴油机在相同转速不同负荷情况下的燃烧特性和常规排放的差异。试验结果表明:甲醇混合燃料在醇类混合燃料中获得最高的燃烧压力,而丁醇混合燃料的热释放率最高。与普通柴油相比,戊醇混合燃料在不同混合物中具有相对最佳的CO和未燃碳氢排放,甲醇混合燃料可获得最优的氮氧化物排放;乙醇混合燃料减小颗粒物效果明显,最大可以减少22.4%～55.6%的颗粒物数量浓度和3.4%～12.8%的颗粒物粒径,其中乙醇混合燃料的核态颗粒物和聚集态颗粒物排放量也最低,戊醇混合燃料达到最高(除高负荷外)。     

汽油/压缩天然气两用燃料发动机颗粒物排放特性研究

在某款1.4L自然吸气两用燃料发动机上进行台架试验,用DMS500快速颗粒分析仪在发动机转速为4 000r/min不同进气压力工况下,对汽油和压缩天然气(compressed natural gas,CNG)的颗粒物排放特性进行采样分析。试验结果表明,两种燃料的总体颗粒物数量(particle number,PN)和颗粒物质量(particle mass,PM)浓度均随进气压力的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势。不同进气压力下CNG的PN和PM排放较为稳定,PN中核态颗粒物占比较大,在粒径约200nm处颗粒物表面积浓度出现峰值。燃用汽油的排放颗粒物中积聚态占主导,因而其PM浓度比燃用CNG的大,其颗粒物的表面积浓度也更大,最大表面积浓度出现在颗径约100nm处。     

甲醇增程式发动机起动燃料切换控制策略对PM、PN排放的影响

甲醇燃料是一种绿色、低碳、清洁能源.在自主研发的甲醇增程式发动机(低温起动时采用汽油作为燃料)上进行了 GB17691-2018重型柴油车污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第六阶段)中规定的WHTC排放试验循环测试,通过试验研究起动燃料切换控制策略对PM、PN排放的影响.结果表明:合理的燃料切换,有助于抑制污染物中颗粒物的...     

含氧燃料对柴油机尾气中颗粒理化特性的影响

利用气相色谱仪对米糠油生物柴油(rice bran biodiesel,RBD)的组成进行了研究,测定了RBD的各项特性,结果显示其各项指标均符合国际相关生物柴油标准.在发动机台架上分别燃用0#柴油、RBD和RBD-乙醇混合燃料,利用扫描电镜和X衍射能谱仪研究了3种不同燃料对柴油机颗粒物排放的影响.研究结果表明:在发动机不作任何调整的情况下,燃用RBD和混合燃料可以有效地降低柴油机的碳烟排放,混合燃料的有效燃油消耗率上升最高;燃用0#柴油生成的颗粒物形貌呈疏松状球形粘结形态,RBD颗粒物粒径较小,排列比较细密;燃用混合燃料生成的颗粒物样品呈片状无定型结构;燃用RBD和混合燃料生成的颗粒物样品中金属元素和氧元素含量较高.     

喷射策略对乙醇汽油发动机颗粒物排放的影响

开展了多种燃油喷射策略对乙醇汽油发动机颗粒物排放影响的试验．结果表明：与单次喷射和2次喷射相比，3次喷射的颗粒物数量(PN)降低近50%，尤其是核态颗粒物降低更多．就降低颗粒物(PM)质量而言，采用多次喷射比增加乙醇比例的效果更明显．燃用3种乙醇体积分数为0(E0)、30%(E30)和85%(E85)的燃料下，总颗粒物排放随着乙醇比例增加而下降．对比两种瞬态工况发现，在绝大多数工况下3次喷射和5次喷射都比单次喷射的颗粒物浓度低．尤其是冷启动和大负荷工况下，多次喷射最多可将颗粒物浓度降低80%．随着乙醇体积分数增加，颗粒物粒径分布在绝大多数尺寸上都有明显下降，并通过降低爆震趋势可有效避免发动机性能下降和排放恶劣的现象．乙醇混合燃料结合多次喷射策略，在几乎不降低发动机动力性能的同时显著改善了颗粒物排放．     

