电场激活压力辅助烧结对(Bi2Te3)0.2(Sb2Te3)0.8热电材料微观结构及热电性能的影响

采用电场激活压力辅助烧结（FAPAS）技术制备了(Bi2Te3)0.2(Sb2Te3)0.8热电材料,采用无电场、低电场强度和高电场强度三种烧结方式作为对比实验,研究了烧结过程中施加电场强度对(Bi2Te3)0.2(Sb2Te3)0.8热电材料微观结构和热电性能的影响。研究结果表明,在烧结过程中施加电场,可明显提高(Bi2Te3)0.2(Sb2Te3)0.8热电材料的电导率和Seebeck系数,从而提高其综合电功率因子;而采用大电场强度烧结则会使(Bi2Te3)0.2(Sb2Te3)0.8材料出现层状结构择优取向,在电性能相对较高的情况下亦使其热导率明显减低,从而获得较高ZT值。     

磁控溅射法制备Bi2Te3热电薄膜的研究

Bi2Te3薄膜是室温下热电性能最好的热电材料,利用磁控溅射在长有一薄层SiO2的n型硅样品上制备Bi/Te多层复合薄膜,经后续退火处理生成Bi2Te3。通过分析Bi2Te3薄膜的生长和退火工艺,探讨Bi/Te中Te的原子数分数对薄膜热电性能的影响。采用XRD和SEM对薄膜的结构、形貌和成分进行分析,并测量不同条件下的Seebeck系数。薄膜Seebeck系数均为负数,表明所制备样品是n型半导体薄膜,且最大值达到-76.81μV.K-1;电阻率ρ随Te的原子数分数增大而增大,其趋势先缓慢后迅速。Bi2Te3薄膜的热电性能良好,Te的原子数分数是60.52%时,功率因子最大,为1.765×10-4W.K-2.m-1。     

Bi2Te3热电材料改性研究及其进展

随着全球经济对高效、无污染能源转换的强劲需求,Bi2Te3半导体作为最优异的室温热电材料取得了长足稳步的发展。本文在简述Bi2Te3热电材料的结构和性能的基础上,重点介绍了掺杂、纳米化、掺杂与纳米化相结合的方法对Bi2Te3热电性能的影响,详细分析了其影响机制。结果表明,以上方法均能很大程度上提升Bi2Te3热电材料的热电性能,尤其是掺杂与纳米化相结合对热电性能的提高更为显著。最后,对Bi2Te3热电材料改性的研究方向进行了展望。     

Bi2Te3热电材料研究现状

Bi2Te3热电材料是半导体材料,室温下具有良好的热电特性,能够实现热能和电能的相互转化,应用前景十分广阔。Bi2Te3热电材料的转换效率低是影响其应用的瓶颈之一,目前世界范围内的研究热点主要集中在如何提高热电材料的能量转换效率上。综述了热电材料的种类、国内外关于Bi2Te3热电薄膜的制备方法和性能研究,对多种典型制备方法进行分析对比,探讨了影响Bi2Te3热电薄膜质量的因素及机制。结合Bi2Te3热电薄膜在温差发电和热电制冷方面的应用,如果微型热电制冷器实现与大功率LED芯片集成封装,那么芯片级低温散热问题有望解决。     

基于Bi_2Te_3合金材料的热发电模块研究

为了提高Bi2Te3热电材料的性能,采用Bi2Te3纳米粉体前驱物快速熔炼烧结法,制备了在室温条件下具有温度敏感性的Bi2Te3合金材料,在425K时此材料的热电优值达到0.548。在此基础上,研制了热电模块,并对其性能进行了测试。结果表明,以该Bi2Te3合金材料制备的热发电模块具有良好的伏安特性和稳定的内阻,当热冷端温度分别为140和60℃时,模块的最大输出功率可达到0.39W,显现出潜在的应用前景。     

Si-Bi2Te3光热耦合电源器件的结构设计与性能

空间近日等强辐照造成的高温严重影响光伏电池的转化效率,同时造成辐射能量的浪费.以单晶Si光伏电池和Bi2Te3热电电池为基本单元,构建Si-Bi2 Te3光热耦合电源器件模型.采用有限元分析法分析特定辐射条件下Si-Bi2Te3光热耦合电源器件的热分布情况,并结合光伏电池与热电电池的温度特性进一步计算了器件的转化效率.结果显示,Bi2Te3热电池的存在一定程度上降低了Si光伏电池的工作温度,在空间环境下Si-Bi2Te3光热耦合电源器件的转化效率相对于单一的Si光伏电池有2％ ～3％的提高.最后讨论了该器件Si光伏电池和Bi2Te3热电池的功率输出方式.     

