纳米TATB炸药贮存老化机理

为深入理解纳米三氨基三硝基苯(TATB)炸药在不同贮存环境下的稳定性,设计了90℃,不同湿度(10%RH、50%RH和90%RH)以及低气压(200 Pa)等多种贮存环境条件,借助中子小角散射(SANS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、红外光谱(IR)等表征技术,对不同温度、温湿度及低气压环境纳米TATB微结构演化规律进行了研究。实验结果表明,纳米TATB经45℃、60℃和71℃热老化后,其比表面积均明显下降,且老化温度越高下降趋势越显著并出现部分晶体颗粒长大;湿热极端环境(90℃,90%RH)则显著影响纳米TATB晶粒贮存稳定性,经短期(5天)贮存纳米TATB即出现显著的颗粒长大现象,尺寸约1~3μm;纳米TATB经90℃低气压(200 Pa)环境贮存也出现晶粒长大并呈微米级片状结构;基于不同贮存环境条件的试验结果,分析了纳米TATB长大熟化机制,即纳米TATB表面能较高,在温度和湿度作用下部分TATB分子克服能垒,迁移、扩散并在晶粒表面重排长大。     

杂质对混合硝酸酯及其含能粘合剂安定性的影响

以混合硝酸酯和含70%混合硝酸酯的高能粘合剂作为原料,通过添加不同的杂质,研究了杂质及其含量对硝酸酯安定性的影响.结果表明,随着Fe3 、Cl-、NO3-杂质离子浓度的增加,混合硝酸酯的安定性均降低,NO3-离子对混合硝酸酯安定性的影响最大;Fe2(SO4)3、FeCl3、Fe(NO3)3、BaCl2对含70%混合硝酸酯高能粘合剂安定性的影响依次减弱,且浓度越大,对安定性影响越大.在三种贮存温度下,随着pH值增大,高能粘合剂的安全贮存时间呈现先增大后减小的趋势,含70%混合硝酸酯高能粘合剂pH＝7.08时,安定性最好,安全贮存时间最长;随着高能粘合剂中含水量的增加,高能粘合剂的安全贮存时间也相应降低.     

DEGDN混合硝酸酯发射药的化学安定性

采用120℃甲基紫和106．5℃维也里法研究了硝酸酯含量、二号中定剂含量对硝化二乙二醇混合硝酸酯发射药的化学安定性的影响。结果表明,随着硝酸酯含量的增加,硝化二乙二醇混合硝酸酯发射药的维也里重复10次法和至1小时法的变色时间缩短,甲紫基变色时间也变短;随着二号中定剂含量的增加,硝化二乙二醇混合硝酸酯发射药的维也里和甲基紫变色时间增长。热加速老化试验预估维也里和甲基紫安定性时间偏短的硝化二乙二醇混合硝酸酯发射药的安全贮存寿命为40年,满足了火炸药安全贮存寿命的要求。     

湿热环境下A-IX-II炸药装药的老化性能

在71℃65%RH的湿热环境下,对A-IX-II炸药压装药柱(Ф20mm×20mm)进行了52d老化实验,并对其体积、质量、密度、黏结剂、抗压强度进行了检测。结果表明:随着老化时间的延长,体积、密度和质量发生变化,52d时变化率分别为+2.0%、-2.0%和-0.09%,但药柱结构完整性没有被破坏;老化7d后黏结剂破碎,RDX和Al脱粘,导致抗压强度下降,力学性能是主要失效模式;抗压强度与老化时间有指数关系,以抗压强度下降20%为失效判据,按温度系数法预测常温25℃和20℃下65%RH环境中,A-IX-II药柱的使用寿命分别为24.2a和41.9a。     

端环氧基聚缩水甘油醚硝酸酯的合成及固化

针对聚缩水甘油醚硝酸酯(PGN)与异氰酸酯固化反应易受环境水分影响、固化稳定性较差等问题,合成了端环氧基聚缩水甘油醚硝酸酯(e-PGN)。采用红外(IR)、核磁(NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)进行了结构表征。测试了改性前后聚合物的主要物化性能。e-PGN的玻璃化转变温度、粘度、密度、热分解温度等主要物性与PGN的主要物性相近。研究了e-PGN与几种环氧固化剂[咪唑(IMD)、邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)、N-乙基乙二胺(NEED)、异佛尔酮二胺(IPDA)等]的固化反应。结果表明,e-PGN可与IMD、PA、NEED、IPDA等在60℃/70℃下反应固化,其中以PA为固化剂时,固化物力学性能最好,拉伸强度为0.912 MPa,断裂伸长率为354%;室温贮存8个月的固化试样其力学性能基本不变。     