米糠油发动机颗粒物排放特性试验分析

利用气相色谱/质谱联用仪对米糠油样品进行了测定,确定了米糠油的主要成分.在柴油机台架试验基础上,运用扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪对柴油机燃用米糠油和0#柴油排气中收集的颗粒物样品进行检测和分析,研究结果表明,米糠油属于富氧燃料,可使发动机燃烧室碳燃料充分燃烧,颗粒物样品中碳烟成分较少,并且颗粒粒径也较小;两个样品的差别在于从0#柴油颗粒物样品中检测出硫,而米糠油的颗粒物样品中未检测出硫成分.本次研究对米糠油的开发利用具有重要的实际意义.     

LPG燃料对汽车颗粒物排放影响的试验研究

以改装的液化石油气(liguefied petroleum gas,LPG)轿车为测试对象,在底盘测功机上按照新欧洲测试循环(new European driving cycle,NEDC)结合微粒传感器进行颗粒物排放测试,从全程总量排放、瞬态排放、市郊区对比等多角度进行分析,研究LPG燃料对汽车颗粒物的减排效应。试验结果表明,试验车辆在整个测试循环中,使用LPG燃料相对于汽油燃料的颗粒物总减排率为78.66%,在市区阶段与郊区阶段的减排率分别为59.38%、83.70%;颗粒物排放峰值出现在冷起动阶段,该阶段由起动造成颗粒物增加的作用要大于加速造成颗粒物增加的作用;冷起动过后的市区阶段,颗粒物排放明显降低,但随郊区阶段车速的提高,颗粒物排放仍有上升趋势。     

甲醇汽油混合燃料发动机颗粒物排放特性的研究

在一台整车排放试验可达到国-Ⅲ排放标准的多点进气道喷射汽油机上,采用甲醇汽油混合燃烧的方式进行台架试验,使用DMS 500快速颗粒物光谱仪研究了甲醇汽油混合燃料对发动机颗粒物粒径分布特性的影响。试验中掺入汽油的甲醇体积分数分别为0%、15%、45%,分别简称为汽油、M15和M45,基础油为京Ⅴ汽油。试验结果表明:相比于基础油,掺入M15后,颗粒物排放的数量浓度和质量浓度都呈降低趋势;而M45的颗粒物数量浓度和质量浓度排放要高于基础油。针对转速和负荷对M15燃料颗粒物粒径分布的试验结果表明:转速一定时,随着负荷的增加,核态颗粒物数量浓度增加明显,积聚态颗粒物数量浓度有所减少,质量浓度主要在积聚态有所体现,且随负荷增加呈现先减少后增加的趋势;在负荷一定时,颗粒物数量浓度和质量浓度随着转速的增加而呈现增多的趋势。     

乙醇-柴油混合燃料燃烧和颗粒尺寸分布

通过台架试验研究了乙醇的添加对柴油机燃烧和排放的影响,尤其对排气中颗粒物尺寸分布进行了深入探讨.结果表明:随着混合燃料中乙醇质量分数的增加,滞燃期增长,燃烧持续期缩短,同时发动机的等效燃油消耗率降低,热效率略有增加;在颗粒物(PM)排放方面,乙醇的添加使得积聚态颗粒数量减少,核态颗粒数量明显增加,尺寸分布的峰值向小粒径方向移动;颗粒的总数量浓度呈上升趋势,但颗粒物的总质量浓度减少.此外,乙醇的添加会增加氮氧化物(NO_x)排放.     

燃料特性对柴油机排放颗粒物理化特性影响的研究

机动车尤其是柴油车颗粒物是大气PM2.5的重要来源,建立燃料特性与颗粒物之间的内在联系,从燃料角度控制柴油机颗粒物排放十分重要.笔者选取了多种理化特性不同的适用于压燃式发动机的燃料,采用SMPS、HRTEM、TGA、热光碳分析仪和GC-MS等测试仪器,系统研究了燃料特性,如硫含量、芳烃含量、氧含量及其他物性参数等对排放颗粒物理化特性的影响,旨在建立燃料特性与颗粒粒径分布、纳米结构、氧化活性及化学组分之间的内在联系,为机动车PM2.5的排放控制提供科学参考.     