低维Bi_2Te_3热电材料的制备与性能研究

用溶剂热法制备了直径在100nm以内的一维针状及厚20～30nm、长几微米的二维花朵状Bi2Te3热电材料,分析了不同形貌产物的生长机理,并对其热电性能进行了比较。结果表明,添加剂的分子结构对产物形貌起决定性作用。不同形貌产物的热电性能随温度变化的机制不同,一维纳米结构Bi2Te3产物的功率因子随温度升高而增加,最大值为143.1μΩ·m–1K–2。而二维纳米结构的Bi2Te3产物虽然在室温附近有较大的Seebeck系数,约100μV/K,但由于其电导率较低,功率因子在较宽的温度范围内保持在23μΩ·m–1K–2左右。     

(Bi2Te3)0.90(Sb2Te3)0.05(Sb2Se3)0.05热压合金微观结构和电学性能相关性研究

通过熔炼,研磨制备N型(Bi2Te3)0．90(Sb2Te3)0．05(Sb2Se3)0．05热电材料的粉末,热压制备混合粉末热压合金。通过SEM和XRD研究热压合金的微观结构,在室温测量热压合金样品的电学性能。结果表明热压合金在微观结构和电学性能上存在各向异性,从而预示能够在增强材料机械强度的同时提高其热电性能。     

制备工艺对新型热电材料制冷性能的影响

通过取点法得到了由Ingot法、BM法、S-MS法和Te-MS法制备的四种新型p型热电材料(Bi0.5Sb1.5)Te3的变物性参数拟合公式,分析了温度对不同方法制备的热电材料的影响,得到了热电材料无量纲优值与绝对温度的关系曲线.从热力学方面研究了制备工艺对基于新型热电材料的热电制冷器最大制冷系数的影响.结果表明:由Te-MS法制备的新型p型热电材料(Bi0.5Sb1.5)Te3具有最大的优值系数,基于该材料的热电制冷器最大制冷系数可达2.49,较其他三种方法制备的热电材料分别提升了 34.59％,37.57％和25.76％.     

（Bi2O3、ZnO）对（Zr0．8Sn0．2）TiO4介电性能的影响

采用常规固相合成工艺研究了添加剂Bi2O3、ZnO等对(Zr0.8Sn0.2)TiO4的烧结性能、微观结构和微波介电性能的影响.结果表明,陶瓷的烧结温度随着Bi2O3含量的增大而降低,而陶瓷的最大烧结密度随着Bi2O3的增大而增大;当w(Bi2O3)>3%时,其烧结可降低至1175℃;各种材料配方均能烧结出致密的陶瓷.陶瓷的介电常数随着Bi2O3含量的增大而略有增大,但增加幅度较小;而材料的介电损耗则随Bi2O3含量的增大而增加,且增大幅度较大.当w(ZnO)=1%、w(Bi2O3)=3%时,可在1190℃获得致密的陶瓷,在测试频率1 MHz下,介电常数约41,介电损耗为1.5×10-4,其综合微波介电性能最佳.     

Encapsulated Thermoelectric Modules for Advanced Thermoelectric Systems

An encapsulated thermoelectric (TE) module consists of a vacuum-tight stainless-steel container in which an SiGe or BiTe TE module is encapsulated. This construction enables maximum performance and durability because: the thermal expansion mismatch between the hot and cold sides of the container can be accommodated by a sliding sheet in the container; the TE module inside is always kept in a vacuum environment, therefore no oxidation can occur; and the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the container reduces thermal contact resistance inside the container. Our encapsulated SiGe module features higher operating temperature—up to 650°C for both hot and cold sides. Other high-temperature modules and conventional BiTe modules, including both-sides and one-side skeleton types, have been encapsulated. Several variants of the encapsulated module are available. Encapsulated thermoelectric modules with integrated coolers contain cooling panels through which water can pass. If the module hot side is heated by a radiating heat source (radiation coupling) or convection of a hot gas or fluid (convection coupling), no pressing force on the module is necessary. It therefore features minimum contact resistance with the cooling duct, because no pressure is applied, maximum TE power, and minimum installation cost. Another, larger, variant is a quadruple flexible container in which four modules (each of maximum size 40 mm × 40 mm) are encapsulated. These encapsulated modules were used in a powder metallurgy furnace and were in use for more than 3000 h. Application to cryogenic temperatures simulating the liquid nitrogen gas vaporizer has been also attempted.     

Enhancement in Figure of Merit (ZT) by Annealing of BiTe Nanostructures Synthesized by Microwave-Assisted Flash Combustion

Uniform polycrystalline bismuth telluride (BiTe) nanowires of diameter 100 nm to 150 nm and hexagonal nanoplates with thickness of 50 nm to 100 nm have been successfully synthesized by the microwave-assisted flash combustion technique. The formation of BiTe nanostructures depends on the type of fuel and the oxidant-to-fuel ratio, which in turn affect the reaction time and reaction temperature. Spark plasma sintering has been employed for compaction and sintering of both as-synthesized as well as annealed BiTe powders. Increasing the sintering temperature while using faster sintering cycles reduced the porosity, resulting in high densification while preserving the nanostructures. The dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) was evaluated from the Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity, and thermal conductivity values over the range from 300 K to 600 K. The effect of annealing on the enhancement of ZT is discussed. These evaluations suggest that the rarely studied BiTe is a potential candidate for thermoelectric applications at low temperatures.     

