Modelling Rainfall Runoff Relations Using HEC-HMS and IHACRES for a Single Rain Event in an Arid Region of Jordan

The HEC-HMS and IHACRES rainfall runoff models were applied to simulate a single streamflow event in Wadi Dhuliel arid catchment that occurred on 30–31/01/2008. Streamflow estimation was performed on the basis of an hourly scale. The aim of this study was to develop a new framework of rainfall-runoff model applications in arid catchments by integrating a re-adjusted satellite-derived rainfall dataset (GSMaP_MVK+) to determine the location of the rainfall storm. The HEC-HMS model was applied using the HEC-GeoHMS extension in ArcView 3.3 while the IHACRES is Java-based version model. The HEC-HMS model input data include soil type, land use/land cover, and slope. By contrast, the lumped model IHACRES was also applied, based on hourly rainfall and temperature data. Both models were calibrated and validated using the observed streamflow data set collected at Al-Za’atari discharge station. The performance of IHACRES showed some weaknesses, while the flow comparison between the calibrated streamflow results fits well with the observed streamflow data in HEC-HMS. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (E_f) for the two models was 0.51 and 0.88 respectively.     

Runoff quality and pollution loadings from a tropical urban catchment.

Runoff quality draining from 17.14 km2 urban catchment in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, was analysed. The land-use consists of residential (30.3%), agricultural (27.3%), open space (27.9%), industrial (8.1%) and commercial (6.4%) areas. Three storm events were sampled in detail. These storms produced stormflow between 0.84 mm and 27.82 mm, and peakflow from 2.19 m3/s to 42.36 m3/s. Water quality showed marked variation during storms especially for TSS, BOD and COD with maximum concentrations of 778 mg/l, 135 mg/l and 358 mg/l, respectively. Concentrations of TOC, DOC, NH3-N, Fe and level of colour were also high. In general, the river quality is badly polluted and falls in Class V based on the Malaysian Interim National Water Quality Standards. Event Mean Concentrations (EMC) for various parameters varied considerably between storms. The largest storm produced higher EMC for TSS, NO3-N and SS whereas the smaller storms tend to register higher EMC for BOD, COD, NH3-N, TOC, Ca, K, Mg, Fe and Zn. Such variations could be explained in terms of pollutant availability and the effects of flushing and dilution. Based on a three-month average recurrence interval (ARI) of rainfall, the estimated event loadings (ton/ha) of TSS, BOD, COD, TOC, NH3-N and NO3-N were 0.055, 0.016, 0.012, 0.039, 0.010, 0.0007 and 0.0002, respectively. Heavy metals present in trace quantities. Storms with 3 months ARI could capture about 70% of the total annual loads of major pollutants.     

Runoff and infiltration characteristics of pavement structures--review of an extensive monitoring program.

The stormwater runoff and infiltration performance of permeable pavements has been systematically evaluated within an intensive monitoring program. The primary objective of the investigation was to generate a broad database, which enables the development of an advanced simulation module for urban drainage modelling. Over 160 field and lab scale experiments have been completed and analyzed for surface runoff and infiltration characteristics. The test series include several pavement types under various boundary conditions such as diverse precipitation impacts, varying surface slope and layer construction as well as different stages of surface clogging and several base and subgrade layer characteristics. The results represent a reliable and comprehensive database that allows profound conclusions and substantial recommendations.     

地貌气候瞬时单位线及其应用

传统瞬时单位线法是采用系统分析观点解释流域汇流,流域单位线就是流域的水文响应。运用经验统计分析,建立了流域单位线的主要特征,如单位线峰值、峰值滞时等流域地形地貌参数,如流域坡度、流域面积等之间的经验关系,以确定缺乏水文资料情况下的流域单位线的方法。由于没有涉及到流域汇流的机理,缺乏严格的理论基础。本文介绍了地貌气候瞬时单位线,并对该方法进行了研究,获得了较好的应用价值。     

地貌净雨单位线理论及应用

本文以水分子在土壤中受重力、土壤和气体共同作用的角度,分析了水分在土壤中水平向的运动和受力特征,提出了以重力作用为主要特征的地貌单位线模型.该模型以简化地形参数为主要参数,具有基于降雨、地形地貌和土壤特性的分布式流域汇流水文模型特征.运用该模型计算了尼尔基水库净雨单位线,比较了尼尔基水库运用历史洪水率定的单位线,给出了...     

