Cation exchange capacity and buffering capacity of neutral-detergent fibres

Dietary fibre buffers the gastrointestinal tract via the inherent buffering capacity of the specific fibre matrix, the quantity of cell wall ingested and the stimulatory effect of cell wall on rumination and/or salivation. The strong bonding of Cu²⁺ ions for carboxy groups permits their use in estimating the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of both pectinaceous materials and pectin-free cell wall fractions. The CEC values observed emphasise the different cation exchange capacities of the various plant cell wall components. Cellulose has a relatively low exchange capacity while lignin and Maillard products have a much greater adsorption. Emphasis is placed on the difficulty in utilising gravimetric determinations to interpret physicochemical effects as well as the diversity of plant sources in terms of gastrointestinal buffering.     

In vitro digestion of fresh alfalfa under different conditions of ruminal pH

BACKGROUND: Relatively low ruminal pH values have been frequently registered in dairy cows grazing alfalfa, which can be involved in reducing feed digestion. An in vitro experiment was carried out to study the effect of ruminal pH (6.4, 6.1, 5.8 and 5.5) on the digestion of fresh alfalfa. RESULTS: Decreasing the pH, in vitro gas production (ivGP) decreased (P < 0.05). The lowest ivGP was registered at pH 5.5 and it was product of a higher lag time and a lower digestion rate. Dry matter disappearance (DMD) was not affected by pH at 48 h (P > 0.05). Neutral detergent disappearance (NDFD) at 48 h decreased below pH 6.1. The NDFD was reduced by 62% at pH 5.5 with respect to results at pH 6.4 and 6.1 (where the highest DMD and NDFD were observed). CONCLUSION: As expected, low rumen pH decreased alfalfa digestion. However, limits to ruminal digestion activity differed from those usually proposed for TMR diets. It is apparent that different relationships between rumen pH and NDFD exist when cows graze fresh alfalfa or grasses. Moreover, our results suggest the convenience to complement the data obtained through ivGP, DMD and NDFD. While ivGP and DMD seem to be more useful at early digestion times, NDFD may be a good predictor of final digestion. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Iron decreases the antioxidant capacity of red wine under conditions of in vitro digestion

The hypothesis that iron and phenolics interact in the lumen during digestion and, consequently, decrease the antioxidant capacity of phenolics, was investigated in vitro. Mixtures of red wine, iron, and three dietary factors that may reduce or chelate iron in the lumen, namely ascorbic acid, meat and casein, were subjected to a simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The process involved incubation of samples for 4.5 h at 37 °C, at different pHs, in the presence of peptic enzymes and fractionation of digests through a dialysis membrane. Antioxidant capacity (FRAP assay), iron concentration (ferrozine assay) and total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteau assay) were measured in the in vitro digests. Iron decreased the antioxidant capacity and the total phenolic concentration of red wine. Ascorbic acid increased, while meat and casein decreased, the antioxidant capacity of red wine. Based on these results, it was concluded that protein and iron interact with red wine phenolics during the in vitro digestion and decrease their antioxidant capacity, supporting the initial hypothesis.     

微波加热下美拉德反应条件的优化研究

探讨用均匀设计安排含有定性因素的实验,即将定性因素定量化。运用虚拟变量讨论不同种类的氨基酸、糖、反应液在微波加热下对美拉德反应的影响。结果表明,脯氨酸-葡萄糖-甘油是较好的反应物的选择。     

Quality changes in 12% moisture content canola stored in silo bags under Canadian Prairie conditions

