尼罗红-荧光光谱法测定亚心形扁藻油脂含量

尼罗红-荧光光谱法能够快速地对微藻细胞中的油脂含量进行检测,但是该方法对所测微藻物种具有一定依赖性,在分析不同微藻细胞油脂含量前需要对测试条件进行优化。优化后的亚心形扁藻油脂含量分析条件为:藻液800×g离心5 min去除培养基,用体积分数4%的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)水溶液重悬至OD750=0.3,尼罗红质量浓度0.8μg/m L,避光40℃水浴恒温10 min,激发波长520 nm。发现亚心形扁藻在培养的对数生长后期油脂开始积累,稳定期后期油脂含量趋于恒定,优化后的尼罗红-荧光光谱法能够准确地检测亚心形扁藻生长过程中的油脂含量变化。     

紫甘蓝花青素三种提取工艺对比研究

以紫甘蓝为研究对象,采用水浴浸提法、超声波辅助提取法和微波辅助提取法,对比优化紫甘蓝花青素提取的工艺条件。试验结果表明:水浴浸提法最佳工艺条件为:液料比为10∶1(m L/g),提取温度40℃,提取4 h;超声波辅助提取法最佳工艺条件为:液料比5∶1(m L/g),提取温度65℃,超声40 min,超声波功率200 W;微波辅助提取法最佳工艺条件为:液料比3∶1(m L/g),微波功率700 W,辐射5 min。因此微波辅助提取法是最快捷经济的提取方法,值得大力推广。     

荧光光谱法检测微藻中油脂

研究了尼罗红染色荧光光谱法检测微藻中油脂含量的方法.探讨了染色时间、尼罗红质量浓度、二甲基亚砜体积分数、细胞密度对藻液细胞发射光谱的影响,得到最佳测定条件为:染色时间6min,尼罗红质量浓度0.8 μg/mL,二甲基亚砜体积分数20%,细胞密度(0.248～0.448)×10<'9>个/mL.该研究为规模化筛选高含油量藻株及跟踪产油微藻油脂积累过程奠定了基础.     

裂殖壶菌胞内油脂尼罗红荧光染色快速检测方法的研究北大核心CSCD

为了建立快速检测裂殖壶菌胞内油脂的方法,探讨了尼罗红荧光染色法检测裂殖壶菌油脂含量的检测条件。通过考察裂殖壶菌重悬液中添加二甲基亚砜体积分数、尼罗红染液用量、染色温度、染色时间及细胞密度对荧光强度的影响,确立最优检测条件,进一步考察细胞油脂含量与荧光强度的关系,从而建立尼罗红荧光检测法的定量关系。结果表明,最优检测条件为：每毫升裂殖壶菌重悬液中二甲基亚砜体积分数和尼罗红染液用量分别为25%和15μL,染色温度50℃,染色时间15 min。在最优检测条件下,细胞密度不超过0.218×10^8个/m L范围内,菌液油脂含量（X）与荧光强度（Y）呈现良好的线性关系,其线性关系式为Y=798.55X-3.44,相关系数R2为0.996 4。因此,采用尼罗红荧光染色法可以快速检测裂殖壶菌的油脂含量。     

裂殖壶菌胞内油脂尼罗红荧光染色快速检测方法的研究

为了建立快速检测裂殖壶菌胞内油脂的方法,探讨了尼罗红荧光染色法检测裂殖壶菌油脂含量的检测条件。通过考察裂殖壶菌重悬液中添加二甲基亚砜体积分数、尼罗红染液用量、染色温度、染色时间及细胞密度对荧光强度的影响,确立最优检测条件,进一步考察细胞油脂含量与荧光强度的关系,从而建立尼罗红荧光检测法的定量关系。结果表明,最优检测条件为:每毫升裂殖壶菌重悬液中二甲基亚砜体积分数和尼罗红染液用量分别为25%和15μL,染色温度50℃,染色时间15 min。在最优检测条件下,细胞密度不超过0.218×10~8个/m L范围内,菌液油脂含量(X)与荧光强度(Y)呈现良好的线性关系,其线性关系式为Y=798.55X-3.44,相关系数R2为0.996 4。因此,采用尼罗红荧光染色法可以快速检测裂殖壶菌的油脂含量。     

基于尼罗红荧光染色的小球藻脂质快速检测方法研究

尼罗红荧光染色的脂质测定方法已经应用到一些种类的微藻当中,但在细胞壁较厚的一些绿藻中因不易染色而无法应用.选用了4株小球藻,对尼罗红荧光染色测定脂质的方法进行改进,采用20％二甲基亚砜溶液作为渗透剂,在35 ～ 40℃下对藻细胞进行前处理,加强尼罗红与胞内脂质的结合;藻细胞密度的OD540在0.8～1.1范围内,加入15 μL质量浓度为0.1 mg/mL的尼罗红丙酮溶液染色可以有效提高荧光发射强度.该方法能够较为准确地反映胞内脂质含量,可以作为自然界中广泛筛选富脂绿藻的快速检测方法.     