LP-EGR对增程器GDI汽油机燃烧和排放的影响

为进一步降低燃油消耗率和有害排放,开发增程器专用发动机,在一台缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机上选取增程器的3个运行工况点,开展了当量比燃烧模式下的低压废气再循环(LP-EGR)试验研究.结果表明:随着废气再循环(EGR)率的增加、点火时刻的推迟,缸内压力和放热率峰值降低且推迟,燃烧持续期延长,缸内燃烧由爆震逐渐过渡到失火,NOx排放降低.随着EGR率的增加,HC排放升高,CO和PM排放降低.点火时刻对HC、CO和颗粒物(PM)排放的影响规律随EGR率的变化而不同.引入EGR前、后的颗粒物总数量(PN)浓度值均在较低的数量级(105/cm^3).3个工况点综合优化后的最低有效燃油消耗率为219.1 g/(kW·h),较原机降低了7.75%.     

Particulate characteristics of laser ignited hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas engine

Laser ignition (LI) is emerging as a strong technology to control the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions from spark ignition (SI) engines without the need for any significant exhaust gas after-treatment and is an appropriate technology for meeting future emission norms in the automotive sector. In this study, particulate characteristics of LI engine fuelled with different compressed natural gas (CNG) and hydrogen mixtures [100% CNG, 10HCNG (10% v/v hydrogen with 90% v/v CNG), 30HCNG (30% v/v hydrogen with 70% v/v CNG), 50HCNG (50% v/v hydrogen with 50% v/v CNG) and 100% hydrogen] were investigated. Experiments were performed in a suitably modified single cylinder engine, which operated in LI mode at constant engine speed (1500 rpm) at five different engine loads (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 Nm). Particulate characteristics were determined using an engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS). Results showed that particle number concentration increased with increasing engine load. Number-size, surface area-size and mass-size distributions of particulates reflected that addition of hydrogen in the CNG improved particulate emission characteristics especially in nucleation mode particle (NMP) size range (10 nm < Dp < 50 nm). Among the test fuels, hydrogen-fuelled engine emitted the lowest number of particles. It was observed that the difference between particulate characteristics emitted by different test fuels reduced at higher engine loads. Significant contribution of lubricating oil in particulate emissions from both hydrogen as well as HCNG fuelled LI engine was an important finding of this study. Dominant contribution of larger particles (Dp > 50 nm) in total particle mass (TPM) was an important observation of this study. The qualitative correlation between total particle number (TPN) and TPM indicated that suitable fuel composition at different engine loads yielded cleaner exhaust from the LI engine. Overall, this study demonstrated that addition of hydrogen in CNG is advantageous from particulate reduction point of view, however, optimum fuel composition should be adjusted according to engine operating condition in order to reduce particulate emissions.     

Experimental study of stratified lean burn characteristics on a dual injection gasoline engine

Due to increasingly stringent fuel consumption and emission regulation, improving thermal efficiency and reducing particulate matter emissions are two main issues for next generation gasoline engine. Lean burn mode could greatly reduce pumping loss and decrease the fuel consumption of gasoline engines, although the burning rate is decreased by higher diluted intake air. In this study, dual injection stratified combustion mode is used to accelerate the burning rate of lean burn by increasing the fuel concentration near the spark plug. The effects of engine control parameters such as the excess air coefficient (Lambda), direct injection (DI) ratio, spark interval with DI, and DI timing on combustion, fuel consumption, gaseous emissions, and particulate emissions of a dual injection gasoline engine are studied. It is shown that the lean burn limit can be extended to Lambda= 1.8 with a low compression ratio of 10, while the fuel consumption can be obviously improved at Lambda= 1.4. There exists a spark window for dual injection stratified lean burn mode, in which the spark timing has a weak effect on combustion. With optimization of the control parameters, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases 9.05% more than that of original stoichiometric combustion with DI as 2 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) at a 2000 r/min engine speed. The NO_x emissions before three-way catalyst (TWC) are 71.31% lower than that of the original engine while the particle number (PN) is 81.45% lower than the original engine. The dual injection stratified lean burn has a wide range of applications which can effectively reduce fuel consumption and particulate emissions. The BSFC reduction rate is higher than 5% and the PN reduction rate is more than 50% with the speed lower than 2400 r/min and the load lower than 5 bar.     

