煤田火区监测技术在乌达煤田局部火区的应用

根据《煤田火灾灭火规范》的要求，煤田火区灭火工程竣工后要进行灭火效果监测工作，本文通过自己的工作实践及应用实例，介绍一下乌达煤田火区在监测阶段所采用的技术手段及监测成果，以说明灭火效果情况。     

煤矿火区降温措施的分析与实践

针对目前煤矿火区高温爆破降温方式多、效果差、操作难等问题,从理论上对现今常用的火区灭火降温方法进行分类和比较分析,然后优选了火区降温方式,其中提出了液氮降温用量的计算方法,最后对炮孔进行注水降温实践,并初步解决了水源和注水方式等的问题。结果表明:火区灭火目前存在较多难题,多种灭火方法联合使用,灭火效果更好;液氮、液态二氧化碳降温代价高,一般在排险等情况下运用,而注水降温经济有效,可在150℃炮孔温度下广泛使用。     

新型细水雾添加剂的制备及其灭火性能评价

在研究传统细水雾添加剂的基础上,取长补短,采用物理工艺制备出新型复合添加剂,针对典型火源(酒精池火、煤油池火与木垛火),改变添加剂浓度开展了一系列灭火实验。结果表明:新型复合添加剂显著增强了细水雾的灭火性能,可提高灭火时间5~8倍。随着细水雾中添加剂含量的不断增加,油池火的灭火时间呈现出先快速下降,而后略微增长的趋势;而木垛火的灭火时间表现为平缓下降,并趋于稳定。含新型复合添加剂的细水雾灭火是物理化学复合作用机制,但主导灭火机理是燃料表面的冷却与隔离作用。     

用锥形量热仪研究细水雾抑制熄灭PVC火

利用锥形量热仪和单流体细水雾系统研究了细水雾抑制PVC火的过程，并观察了重燃现象的发生，测量了实验中热释放速率及O2，CO2，CO和烟气的浓度变化，并对不同细水雾工作压力及不同热辐射流量下的结果进行了比较。由实验可知细水雾能快速扑灭PVC火，且压力越大灭火越迅速，但是在灭火后停止施加细水雾会发生重燃现象，且重燃发生的时间长短与作用在燃料表面的水量有关。     

细水雾抑制熄灭障碍物油池火的有效性研究

传统水喷淋灭火系统很难扑救有障碍物遮挡的火焰。针对障碍物油池火进行了全尺寸细水雾灭火有效性的实验研究，深入了解障碍物存在时细水雾对油池火的抑制熄灭作用，同时研究了障碍物与火焰的相对位置、细水雾的工作压力、雾通量、喷头距火焰垂直距离及水平距离等关键因素对灭火有效性的影响，分析了障碍物存在时细水雾的灭火特性，揭示了实验中某些工况下不能扑灭火焰的原因，为细水雾的实际工程应用提供了科学的参考依据。     

在高瓦斯矿井中综合防灭火技术的应用

在高瓦斯煤矿矿井中发生火灾不仅造成资源的损失，而且最主要的是火区存在瓦斯爆炸危险，为加快封闭火区，并使火区内的火熄灭。本文提出了氮气防灭火技术和注胶防灭火技术，用来预防治理高瓦斯矿井中的煤层自燃火灾。     

实例分析胶体防灭火技术在煤矿矿区的应用

胶体防灭火技术是现代新型的灭火技术，主要应用在煤炭行业采空区或火区的密闭防灭火方面，文中通过对两个具体案例的分析，介绍了该技术的使用情况，并肯定了该项技术在灭火领域的积极用途。     

细水雾对障碍物挡板火灭火有效性的实验研究

在不同障碍物挡板阻隔条件下，就细水雾对油池火的灭火效果进行了实验研究，分析了不同空间位置的障碍物挡板对细水雾灭火效果的影响，采用FDS40对细水雾与不同类型障碍物挡板油池火的相互作用过程的模拟结果表明：障碍物结构与类型影响着细水雾直接作用于油池火上方的水雾通量，油池火上方的水雾卷吸量越大，细水雾对障碍火的灭火效果越明显。     

关于海水雾灭火有效性的研究

本文笔者分析了海水雾对木垛火、电缆火、油池火的灭火效果，总结了影响海水灭火系统有效性的主要因素，具有重要的现实意义。     

庞庄煤矿张小楼井95211工作面火区启封技术实践

火区启封是一项必须谨慎从事的工作，本文结合庞庄煤矿张小楼井95211工作面自燃火区实际，在火区启封方面采取采空区注惰性气体、二氧化碳、灌注防灭火材料等系列综合技术手段和措施，实现了对工作面的安全启封，且成效显著。     

基于突变级数法的煤矿外因火灾危险等级评价

为了给煤矿外因火灾危险等级评价提供一种更加合理的方法,采用将突变理论与模糊数学相结合的突变级数法,从明火致因、电火致因、其他原因等3个方面分析了煤矿外因火灾的影响因素,建立了煤矿外因火灾危险评价指标体系,并运用突变级数法对煤矿外因火灾危险等级进行评价。以沈阳焦煤集团林盛煤矿为例,基于突变级数法,求得该煤矿外因火灾危险等级评价的总突变隶属矩阵,依据总突变隶属函数值越大越优的原则,得到该煤矿外因火灾危险等级为二级,即较安全。依据评价结果,提出了提高该煤矿外因火灾安全性的相关对策。     