培养条件对霉菌收集异养小球藻细胞的影响

使用黑曲霉开展试验研究,最适培养条件为:初始p H 6.0、葡萄糖浓度40g/L、转速200r/min、摇瓶(1000m L)装液量200m L、藻细胞质量体积浓度10g/L、培养温度30℃、培养时间7d,此时对藻细胞收集率最大,达到44.78%,能够有效收集部分藻细胞,本研究为寻求藻细胞绿色、高效收集方法提供了思路。     

山竹壳色素的不同提取方法比较

以山竹壳为原料,采用正交试验比较溶剂浸提法、超声波辅助法、微波辅助法和复合酶法对其色素的提取效果。结果表明溶剂浸提法的最佳提取工艺为:提取温度70℃,提取时间70 min,料液比1︰35 (g/m L)。超声波辅助法的最佳提取工艺为:提取温度60℃,提取时间50 min,料液比1︰40 (g/m L)。微波辅助法的最佳提取工艺为:提取功率900 W,提取时间40 s,料液比1︰40 (g/m L)。复合酶法的最佳提取工艺为:提取温度30℃,提取时间100 min,料液比1︰40 (g/m L)。对4种提取方法在最佳提取工艺条件下进行验证,进一步得出超声波辅助提取法的提取效果最好的结论。     

桑黄菌丝体活性物质的超声波辅助提取工艺

目的:采用超声波辅助技术提取珍惜食药用菌桑黄菌丝的活性物质。方法:设置超声波功率、料液比、提取温度及提取时间4个因素,提取其主要活性物质多糖和三萜化合物,得到超声波辅助提取的最佳条件。结果:多糖提取条件为:提取功率120 W,料液比1∶40(g/m L),提取温度45℃,提取时间30 min,该条件下桑黄菌丝多糖提取量可达107.324 mg/g;三萜化合物提取条件为:超声功率150 W,料液比1∶50(g/m L),提取温度45℃,提取时间25 min,该条件下三萜提取量为15.102 mg/g。结论:本研究结果表明采用超声波辅助技术可显著提高桑黄菌丝活性物质的提取效果。     

超声波在丝/绒同浴染色中的应用

文章研究了在有、无超声波2种情况下蚕丝、羊绒及混纺织物的上染速率曲线和超声波用于丝/绒同浴染色提高同色性的可行性.用评定色差等级和测定表面深度K/S值的方法检验丝/绒同色性,并以Lanaset棕B为例,从染色时间、超声波频率、染色温度和阿白格FFA用量等方面进行分析和探讨,最终得到超声波的染色工艺为50℃入染,保温10 min后以1℃/min升温到75℃,保温40min,阿白格FFA 2%(owf),超声波频率为64 kHz.染色后,丝/绒色差等级可达3～4级.     

Arsenic content of some edible mushroom species

The arsenic contents of 162 fruit body samples of 37 common edible mushroom taxa were analyzed. The samples were gathered from different habitats of Hungary (mainly from mountains) between 1984 and 1999. The arsenic content of the samples was measured by the inductively coupled plasma spectrometry method. Very low [lower than 0.05 mg/kg dry matter (DM)] concentrations were found in the samples of 13 taxa, while higher (or very high) contents were quantified in other common taxa (the highest arsenic content was recorded in the fruit body of Laccaria amethysthea at 146.9 mg/kg DM). The species of eight genera (Agaricus, Calvatia, Collybia, Laccaria, Langermannia, Lepista, Lycoperdon, Macrolepiota) belong to the so-called accumulating taxa, and this tendency is evident on all habitats. This arsenic accumulation capability is found in two orders of Basidiomycetes (Agaricales and Gasteromycetales), which is to say this phenomenon occurs in the families Agaricaceae, Tricholomataceae and Gasteromycetaceae. The accumulating taxa found all have a saprotrophic type of nutrition; arsenic accumulation is not detectable in xilophagous or in mycorrhizal species. The consumption of the accumulating species found has only a low toxicological risk for three reasons: the consumed fresh fruit bodies contain about a tenfold lower arsenic level than the dried ones, the majority of arsenic occurs not in poisonous inorganic, but in less dangerous (or not poisonous) organic forms, and the frequency of consumption is low.     

