稳定同位素标记3,5-二硝基水杨酰肼-~(15)N_2的合成

提出简便的方法合成3,5-二硝基水杨酰肼-15N2,即以水杨酸为前体,与硝酸钾-15N硝化得到3,5-二硝基水杨酸-15N2,再经过酯化、肼解反应得到目标产物。以消耗K15NO3计算,3,5-二硝基水杨酰肼-15N2的总收率为55.5%。产品结构经质谱和核磁共振波谱等表征确定,15N的同位素丰度为99.2 atom%15N,色谱纯度为97.3%,可作为食品安全领域检测用同位素内标试剂。     

2,5-二芳基-1,3,4-噁二唑化合物的合成研究

以水杨酸为原料,通过硝化和酯化反应得到5-硝基水杨酸甲酯;三氯氧磷催化作用下,对5-硝基水杨酸甲酯和单酰肼缩合反应得到的芳香双酰肼进行环合,制备得到2个2,5-二芳基-1,3,4-噁二唑类化合物,其结构和荧光性能经IR、1HNMR和荧光测试技术加以确证。     

3,5-二硝基-1,2,4-三唑铵盐合成与萃取过程研究

以二氰二胺和二盐酸肼为原料,经缩合环化、重排反应合成3,5-二氨基-1,2,4-三唑(DAT)。DAT经重氮化、脱氮、硝化得到3,5-二硝基-1,2,4-三唑溶液,采用阴离子萃取新工艺、氨气中和等获得3,5-二硝基-1,2,4三唑铵盐(ADNT),总收率为69.6%。采用红外光谱、质谱、元素等鉴定了ADNT结构。同时,探讨了DAT的成环反应历程,阐述了阴离子高效萃取的原理。     

稳定同位素~(15)N标记2-甲基-5-硝基咪唑的合成与表征

以15NH3和H15NO3作为同位素原料,经两步反应得到目标产物15N标记2-甲基-5-硝基咪唑。收率以15NH3计,为58%,经液相色谱(HPLC)、质谱(MS)、气体同位素质谱计(MAT-271)等对其纯度和丰度进行表征,纯度99.5%,丰度99%,可作为制备15N标记硝基咪唑类药物内标检测试剂的合成前体。     

VNS反应合成LLM-116

以1,3-二硝基吡唑为原料,经热重排、氨气中和得到3,5-二硝基吡唑铵盐,然后酸化得到3,5-二硝基吡唑。以三甲基肼碘化物（TMHI）作为异常亲核取代氢（VNS）反应试剂,与3,5-二硝基吡唑在叔丁醇钾为催化剂,利用VNS反应合成4-氨基-3,5-二硝基吡唑（LLM-116）。采用红外分析、核磁共振、元素分析等仪器鉴定了其结构,讨论了VNS反应机理及影响因素。通过实验,得出最佳VNS反应试剂为TMHI,反应时间为4h,反应温度为25℃,收率达到60%。     

VNS反应合成LLM-116

以1,3-二硝基吡唑为原料,经热重排、氨气中和得到3,5-二硝基吡唑铵盐,然后酸化得到3,5-二硝基吡唑.以三甲基肼碘化物(TMHI)作为异常亲核取代氢(VNS)反应试剂,与3,5-二硝基吡唑在叔丁醇钾为催化剂,利用VNS反应合成4-氨基-3,5-二硝基吡唑(LLM-116).采用红外分析、核磁共振、元素分析等仪器鉴定了其结构,讨论了VNS反应机理及影响因素.通过实验,得出最佳VNS反应试剂为TMHI,反应时间为4 h,反应温度为25 ℃,收率达到60%.     

3,6-二肼基-1,2,4,5-四嗪二硝基水杨酸盐的合成、热分解及生成焓研究

以3,6-二肼基四嗪(DHT)和3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)为原料,合成了3,6-二肼基-1,2,4,5-四嗪二硝基水杨酸盐二水合物(DHT·2DNS·2H2O),采用核磁共振波谱、红外光谱、元素分析及热重法对其结构进行了表征。采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)并结合热重-红外联用(TG-FTIR)对无水DHT·2DNS的热行为及热分解产物进行了研究。利用氧弹量热仪测定了DHT·2DNS的恒容燃烧热(ΔcU),并通过ΔcU估算了标准摩尔燃烧焓(ΔcHm)和标准摩尔生成焓(ΔfHm)。结果表明,DHT·2DNS的热稳定性要高于DHT,其受热分解可分为4个阶段:首先DHT·2DNS的二硝基水杨酸离子脱去羟基和部分硝基、羧基,同时肼基发生分解;然后苯环上的基团与四嗪环发生解离;随后苯环发生裂解;最后苯环残余物继续发生分解。DHT·2DNS的ΔcU值、ΔcHm值和ΔfHm值分别为(-11 938.17±25.33)J/g、(-7 119.77±15.16)kJ/mol和(-1 177.2±11.14)kJ/mol。     

3,5-二硝基-1,2,4-三唑盐的制备

以双氰胺与二盐酸肼为原料,经缩合环化、重氮化、硝化得到3,5-二硝基-1,2,4-三唑（DNT）的水溶液,通过碳酸氢钠及硝酸银分别得到DNT的钠盐及银盐,得率分别为67.2%、33.6%。精制后,钠盐m.p.139～141℃,银盐m.p.235～238℃并通过红外光谱（IR）对其结构进行了表征。     

4-氨基-5-硝基-1，2-吡嗪并呋咱的合成

以2,6-二氯吡嗪为原料,经亲核取代、混酸硝化和氨水处理获得2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪。2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪与次氯酸钠进一步反应得到目标产物含能材料4-氨基-5-硝基-1,2-吡嗪并呋咱,产物收率为30%。并用红外光谱、熔点和薄层色谱法等分析手段对各步产物进行表征。     

2,2＇,6，6’-四硝基-4，4’-二（三氟甲基）联苯的合成

以对氯三氟甲苯为原料,经硝硫混酸硝化得到3,5-二硝基对氯三氟甲苯,3,5-二硝基对氯三氟甲苯在铜粉催化下经Ullmann偶联反应得到2,2’,6,6’-四硝基-4,4’-二（三氟甲基）联苯。硝化反应收率为93％;偶联反应的优化条件为：以甲苯为反应介质,m（C6H2C1CF3N204）：m（Cu）=1：0．25,110℃反应1．5h,偶联反应收率达73％以上。总收率可达68％。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.