露天煤矿火区成组炮孔与双人制起爆实践

针对露天煤矿火区爆破安全和水资源匮乏降温困难的问题,结合福强露天煤矿火区爆破开采工程,将高温炮孔分为2类,第1类为120以下的炮孔,第2类为120℃以上的炮孔,并确定高温炮孔必须降至120℃以下再实施爆破作业。提出了成组炮孔设置形式和双人制作业,谁装药谁起爆的现场组织管理模式,以减小起爆安全距离或多组轮流作业方式,完成起爆主线与起爆器的连接、充电、起爆一系列操作。有效地解决了露天煤矿火区爆破开采中降温困难、爆破器材受高温作用发生燃烧等问题,阻止了因多人作业现场混乱和误操作等原因导致的早爆事故,保障了煤矿火区爆破作业安全,并取得规模爆破的效果,可为类似露天煤矿火区爆破开采提供参考。     

露天煤矿火区成组炮孔与双人制起爆实践

针对露天煤矿火区爆破安全和水资源匮乏降温困难的问题,结合福强露天煤矿火区爆破开采工程,将高温炮孔分为2类,第1类为120以下的炮孔,第2类为120℃以上的炮孔,并确定高温炮孔必须降至120℃以下再实施爆破作业。提出了成组炮孔设置形式和双人制作业,谁装药谁起爆的现场组织管理模式,以减小起爆安全距离或多组轮流作业方式,完成起爆主线与起爆器的连接、充电、起爆一系列操作。有效地解决了露天煤矿火区爆破开采中降温困难、爆破器材受高温作用发生燃烧等问题,阻止了因多人作业现场混乱和误操作等原因导致的早爆事故,保障了煤矿火区爆破作业安全,并取得规模爆破的效果,可为类似露天煤矿火区爆破开采提供参考。     

Prevention and suppression of metal packing fires

Structured packing has been widely used because of large surface area that makes possible columns with high capacity and efficiency. The large surface area also contributes to fire hazards because of hydrocarbon deposits that can easily combust and promote combustion of the thin metal packing materials. Materials of high surface area that can fuel fires include reactive metals, such as titanium, and materials that are not considered combustible, such as stainless steel. Column design and material selection for packing construction is discussed together with employee training and practices for safe column maintenance and operations. Presented also are methods and agents for suppression of metal fires. Guidance for prevention and suppression of metal fires is related to incidents involving packing fires in columns.     

基于IFAHP的煤矿火区爆破安全评价

针对乌海市煤矿火区现状,根据安全系统工程原理和方法,建立煤矿火区爆破安全评价指标体系。运用改进模糊层次分析法确立等级量化标准,获得了火区爆破危险因子权重排序,并初步形成了煤矿火区的爆破安全评价体系,以便更好地控制意外事故。     

BLEVE prevention using vent devices

The main features of accidents involving BLEVEs (boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions) occurring in fires are analysed. Simple mathematical models describing liquid or vapour discharge through the perforation of vessels by superheated liquids and liquid behaviour in a vessel heated by fire are formulated. These models are verified on the basis of experimental data available in the literature. An analysis of the well known accident at Alma-Ata in 1989 is presented. This accident involved the BLEVE of a railway tank engulfed by fire, with the resulting formation of a fireball. It is shown that this accident could have been prevented by means of a vent device (safety valve or breaking diaphrgm) with cross-sectional area greater than 77 cm² and operational pressure below 1.6 MPa. The use of such vent devices could prevent the occurrence of BLEVEs when tanks containing superheated liquids or liquefied gases are subjected to thermal loading from fires.     

隧道火灾烟气发展的模拟计算研究

分析了隧道火灾的特点，运用区域模拟和场模拟的方法，通过一假定的隧道火灾算例，分析了几种不同情况下隧道火灾的烟气发展情况。讨论了烟气温度、高度的变化情况，得到了不同区段火和烟气对人构成威胁和对隧道结构造成破坏的情况，最后对隧道火灾的防治提出了一些建议。     

Model of large pool fires

A two zone entrainment model of pool fires is proposed to depict the fluid flow and flame properties of the fire. Consisting of combustion and plume zones, it provides a consistent scheme for developing non-dimensional scaling parameters for correlating and extrapolating pool fire visible flame length, flame tilt, surface emissive power, and fuel evaporation rate. The model is extended to include grey gas thermal radiation from soot particles in the flame zone, accounting for emission and absorption in both optically thin and thick regions. A model of convective heat transfer from the combustion zone to the liquid fuel pool, and from a water substrate to cryogenic fuel pools spreading on water, provides evaporation rates for both adiabatic and non-adiabatic fires. The model is tested against field measurements of large scale pool fires, principally of LNG, and is generally in agreement with experimental values of all variables.     

Large hydrocarbon fuel pool fires: physical characteristics and thermal emission variations with height

In a recent paper [P.K. Raj, Large LNG fire thermal radiation-modeling issues and hazard criteria revisited, Process Safety Progr., 24 (3) (2005)] it was shown that large, turbulent fires on hydrocarbon liquid pools display several characteristics including, pulsating burning, production of smoke, and reduced thermal radiation, with increasing size. In this paper, a semi-empirical mathematical model is proposed which considers several of these important fire characteristics. Also included in this paper are the experimental results for the variation of the fire radiance from bottom to top of the fire (and their statistical distribution) from the largest land spill LNG pool fire test conducted to date. The purpose of the model described in this paper is to predict the variation of thermal radiation output along the fire plume and to estimate the overall thermal emission from the fire as a function its size taking into consideration the smoke effects. The model utilizes experimentally measured data for different parameters and uses correlations developed from laboratory and field tests with different fuels. The fire dynamics and combustion of the fuel are modeled using known entrainment and combustion efficiency parameter values. The mean emissive power data from field tests are compared with model predictions. Model results for the average emissive powers of large, hypothetical LNG fires are indicated.