Organization and localization of the dnaA and dnaK gene regions on the multichromosomal genome of Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616

The Burkholderia multivorans strain ATCC 17616 carries three circular chromosomes with sizes of 3.4, 2.5, and 0.9 Mb. To reveal the distribution and organization of the genes for fundamental cell functions on the genome of this bacterium, the dnaA and dnaK gene regions of ATCC 17616 were cloned and characterized. The gene organization of the dnaA region was rnpA-rmpH-dnaA-dnaN-gyrB with a single consensus DnaA-binding box (TTATCCACA) between the rmpH and dnaA genes. This intergenic region, however, did not work as an autonomously replicating sequence in ATCC 17616. On the other hand, the gene organization of the dnaK region was grpE-orf1 (gene for thioredoxin homologue)-dnaK-dnaJ-pabB (gene for p-aminobenzoate synthetase component homologue). A putative heat-shock promoter that showed good homology to the sigma32-dependent promoter consensus sequence in Escherichia coli was found upstream of the grpE gene, suggesting that these five genes constitute an operon. In M9 succinate minimal medium the dnaJ mutant grew more slowly than the wild-type strain, indicating that this operon is functional. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analyses indicated that both the dnaA and dnaK gene regions exist as single copies on the 3.4 Mb chromosome.     

Contamination with storage fungi of human food from Cameroon

In a mycological study, a total of 95 human food samples were investigated to evaluate the incidence of fungal contamination in Cameroon by conventional identification method and partly confirmed by DNA sequencing. The isolated fungal spp. were further studied to determine their toxigenic potentials. The investigation revealed the predominance of Aspergillus and Penicillium with 96% of samples contaminated with at least one species of these fungi, whereas the incidence of co-contamination of samples was 85%. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (Flavi section) were the most predominant species contaminating mainly maize and peanuts. In addition, P. crustosum and P. polonicum were the most common contaminants belonging to the genus Penicillium. On the other hand, A. ochraceus (Circumdati section) registered a low incidence rate of 5%, including other members of the Aspergillus group. Other members of the genera Rhizopus and Alternaria spp. were also registered in the study. A majority of fungal strains of A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus, P. crustosum and P. polonicum isolated were toxigenic, producing the mycotoxins tested for, while none was detected in cultures of A. fumigatus. The high incidence rate of fungi contamination coupled with their potentials in producing mycotoxins gives a strong indication that the samples tested may likely be contaminated with various mycotoxins. There is need for further study to assess the incidence of mycotoxins contamination in similar food samples.     

Susceptibility of stored product insects to high concentrations of ozone at different exposure intervals

Ozone is a highly reactive gas with insecticidal activity. Past studies have indicated that ozone technology has potential as a management tool to control insect pests in bulk grain storage facilities. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of short periods of exposure to high ozone concentrations to kill all life stages of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), adult maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and adult rice weevil (S. oryzae (L)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects were treated with six ozone concentrations between 50 and 1800 ppm. The specific objective was to determine minimal time needed to attain 100% mortality. The most ozone-tolerant stages of T. castaneum were pupae and eggs, which required a treatment of 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Eggs of P. interpunctella also required 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Ozone treatments of 1800 ppm for 120 min and 1800 ppm for 60 min were required to kill all adult S. zeamais and adult S. oryzae, respectively. The results indicate that high ozone concentrations reduce the treatment times significantly over previously described results. Our results also provide new baseline information about insect tolerance to ozone treatment.     