聚缩水甘油醚硝酸酯的合成及固化

以纯度≥99.5%的缩水甘油硝酸酯(GN)为原料,采用阳离子聚合,合成了两种分子量3000左右的聚缩水甘油醚硝酸酯(PGN)粘合剂。采用红外(IR)、核磁(NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)表征了它们的结构。测试了PGN的主要性能。研究了PGN与常用异氰酸酯[多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯(PAPI)、改性六亚甲基多异氰酸酯(N-100)、甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)、二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯(HMDI)]的固化反应。结果表明,在催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡(DBTDL)或三苯基铋(TPB)作用下,PGN可与PAPI、N-100、TDI、HMDI等快速反应固化。固化试样经60℃贮存60天,邵A硬度无明显下降。     

纳米Al/PS微胶囊中铝粉含量及活性分析

采用优化的工艺条件,制备了不同铝粉含量的纳米铝粉/聚苯乙烯(Al/PS)微胶囊,随着铝粉添加量的增加,铝粉的包覆率逐渐降低。纳米Al/PS微胶囊呈球形,表面光滑无明显缺陷,粒子与粒子之间分散性很好。对纳米铝粉复合前后的活性变化进行了实验分析,结果表明,不同纳米铝粉含量的纳米Al/PS微胶囊中的活性铝含量基本相同,未经贮存、自然条件下密闭贮存30 d及氧气罐中贮存30 d后,活性铝含量分别为76.07%,76.06%和74.81%,纳米铝粉被PS包覆后可长期保持活性。     

NEPE推进剂湿老化特性研究

开展了NEPE推进剂在不同环境条件下湿老化试验,监测了试验过程中推进剂的吸湿率、力学性能和稳定剂含量的变化.结果表明,吸湿严重影响NEPE推进剂力学性能.85%RH环境条件下,抗拉强度下降幅度可达70%.NEPE推进剂吸湿平衡湿度低,11%RH时仍有轻微吸湿.短期吸湿引起的力学性能下降可通过干燥手段恢复.湿老化速度与试件尺寸及暴露表面积有关.高温加速老化条件下,湿气加剧NEPE推进剂的化学老化,表明长期贮存有必要考虑湿气引起的不可逆化学反应.     

可移动式液固云爆剂绿色处理装置研究

针对硝酸异丙酯和镁粉组成的液固云爆剂报废处理问题,提出采用物理分离的方法将固态金属镁粉与液态硝酸异丙酯分开并回收金属镁粉,然后采用化学水解的方法将硝酸异丙酯转变成非爆炸性物质异丙醇后再回收。测试了液固云爆剂的撞击感度和摩擦感度及其在重力过滤、减压过滤、加压过滤和离心过滤分离方式下的分离效果,得出云爆剂对分离时的碰撞和摩擦等冲击作用具有较强的承受能力,并且采用离心过滤分离云爆剂具有分离速度快、分离过程安全性高的优点。对影响硝酸异丙酯水解转化率的各项因素进行工艺放大研究,确定了水解处理硝酸异丙酯的工艺条件:V(硝酸异丙酯)∶V(水)=1∶3,n(硝酸异丙酯)∶n(NaOH)=1∶1.1,反应温度150℃,反应时间30 min。在此基础上,提出了液固云爆剂的可移动式处理装置的工艺流程、单元设备及其结构和各项技术参数,并据此研制出云爆剂处理回收装置。装置试用结果表明,2.6 kg液固云爆剂经离心分离3 min后镁粉中硝酸异丙酯含量为0.69%,液固分离效果理想;15 kg硝酸异丙酯经水解处理30 min后硝酸异丙酯转化率达99.4%,硝酸异丙酯水解彻底。     

HTPB推进剂交变温度加速老化与自然贮存相关性

为研究与自然贮存环境相关性较好的推进剂加速老化方法,设计了 HTPB复合推进剂交变温度加速老化试验,在-10～60℃温度范围内,以3种温度变化速率(10 ℃/12 h,20 ℃/12 h,30 ℃/12 h),分别老化3S d,56 d,91 d后对推进剂进行力学性能测试,基于最大伸长率进行了HTPB推进剂加速老化与自...     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.