Planning, modelling and assessing source control concepts on catchment scale.

Today's water management practice was identified often not to be consistently structured. Usually the decision space is not clearly depicted and then systematically explored. Often stakeholders are involved too late and many objectives are neglected. An adaptive DSS is being developed to help overcoming these problems. Core of the DSS is a "decision matrix", which has been implemented as a web based application (www.wsm300.de). The management objectives are represented by the indicators labelling the rows. They will be the result of a discussion of the objectives and problems in the specific sub-basin, which is supported by the catalogue of indicators. The columns of the matrix are specified by the scenarios whose development is supported by the database of measures and a Geographical Information System (GIS). The matrix, once the labels are defined, serves as a plot for the planning process, defining clearly which objectives have to be considered and which indicator-values have to be calculated. The DSS further includes a concept and tools for the combination of existing software components and supports the processing of model-outputs to indicator-values. Filled with the indicator-values the matrix allows a comparison of the scenarios and provides a good base for a decision. Multi-criteria decision aid methods can (if desired) further help to find the optimal scenario and to mediate between stakeholders. Finding the optimal scenario will likely be an iterative process.     

Developing an independent, generic, phosphorus modelling component for use with grid-oriented, physically based distributed catchment models.

Grid-oriented, physically based catchment models calculate fields of various hydrological variables relevant to phosphorus detachment and transport. These include (i) for surface transport: overland flow depth and flow in the coordinate directions, sediment load, and sediment concentration and (ii) for subsurface transport: soil moisture and hydraulic head at various depths in the soil. These variables can be considered as decoupled from any chemical phosphorus model since phosphorus concentrations, either as dissolved or particulate, do not influence the model calculations of the hydrological fields. Thus the phosphorus concentration calculations can be carried out independently from and after the hydrological calculations. This makes it possible to produce a separate phosphorus modelling component which takes as input the hydrological fields produced by the catchment model and which calculates, at each simulation time step, the phosphorus concentrations in the flows. This paper summarises the equations and structure of such a Grid Oriented Phosphorus Component (GOPC) developed by the authors for simulating phosphorus concentrations and loads using the outputs of a fully distributed physical based hydrological model. The GOPC performance is illustrated by an example of a simplified hypothetical catchment subjected to some ideal conditions.     

Runoff modelling using radar data and flow measurements in a stochastic state space approach.

In urban drainage the estimation of runoff with the help of models is a complex task. This is in part due to the fact that rainfall, the most important input to urban drainage modelling, is highly uncertain. Added to the uncertainty of rainfall is the complexity of performing accurate flow measurements. In terms of deterministic modelling techniques these are needed for calibration and evaluation of the applied model. Therefore, the uncertainties of rainfall and flow measurements have a severe impact on the model parameters and results. To overcome these problems a new methodology has been developed which is based on simple rain plane and runoff models that are incorporated into a stochastic state space model approach. The state estimation is done by using the extended Kalman filter in combination with a maximum likelihood criterion and an off-line optimization routine. This paper presents the results of this new methodology with respect to the combined consideration of uncertainties in distributed rainfall derived from radar data and uncertainties in measured flows in an urban catchment within the Emscher river basin, Germany.     

推理过程线法汇流参数M的预报应用探究

推理过程线法中的汇流参数M常用净峰流量模数与其建立关系，在洪水预报时，净峰流量本身是要预报的，故不能用净峰流量推求汇流参数M。针对这一问题，提出了以净雨强度a与M关系分析为基础的预报方法。以晒北滩水电站大坝施工洪水预报为实例，进行了实际验证，证明效果较好。该方法适用于无水文站控制的山丘区小流域洪水预报。     

A case study of regional catchment water quality modelling to identify pollution control requirements.

There are four ecologically important river catchments that contain candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs) under the Habitats Directive in the Lake District National Park located in the North of England. These are the rivers Ehen, Kent, Derwent and Eden. For each cSAC, there are defined ecological criteria that include water quality targets to protect the designated species. Stretches of the riverine cSACs in each catchment are failing to meet these and other water quality targets. The Environment Agency commissioned a study of each catchment to provide the underpinning scientific knowledge to allow it to deliver its statutory obligations under the Habitats Directive. SIMCAT river water quality models were produced and used to predict the water quality impacts resulting from a number of water quality planning scenarios aimed at achieving full compliance with the Habitats Directive and other national and EEC water quality targets. The results indicated that further controls on effluent discharges will allow the majority of targets to be met but other sources of pollution will also need to be controlled. The outcome of the study also recognised that water quality improvements alone will not necessarily produce the required improvement to the ecological interest features in each cSAC.     