喷油策略对汽油压燃颗粒物排放特性的影响

在一台单缸柴油机上研究了喷油参数(预主喷间隔角、预喷比例、主喷时刻和喷油压力等)对汽油压燃(gasoline compression ignition,GCI)颗粒物排放特性的影响。研究结果表明:喷油策略对缸内油气混合及进一步对燃烧过程的影响是其影响颗粒物排放特性的主要因素。在设定的研究工况下,随预主喷间隔角增大,积聚态颗粒数量浓度下降,但核态颗粒数量浓度基本不变,颗粒物中的核态和超细颗粒比例明显升高;增大预喷比例,核态颗粒和积聚态颗粒数量浓度均大幅降低,颗粒物中的核态和超细颗粒比例变化较小;主喷时刻提前,颗粒物数量浓度下降,平均粒径减小,数量浓度峰值向小粒径方向偏移;提高喷油压力可有效降低积聚态颗粒数量浓度,缩小缸内生成颗粒物的粒径范围,但对核态颗粒的数量浓度影响较小。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of effects of CNG and gasoline fuels on engine performance and emissions in a dual sequential spark ignition engine

Compared to widening usage of CNG in commercial gasoline engines, insufficient but increasing number of studies have appeared in open literature during last decades while engine characteristics need to be quantified in exact numbers for each specific fuel converted engine. In this study, a dual sequential spark ignition engine (Honda L13A4 i-DSI) is tested separately either with gasoline or CNG at wide open throttle. This specific engine has unique features of dual sequential ignition with variable timing, asymmetrical combustion chamber, and diagonally positioned dual spark-plug. Thus, the engine led some important engine technologies of VTEC and VVT. Tests are performed by varying the engine speed from 1500 rpm to 4000 rpm with an increment of 500 rpm. The engine’s maximum torque speed of 2800 rpm is also tested. For gasoline and CNG fuels, engine performance (brake torque, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake mean effective pressure), emissions (O₂, CO₂, CO, HC, NO_x, and lambda), and the exhaust gas temperature are evaluated. In addition, numerical engine analyses are performed by constructing a 1-D model for the entire test rig and the engine by using Ricardo-Wave software. In the 1-D engine model, same test parameters are analyzed, and same test outputs are calculated. Thus, the test and the 1-D engine model are employed to quantify the effects of gasoline and CNG fuels on the engine performance and emissions for a unique engine. In general, all test and model results show similar and close trends. Results for the tested commercial engine show that CNG operation decreases the brake torque (12.7%), the brake power (12.4%), the brake mean effective pressure (12.8%), the brake specific fuel consumption (16.5%), the CO₂ emission (12.1%), the CO emission (89.7%). The HC emission for CNG is much lower than gasoline. The O₂ emission for CNG is approximately 55.4% higher than gasoline. The NO_x emission for CNG at high speeds is higher than gasoline. The variation percentages are the averages of the considered speed range from 1500 rpm to 4000 rpm.     

南京城区可吸入颗粒物日变化特征及物理特性

采用电称低压冲击器(ELPI)对南京城区可吸入颗粒物的粒径分布和数密度进行了连续监测,得到了可吸入颗粒物的日变化特征和物理特性,数据分析表明南京城区物质燃烧产生的可吸入颗粒物占有较大比例,其中PM2.5数密度高,占有较大的表面积份额.结合气象参数进一步分析表明,相对湿度小于7000/时,各级颗粒物的数密度随相对湿度增大而升高,可吸入颗粒物总的数密度也相应升高;相对湿度大于7000/时,细颗粒物数密度随相对湿度的增大逐渐降低,粗颗粒数密度则逐渐升高,而可吸入颗粒物总的数密度逐渐降低.     