Microbial profiles of frozen trimmings and silver sides prepared at Indian buffalo meat packing plants

To assess microbiological quality of buffalo meat trimmings (TT = 114) and silver sides (SS = 41), samples were collected from four different Indian meat packing plants. The aim of this study was: (i) to evaluate standard plate count (SPC), psychrotrophic count (PTC), Enterococcus feacalis count (EFC), Staphylococcus aureus count (SAC) and Escherichia coli count (ECC) and the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes; and (ii) also to determine vero toxic E. coli (VTEC) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TT samples had significantly higher (P < 0.001) SPC, PTC, EFC, and SAC than SS, while across the meat types there was no difference (P > 0.05) in ECC. E. coli was recovered from 32.4% TT and 19.5% SS samples. The prevalence rate of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in TT was 1.75% and 0.87%, respectively. But no SS sample was found to be positive for any of these two pathogens. VTEC was found in 2.58% of all the tested samples. This finding suggests that TT contain higher microbes but only small numbers of pathogens of latent zoonotic importance. The present study confirmed the importance of maintaining good process hygiene at meat plants for microbiological status of buffalo meat.     

Formation of cereulide and enterotoxins by Bacillus cereus in fermented African locust beans

Afitin, iru and sonru are three spontaneously fermented African locust bean Benin condiments. The fermentation processes are exothermic, with temperatures mostly being above 40 °C. A total of 19 predominant Bacillus cereus isolates from afitin, iru and sonru, were investigated. The enterotoxin genes nhe (A, B, C) were present in all 19 isolates, the hbl (A, C, D) in one (afitin), and the cytK gene in three isolates (afitin). Levels of cytotoxicity to Vero cells and NheA production in BHI-broth was within the range of known diarrheal outbreak strains. Autoclaved cooked African locust beans inoculated with emetic (cereulide producing) B. cereus Ba18H2/RIF supported growth at 25, 30 and 40 °C with highly different maximum cereulide productions of 6 ± 5, 97 ± 3 and 0.04 ± 0.02 μg/g beans, respectively (48 h). For non-autoclaved cooked beans inoculated with 2, 4 and 6 log₁₀B. cereus Ba18H2/RIF spores/g beans, cereulide production was 5 ± 4, 64 ± 8 and 69 ± 34 μg/g beans, respectively at 24 h, while it was 70 ± 43, 92 ± 53 and 99 ± 31 μg/g at 48 h of fermentation at 30 °C. Even though high toxin levels were observed, to date there are no known reports on diarrhea or vomiting due to the consumption or afitin, iru and sonru in Benin, which also according to the present study is likely to be expected from the low levels of cereulide produced at 40 °C.     

Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and nisin on Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in a food model system and on the bacterial cell membranes

The effects of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (EO: 0, 5, 15 and 30 μl 100 ml⁻¹) and nisin (N: 0, 0.25 and 0.5 μg ml⁻¹), temperatures (T: 25 and 8 °C), and storage times (up to 21 days) on growth of Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus in a commercial barley soup were evaluated in a factorial design study. The growth of S. typhimurium was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by EO concentrations and their combinations with N concentrations at 8 °C. For S. aureus, the viable count was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by EO and N concentrations and their combinations, incubated at both storage temperatures. The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of EO, N, and their combinations against cell membranes of the tested organisms were also studied by measurement of the release of cell constituents and by the electronic microscopy observations of the cells. The significant increase of the cell constituents’ release of both organisms was observed as a result of treatments with EO and EO in combination with N. Electronic microscopy observations revealed that the cell membranes of S. typhimurium treated by EO and EO in combination with N were significantly damaged, while cells treated with only N looked similar to untreated cells. The electron micrographs of treated cells of S. aureus with EO, N, and their combination also showed important morphological damages and disrupted membranes.     

Cloning and expression analysis of two catalase genes from Aspergillus oryzae

Fungi contain distinct genes encoding the same class of enzyme that are differentially regulated according to conditions. We cloned two catalase genes, catA and catB, from Aspergillus oryzae. The catA gene predicts a 747-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 81% identity with Aspergillus fumigatus catalase (catA) and 77% with Aspergillus nidulans catalase (catA). The catB gene predicts a 725-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 82% identity with A. fumigatus catalase (catB) and 75% with A. nidulans catalase (catB). However, the catA and catB genes share little homology (41%) with one another, suggesting that each gene belongs to a distinct gene family. Overexpression studies demonstrated that both genes encode a functional catalase. Promoter assays indicated that the catA gene is developmentally regulated as it was preferentially expressed in solid-state cultures undergoing sporulation. However, its expression was not affected by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Conversely, the catB gene was highly expressed under all culture conditions tested, and it was induced by hydrogen peroxide treatment. These results suggest that the catB gene may be mainly used for detoxification of oxidative stress while the catA gene may have another role such as chaperoning proteins in the spore.