东江上游河流水沙分析

分析了东江上游地区河流水沙特性,并阐述了水库的修建和运用对该地区水沙输移的影响。东江上游地区是整个流域泥沙的重要来源区,该地区地表径流主要来自于降水,河流泥沙也主要来自于降水和径流所造成的土壤侵蚀。从长系列看,东江上游地区径流量虽然在不同时期波动较大,但相对稳定,而河流输沙量呈下降趋势。东江上游来水来沙主要集中在每年的汛期,其汛期来水来沙量分别占全年的70%和88%。枫树坝水库和枕头寨水库建成运用,减小了径流量的季节差异,降低了河流流量脉动特性。同时其河流输沙率在枫树坝水库和枕头寨水库建成以及枕头寨水库调整后分别下降了30%和50%。近年来,东江下游进行的大规模无序采沙,其采砂量已经远大于上游来沙量。在东江流域进行水沙管理时,不仅要采取措施遏制这种无序采沙行动,同时也要进一步研究流域水沙输移问题,以达到维持整个河流系统的水沙平衡。     

A multiobjective model for non-point source pollution control for an off-stream reservoir catchment.

Phosphorus loads from agricultural non-point source pollution (NPSP) significantly degrade reservoir water quality, making adequate control of agricultural NPSP necessary for improving the water quality. Controlling NPSP is generally accomplished using various Best Management Practices (BMPs). The present study applies the Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution (AGNPS) model to simulate NPSP loading and BMP efficiencies and establishes an enhanced multiobjective mixed-integer programming model for NPSP control strategy analyses based on these results. Cost, phosphorus load, sediment load and equity are the four major objectives considered. A case study for the Posan reservoir is presented. Four commonly proposed and applicable BMPs are chosen. Non-inferior solutions obtained using the constraint method and trade-off relationships among different control objectives are described and discussed. Compared with a previously proposed fertilizer control model, results show that the model established herein is more cost-effective and achieves better phosphorus and sediment loading reduction and equity goals. Furthermore, the current model is expected to facilitate decision-making analysis for development of an appropriate cost-sharing program to encourage adoption of appropriate BMPs by farmers.     

Application of HEC-HMS for flood forecasting in Misai and Wan'an catchments in China

The hydrologic model HEC-HMS(Hydrologic Engineering Center,Hydrologic Modeling System),used in combination with the Geospatial Hydrologic Modeling Extension,HEC-GeoHMS,is not a site-specific hydrologic model.Although China has seen the applications of many hydrologic and hydraulic models,HEC-HMS is seldom applied in China,and where it is applied,it is not applied holistically.This paper presents a holistic application of HEC-HMS.Its applicability,capability and suitability for flood forecasting in catchments were examined.The DEMs(digital elevation models)of the study areas were processed using HEC-GeoHMS,an ArcView GIS extension for catchment delineation,terrain pre-processing,and basin processing.The model was calibrated and verified using historical observed data.The determination coefficients and coefficients of agreement for all the flood events were above 0.9,and the relative errors in peak discharges were all within the acceptable range.     

基于水蚀模型WEPP和GIS的高原小流域侵蚀模拟--以延安地区向阳沟小流域为例

根据延安地区向阳沟小流域的资料，利用水蚀模型WEPP结合GIS对该地区的水土侵蚀状况进行模拟。研究首先利用ArcGIS软件由数字高程模型DEM中提取诸如：流域的划分、水流网络等与流域特征相关的数据作为坡面资料；同时应用GIS矢量化向阳沟流域治理措施图作为土地管理资料；然后利用BPCDG程序整理气象资料。最后将上述成果整理后输入WEPP进行模拟。模型的模拟结果表明WEPP能够较为合理的模拟向阳沟小流域的水土侵蚀的发生，同时对应用不同的管理措施降低侵蚀量和径流量给出了定量评价。本研究表明GIS这种先进工具的介入可以很好地为WEPP这种机理模型提供数据，并且使得模拟结果的展示具体、直观、生动。     

Impact of agricultural practices and river catchment characteristics on river and bathing water quality.