基于尺寸分布的生物柴油排气微粒组分研究

使用电子低压撞击仪(ELPI)分级粒径采集了柴油机的排气微粒,应用热重分析(TGA)方法研究了发动机燃用柴油和两种生物柴油时,排气微粒中挥发性物质(VOF)的含量。研究结果表明:燃用生物柴油,排气微粒VOF含量高于纯柴油,排气中小粒径微粒的VOF质量百分比均高于柴油,与总微粒的排放规律相同;超细微粒(d<0.100μm)具有较高的VOF质量百分比。柴油机燃用生物柴油后,总微粒中VOF质量百分比从44.917%上升到70.767%,在0.100μm相似文献   

Emission components characteristics of a bi-fuel vehicle at idling condition

Natural gas (NG) represents today a promising alternative to conventional fuels for road vehicles propulsion, since it is characterized by a relatively low cost, better geopolitical distribution than oil, and lower environmental impact. This explains the current spreading of compressed natural gas (CNG) fuelled spark ignition (SI) engine, above all in the bi-fuel version, which is able to run either with gasoline or with NG. However, the aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the emission characteristics at idling condition. The vehicle engine was converted to bi-fueling system from a gasoline engine, and operated separately either with gasoline or CNG. Two different fuel injection systems (i.e., multi-point injection (MPI)-sequential and closed-loop venturi-continuous) are used, and their influences on the formation of emissions at different operating conditions are examined. A detailed comparative analysis of the engine exhaust emissions using gasoline and CNG is made. The results indicate that the CNG shows low air index and lower emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and total hydrocarbon (THC) compared to gasoline.     

Performance and emission assessment of a multi-cylinder S.I engine using CNG & HCNG as fuels

The present study was carried out to assess the possibility of using the HCNG in the commercially available CNG vehicles, as the available literature indicated the benefits of adding hydrogen to CNG in small percentages by volume, leading to improved combustion characteristics of CNG and yielding sizeable benefits, regarding improved engine performance and reduced engine emissions in automotive applications. In the present study, a commercially available CNG manifold carburation kit, commonly known as “sequential injection” in the market, is evaluated for its operation characteristics, on a Spark Ignited (SI), MPFI automotive engine, of a mass-produced passenger vehicle, converted for gas operation, using, gasoline, CNG, HCNG 10% and HCNG 18% as fuels. In the study, the following performance parameters, torque, power, thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), lambda, engine oil temperature, exhaust gas species were measured. After exhaustive engine testing, a comparison of engine performance emission characteristics for gasoline, CNG and HCNG 10% and HCNG 18% is presented. The engine performance using the optimized MAP tables demonstrated torque and power improvements for HCNG 10% and HCNG 18% in comparison to CNG. The torque benefits up-to 6% and power benefits up-to 4% were observed. The fuel energy consumption was measured to be reduced, and improvement in fuel conversion efficiency was also observed. Hydrogen substitution in CNG helped in reducing CO, HC, CO₂ emissions for HCNG in comparison to CNG. Increase in NO_x emission was observed for HCNG in comparison with CNG. Superior engine emission characteristics in comparison to gasoline and CNG is also demonstrated. The commercially available sequential gas manifold carburation was found to be suitable for HCNG 10% and HCNG 18%.     

安装SCR系统的国Ⅳ发动机排放特性研究

试验采用50×10-6和350×10-6两种不同硫含量的燃油,对装有SCR系统的发动机进行ETC和ESC测试,研究了SCR开启/关闭情形下的排放;并采用ELPI分析了在不同条件下颗粒排放差异的原因以及细颗粒的排放特性。试验结果表明:在使用不同硫含量的燃油条件下,NOx排放降低率均可以达到60%以上;SCR开启时,ETC下硫含量350×10-6比50×10-6的颗粒排放增加18%,ETC下颗粒排放均比ESC下增加30%~50%。在50%~70%负荷时,颗粒数目排放较低,低负荷和全负荷时颗粒排放较高,全负荷时最高;在负荷一定时,转速越高,颗粒排放浓度越高;使用低硫燃油,颗粒物质量排放较低,而数目排放却增多;多出的部分主要是粒径小于100 nm的超细颗粒。