A study was conducted for two storage years (2011–12 and 2013–14) to determine the changes in grain quality while storing 12% moisture content (m.c., wet basis) canola seeds in silo bags under Canadian Prairie conditions. Canola seeds were stored in three silo bags (67 tonnes per bag) and unloaded at three different times (one bag at a time) which represent 20 weeks of storage (unloaded in late winter), 28 weeks of storage (unloaded in spring) and 40 weeks of storage (unloaded after summer storage). Canola seed quality parameters (germination, free fatty acid value (FAV), and moisture content), and intergranular composition (CO₂ and O₂ levels) at different locations in silo bags were analysed every two weeks. Temperature of canola seeds at various locations in the silo bag was recorded every 30 min. The germination of canola seeds at most parts of the silo bags stayed above a safe level up to late winter (20 weeks of storage). At the top layer of the silo bags, germination of canola seeds decreased to below 30% during summer storage (after 40 weeks of storage). Moisture content of canola seeds increased at the top layer in both storage years. The FAV values remained at safe levels until 20 weeks of storage, and increased more than two times the initial values after summer storage. The commercial grades after first, second and third unloading (after 20, 28 and 40 weeks of storage) were Grade 1, Grade 2 and Feed Grade, respectively, in year 1. Whereas for year 2, these were Grade 1, Grade 1 and Grade 2 after first, second and third unloading, respectively. The grain quality analysis and commercial grading results indicated that ambient temperature had a major role in quality of canola during storage.     

Quality and biochemical changes of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour cv. Daw) fruit under different controlled atmosphere conditions

Sulphur dioxide has been used to control pericarp browning in longan fruit. However, due to health and regulatory concerns, alternative treatments should be tested. The objective of this study was to find the tolerance levels of longan fruit to low O₂ (2%, 5%, 10% and 15%) and elevated CO₂ (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) at 2 °C. According to the tolerance study, controlled atmospheres (CA) of 5% O₂ + 5% CO₂, 5% O₂ + 10% CO₂ and 5% O₂ + 15% CO₂ were compared with normal air (control) at 2 °C. Pericarp browning and decay incidence of longan were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in control than all the CA treatments. CA storage reduced polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, maintained L* value and slowed down a decrease in total phenolic contents (TPC). Pericarp browning was highly correlated with PPO, L* and TPC.     

Structural consequences of dry heating on Beta-Lactoglobulin under controlled pH

Heating in dry state has gained a lot of interest in pharmaceutical and food industries for viral and microbial decontamination of thermo sensible products. Controlled dry heating has now become a common industrial process for improving the functional properties of food proteins. Besides this improvement, chemical modifications in protein structures involving degradation of amino acids, new intra or inter-molecular disulfide bonds, isopeptide bonds, and some other links may occur. These chemical modifications are favored by severe heating under neutral or alkaline conditions, and except disulfide interchanges, are usually not predominant during heat treatments in solution and their occurrence is not well understood. Understanding chemical modifications in protein structure that occur during dry heating of protein powders is a prerequisite for reproducible properties of final products at industrial scale. In the present work, we focused on how dry heating under acidic pH conditions affects the chemical modifications and denaturation/aggregation reactions of whey proteins. Model whey protein (β-lactoglobulin) powders obtained from freeze drying of protein concentrates adjusted to pHs 2.5 & 6.5 were adjusted to a fixed water activity (Aw 0.23). The samples were dry heated at 100 °C for up to 24 hours and structural modifications induced during dry heating were followed. We showed that whatever the pH value, proteins were characterized by irreversible mass losses of 18 Da. Such mass losses were increased at lower pH value. Dry heating mainly generated small aggregates (dimers and oligomers). Strikingly, at pH 2.5 intermolecular disulfide bonds were the only crosslinks between proteins in the aggregated forms while covalent crosslinks other than disulfide bonds also participated at pH 6.5. β-Lactoglobulin hydrolysis was also detected at pH 2.5 and some of the peptides were incorporated in the oligomers. These results underline that chemical modifications in protein structures induced by dry heating are highly pH dependent. Hence, strict control of pH conditions for dry heating is indispensable to give reproducible functionality in products where such modified proteins are incorporated as ingredient.     