Development of a Portable Thermogenerator for Uncontrolled Heat Sources

This paper presents the development of a portable thermogenerator designed to work on uncontrolled heat sources. Its thermal behavior regarding both steady-state and transient regimens was analytically described and numerically solved by using a lumped capacity model. The ranges of heating power and power increasing rates have been determined to ensure safe operation, or give users advance warning in case of failure. In addition, this model is a useful tool for designing a controller system based on which a feasible thermogenerator can be developed. Experimental tests performed on a prototype based on a commercial BiTe module have demonstrated this goal.     

Phase formation and phase transformations in Bi-Te films with nanoscale thickness

The processes of phase formation are studied in a binary Bi-Te system using the kinematic electron diffraction technique. It is established that, in the case of both simultaneous and layer-by-layer deposition of bismuth and tellurium and irrespective of the order of their deposition, phases with compositions Bi₂Te₃ and BiTe are formed at the condensation plane in the amorphous and crystalline state, respectively. The amorphous Bi₂Te₃ phase is stable at room temperature and crystallizes at a temperature of 423 K. It is shown that ordering of the phase BiTe is not a consequence of atomic order of the structure; rather, it is caused by the real structure of the object (by blocks).     

Development of Low-Cost Remote-Control Generators Based on BiTe Thermoelectric Modules

This paper presents a new thermogenerator based on moderate-temperature (up to 175°C) BiTe modules available on the open market. Despite this handicap relative to commercial thermogenerators based on high-temperature proprietary-technology PbBi modules (up to 560°C), this new design may become economically competitive due to its innovative thermal sink. Our thermal sink is based on a free-convection water loop built with standard tubing and household hot-water radiators, leading to a more practical, modular design. So, the specific cost of about 55,000 USD/kW obtained for this 120-W prototype is improved to 33,000 USD/kW for a 1-kW unit, which represents about half the price of commercial thermogenerators. Moreover, considering recently launched BiTe modules (that withstand up to 320°C), our proposition could have an even more favorable outlook.     

钨粉化学镀铜对压制性能的影响

通过钨粉表面化学镀铜,使其表面包覆一层均匀的诱导铜膜,以此制备W-15Cu电子封装材料。采用扫描电镜和双对数压制方程理论分析,研究钨粉表面化学镀铜含量对钨粉压制性能的影响,结果表明钨粉表面化学镀铜可改善其压制性能,且随化学镀铜含量的增加,压制同等生坯密度的制品压力增大。     

CCL制程压合工序液压系统的改善应用研究

为了提升CCL制程中压合工序液压系统的压力稳定性,通过对典型的压机液压系统分析研究,结果表明：（1）利用千斤顶的液压原理,在主油路系统中并联手动加压系统,有效的确保了主电源失电或压力系统故障的压力稳定性。（2）考虑到多台压机液压系统的共性,将一套高压泵液压系统并联到每台压机液压系统主油路中以备随时切换,有效解决高压泵、电控比例式溢流阀故障等导致压力波动。     

高渗透刀轮切割TFT—LCD薄型玻璃基板的工艺影响因素

介绍了切割TFT～LCD薄型玻璃基板的高渗透刀轮和切断的基本概念,以及刀轮角度、切断压力、押入量和切断速度工艺参数对切断效果的影响。采用1150和1250两种不同角度的刀轮在切断速度400mm／s．刀轮押入量0．2mm的条件下进行切割,1150形成的垂直裂纹比1250要深;当其他条件一定时,垂直裂纹随切断压力的增大而增大,随押入量和切断速度的变化不大。     

Correlation between sintering pressure and electrical properties of hot-press sintered gallium arsenide-polyaniline-polyethylene composite varistors

GaAs-polymer composite varistors are prepared using hot pressing method at a temperature of 130 °C and different pressures and their current–voltage characteristics are investigated. The results show that these varistors can be used to protect circuits from 35 V up to 52 V over voltages. In addition, it is found that the varistor breakdown voltage and its nonlinearity as well as its impurity band gap increase by increasing sintering pressure while the corresponding barrier height decreases. Each sample has hysteresis which increases through the increase in sintering pressure. This causes the varistors to have lower lifetime due to their high degradation. These results are both investigated and analyzed using SEM micrographs.     

LCD导电金球导电性能可靠性研究

随着LCD工艺技术的发展，上下片玻璃的导电连接已由原来的导电银胶改进为在环氧胶里加一定配比的导电金球进行导电连接，导电金球是由球状的，有弹性和高分子材料电镀上一层导电性能良好的金属金而成，其常用直径约5-8μm，具有一定的弹性且可压缩，由于新材料使用过程中工艺控制技术不成熟，导致LCD出现缺显示，显示暗等质量问题，文章对此进行了失效分析。另外，通过相关的工艺试验，总结出决定导电金球压缩比的热压压力参数，并通过相关的可靠性试验进行验证。使问题得以解决，产品的质量稳定性得到有效的控制。