The objective was to investigate the potential risk of faecal indicator organism (FIO) bacteriological contamination of river catchments and coastal bathing waters from farm management practices and to develop practices to reduce the risk. A risk assessment on 117 farms was carried out in two river catchments in south-west Scotland. Manure storage facilities, farming practices, field conditions and catchment characteristics were assessed. River samples at 33 locations were regularly taken and analysed for FIOs. Available manure storage capacity and farm management practices are inadequate on a high proportion of farms and FIO contamination of watercourses was likely the result of effluent transported into watercourses due to non-collection or poor containment. In addition, surface run-off or leaching following land application of manure or intensive stocking in adverse conditions was a high risk on up to 50% of farms. The concentrations of FIOs in the streams of two sub-catchments with high livestock intensity was 4 to 8 times higher compared to the two sub-catchments which had a low livestock intensity. The majority of potential risks of agricultural pollution to watercourses may be eliminated through improved manure and dirty water management, forward planning of manure spreading activities and improved operational procedures.     

Impacts of rainfall and catchment characteristics on bioretention cell performance

Although many studies have evaluated the impacts of bioretention cell(BRC)design elements on hydrologic performance,few have investigated the roles played by site characteristics and rainfall patterns.The objectives of this study were to assess the impacts of rainfall and catchments with different characteristics on the hydr-ologic performance of BRCs and identify important factors in sizing bioretention when hydrologic performance was oriented for the design using a modeling approach.A 10-year record of rainfall data was used to identify the frequency and magnitude of rainfall events.The results showed that although the small and medium rainfall events were dominant they contributed less to the total rainfall depth than the large rainfall events.The ratio of runoff coefficient to imperviousness can be used as an indicator to explain why BRCs perform differently with the same design strategy under the same rainfall events.Rainfall patterns had significant impacts on the hydrologic performance of BRCs by influencing the overflow and underdrain flow.BRCs performed better for rainfall events with a longer duration and lower rainfall intensity because they generated smoother runoff processes into the BRCs.On the basis of these results,the runoff coefficient is suggested for BRC surface design.     

HEC-HMS模型次洪模拟的参数敏感性分析及应用

采用修正的Morris筛选法对HEC-HMS模型进行参数敏感性分析,并对晋江流域1972-1979的实测数据进行参数率定及验证,建立晋江流域洪水模拟分布式模型.研究表明:模型的敏感性主要参数为CN、K、初损、流域滞时;单峰的洪水模型效率系数在0.8以上,峰现误差在3h以内,多峰的洪水效率系数在0.6以下,显示HEC-HMS模型对晋江流域单峰洪水适应性很好.     

九畹溪崩塌堆积体塌岸预测及对涌浪的影响分析

三峡水库蓄水后库区涉水崩塌堆积体前缘会产生新的塌岸,进而对崩塌堆积体涌浪产生影响。为科学预测塌岸对崩塌堆积体涌浪灾害的影响,以三峡库区九畹溪崩塌堆积体为研究对象,通过工程地质调查,查明了其塌岸类型及其特征;运用岸坡结构法预测了崩塌堆积体的塌岸范围;采用改进条分法计算了塌岸前后崩塌堆积体运动速度;运用潘家铮法预测了塌岸前后九畹溪崩塌堆积体产生涌浪的初始高度,并对崩塌堆积体涌浪对岸点爬高进行了计算和对比。研究表明,三峡水库蓄水会导致九畹溪崩塌堆积体塌岸加剧,塌岸后崩塌堆积体初始涌浪高度及对岸点涌浪爬高会大幅度降低,表明塌岸减小了涌浪灾害的危害。     

金沙江流域径流特征及变化趋势分析

采用金沙江干流上、中、下游各主要水文站多年径流系列资料,分析计算了各站径流的极值比、变差系数、径流年内分配不均匀系数、集中度和集中期等反映径流年际年内变化情况的特征值。同时应用Mann-Kendall法分析检验了金沙江流域的径流长期变化趋势。研究成果表明,金沙江流域径流量的年际变化不大,上游较中下游的变化稍大,径流年内分配十分不均,上游较之中下游更不均匀;自20世纪50年代以来,在置信水平值为0.05时,金沙江干流各主要水文站的年径流系列检验值均没有突破临界值,这表明年径流系列没有显著的上升或下降趋势。