Volatile compounds and oxidative stability of Pinus halepensis Mill. seed oil under heating conditions

Heating conditions of Pinus halepensis seed oil were monitored to evaluate the effect of thermo‐oxidation processes on the bioactive compounds contained in the samples. The following parameters were monitored: ultra violet absorption at 232 and 270 nm, fatty acid composition, oxidative stability, antiradical activity and aromatic profiles. Under thermo‐oxidation process, trans fatty acids (TFA) increased and conjugated linoleic acid isomers appeared. The antiradical activity significantly decreased from 73.3% to 52.5% after 120 min of heating. Oxidative stability decreased (r = ?0.70). The volatile profile was heavily influenced by heating with the formation of new volatile compounds, such as the two isomers (E,Z)‐2,4‐decadienal and (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal. α‐pinene, and the main terpene compound was very vulnerable to heating conditions. Despite its peculiar pleasant aroma and nutritional value, the P. halepensis seed oil should not be used for cooking. Indeed, under frying conditions, its antioxidant properties and oxidative stability are lost and potential toxic compounds, such as TFA and unsaturated aldehydes, are formed.     

热处理大豆球蛋白的体外消化稳定性

为了有效评估大豆球蛋白抗原性变化,对热处理后的大豆球蛋白进行体外模拟消化实验,考察其体外消化稳定性。首先采用碱溶酸沉法从脱脂大豆粉中提取大豆球蛋白,然后将其经400 MPa超高静压处理15 min后进行加热(70、90、110、130℃)处理20 min,然后进行体外模拟消化实验,采用SDS-PAGE、邻苯二甲醛(OPA)法和间接竞争酶联免疫(ELISA)法研究消化过程中大豆球蛋白的蛋白质分子质量、水解度和抗原性的变化。结果表明:经体外模拟消化实验后,与未处理样品相比,不同温度热处理后大豆球蛋白的蛋白质条带逐渐变浅,生成更多的小分子蛋白;在胃消化过程中,未处理和热处理大豆球蛋白的水解度逐渐增强,在肠消化过程中,经过90、110、130℃热处理的大豆球蛋白水解度总体先增加后降低;与未处理的大豆球蛋白相比,热处理大豆球蛋白经过胃肠消化后抗原抑制率显著下降,最低可从87%降至4%。大豆球蛋白经过热处理,通过胃肠消化后可显著降低其抗原性。     

Lens parameter changes under in vitro and ex vivo conditions and their effect on the conjunctiva

PurposeTo quantify changes in contact lens parameters induced by lens wear and determine whether these changes are associated with contact lens-induced conjunctival staining (CLICS).MethodsIn vitro: Lens diameter, sag, edge shape, base curve of six contact lens brands (balafilcon, comfilcon, etafilcon, lotrafilcon B, omafilcon and senofilcon) measured at 21 °C and 35 °C (eye temperature). Ex vivo: Diameter of lenses collected from a prospective, randomised, contra-lateral, cross-over clinical trial from 36 subjects wearing all lens types for 1 week daily wear, measured in 35 °C PBS after removal. Ocular surface was examined for lens-induced conjunctival staining by masked examiner.ResultsIn vitro: Changes in diameter and base curve outside ISO tolerance were found with etafilcon A and omafilcon A. Ex vivo: Comfilcon A and etafilcon A had greatest shrinkage in diameter (0.18 mm) and base curve (0.11 mm steeper) with temperature increase from 21 °C to 35 °C. Senofilcon A, lotrafilcon B and balafilcon A maintained most stable parameters between 21 °C and 35 °C. Changes in diameter and base curve from lens wear were not correlated with CLICS (p > 0.49). Multivariate analysis showed significantly greater levels of lens induced staining were associated with lens modulus (p < 0.001) and knife (p < 0.001) and chisel (p < 0.001) edge shapes.ConclusionsParameter changes induced by lens wear were associated with increasing temperature, but these changes in lens diameter and base curve did not induce CLICS. Modulus and edge shape were associated with increased CLICS. The susceptibility of etafilcon A and omafilcon A lenses to parameter changes might be related to their high water content.     

Changes during heating in chemical composition and in-vitro digestion of four commodities

The effects of duration of heating on the composition and digestibility of whole cotton seed, almond hulls, whole pressed safflower seed and alfalfa were studied. The four commodities were heated at 125°C from 0 to 120 h. Nitrogen and ash values were relatively stable across commodities and heating times. However, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, in-vitro neutral detergent fibre remaining after 48 h fermentation and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen increased hyperbolically, approaching a relatively constant value at long heating times for all commodities. The sensitivity of each commodity to heat damage was different, and the rate that each analysis value approached a relatively constant value differed across commodities. In general, alfalfa was the most sensitive and whole cotton seed the least sensitive for a given nutrient change with heating time. Also the amount of neutral detergent fibre digested approached a relatively constant value at longer heating times for whole cotton seed, whole pressed safflower seed and alfalfa while approaching zero for almond hulls. Prior analysis of an unheated commodity is necessary to utilise compositional analyses to determine heat damage.     

葡萄籽低聚原花青素体外抗氧化活性研究

以实验室分离纯化得到的葡萄籽低聚原花青素为研究对象,水溶性维生素E和维生素C为对照,分别考察葡萄籽低聚原花青素对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、超氧阴离子自由基（O2-·）的清除能力以及铁离子还原能力（FRAP）。结果表明,葡萄籽低聚原花青素对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基以及超氧阴离子自由基具有较高的清除能力,IC50值分别为23.52 μg/mL、51.38 μg/mL和684.46 μg/mL,具有较高的还原能力,且均优于对照水溶性维生素E。与维生素C相比,原花青素对ABTS自由基的清除能力以及还原能力均优于维生素C,两者DPPH自由基的清除能力相当,原花青素和水溶性维生素E在极低质量浓度（0.05～1.00 μg/mL）范围内,对超氧自由基具有清除能力,清除率为30%～40%,随着质量浓度的增加,维生素C的超氧阴离子自由基清除能力优于葡萄籽低聚原花青素。     

In vitro antioxidative and antigenotoxic capacity of wheat aleurone extracted with solvents

This study investigated the antioxidant and antigenotoxic ability of different wheat aleurone (WA) extracts. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), which was the highest in the aleurone ethanol extract (AEE) and the lowest in the acetone extract (AAE), was highly correlated with total polyphenol content (r=0.897, p<0.01). DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest in AAE followed by AEE and the aleurone methanol extract (AME). The ABTS^·+ quenching properties of the WA extracts were similar to their DPPH radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, WA extracts had a protective effect against oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in both human leukocytes and HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells. This inhibitory activity was attributed to their unique phytochemical content, with a strong correlation between DPPH radical scavenging activity and inhibition of DNA damage (r=0.779, p<0.01 at 10 ∝g/mL AAE). Therefore, WA might be a promising component of future nutraceuticals or value-added products.     

调理草鱼片在不同加热方式下的品质变化

目的 比较不同加热方式下调理草鱼片的品质变化。方法 对比不同加热方式(水浴、汽蒸、油炸和微波)处理后调理草鱼片的感官、水分含量、烹饪损失率、色度值、质构、微观结构和挥发性风味物质的变化。结果 水浴和油炸加热对调理草鱼片的感官评价显著高于其他加热方式(P<0.05);水浴加热和汽蒸加热更有利于提升亮度值;汽蒸加热后的水分含量显著高于其他组别(P<0.05);不同加热方式对调理草鱼片的蒸煮损失率影响显著(P<0.05);水浴和汽蒸加热后的硬度显著低于其他组别(P<0.05);汽蒸加热后的调理草鱼片纤维组织紧致清晰,与对照组更为相近;共检测出86种挥发性风味物质,其中醛类、醇类、酮类和酸类为调理草鱼片的主要挥发性风味物质,汽蒸加热后的主要挥发性风味物质在种类和数量上优于其他加热方式。结论 不同加热方式后的调理鱼片品质差异明显,汽蒸加热更有利于调理草鱼片的加热。     

天然多糖对烟草保润效果的影响及动力学研究

以添加蒸馏水和丙二醇的烟丝为对照,比较具有代表性的微生物多糖和海藻多糖在烟丝中的热力学保润效果,并选取3种常见的烟丝动力学模型对烟丝的吸湿和解吸过程进行拟合。结果表明,海带多糖及螺旋藻多糖的保润效果优于丙二醇;Page模型拟合效果最好。根据保润指数综合考虑热力学与动力学因素,螺旋藻多糖、海带多糖和猴头菇多糖具有较优的保润效果。低场核磁表明,与添加蒸馏水和丙二醇的烟丝相比,添加3种较优保润剂的烟丝化学结合水含量大幅增加,烟丝中的水分更不易失去。     

Dynamics of the particle moisture distribution during storage of wheat under laboratory and pilot-scale conditions

To predict the storability of grain, detailed information is required on the moisture distribution within the grain bulk since a significant variance can be expected in the moisture content between individual grain kernels during storage. Therefore, it is important to consider and determine the single kernel moisture content distribution. The aim of this work was to investigate mass transfer processes that occur during long-term and intermediate storage of grain. For it, the method of particle moisture distribution analysis by means of the Time Domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy was used. For this purpose, fundamental laboratory-scale experiments were conducted in small storage containers. As these storage experiments revealed, the width of the particle moisture distribution decreased noticeably when there was enough air available in the container for moisture exchange. Thereafter, the storage experiments were extended to pilot-scale using barrels to store grain for months in the scope of about 90 kg per batch. These experiments were performed without ventilation so as to simulate dead zones of airflow that often occur under industrial-scale flat storage conditions. In the closed barrels, no equalization of the particle moisture content was observed even after eleven months of storage. The knowledge gained from the experiments conducted at the micro and meso levels facilitates the understanding of the mass transfer processes that occur during macro scale storage, which are difficult to examine as an entity.     

Thermal stability of corn oil flavoured with Thymus capitatus under heating and deep-frying conditions

BACKGROUND: The thermal stability of corn oil flavoured with thyme flowers was determined and compared with that of the original refined corn oil (control). The oxidative stability index (OSI) was measured and samples were exposed to heating (30 min at 150, 180 and 200 °C) and deep‐frying (180 °C). Changes in peroxide value (PV), free fatty acid (FFA) content, specific absorptivity values (K₂₃₂ and K₂₇₀), colour and chlorophyll, carotenoid and total phenol contents were monitored. RESULTS: The OSI and heating results showed that thyme incorporation was effective against thermal oxidation based on the increased induction time observed for the flavoured oil (6.48 vs 4.36 h), which was characterised by lower PV, FFA content, K₂₃₂ and K₂₇₀ than the control oil after heating from 25 to 200 °C, with higher red and yellow colour intensities and chlorophyll, carotenoid and total phenol contents. The deep‐frying test showed the accelerated deterioration of both oils in the presence of French fries. CONCLUSION: Compared with the control oil, the thyme‐flavoured oil showed improved thermal stability after heating. This could be attributed to the presence of thyme pigments and antioxidant compounds allowing extended oil thermal resistance. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

香蕉在不同冻结条件下的品质变化

探讨了香蕉分别经复合护色剂和热烫预处理后其在不同冻结温度分别为(-15、-25、-35、-45、-55、-70℃)条件下的冻结状态及其品质变化。复合护色剂与热烫预处理相比,随着冻结温度下降,香蕉在冻结过程其可溶性固形物、L值、p H值变化趋势及对细胞组织结构保护效果均优于热烫处理,结合光学显微镜观察香蕉组织切片,-35、-45、-55、-70℃时,冻结温度对香蕉细胞机械破坏程度无明显差异,综合考虑设备、成本等因素,采用复合护色剂预处理和-35℃温度条件冻结较适宜。     

Effects of iron,ascorbate, meat and casein on the antioxidant capacity of green tea under conditions of in vitro digestion

The hypothesis that interactions of dietary polyphenols with dietary iron occur during digestion and result in a decrease of the post-absorptive antioxidant properties of polyphenols was investigated. The hypothesis was tested in vitro, under conditions that simulate gastrointestinal digestion. Mixtures of green tea, iron, and three dietary factors that modify the form of iron in the lumen, namely ascorbic acid, meat or casein, were subjected to an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Antioxidant capacity (FRAP assay), iron concentration (ferrozine assay) and polyphenol concentration (Folin–Ciocalteau assay) were measured in the in vitro digests. The presence of iron decreased the antioxidant capacity and the polyphenol concentration of green tea digests. The presence of ascorbic acid increased, while meat and casein decreased the antioxidant capacity of green tea. The factorial analysis of the data suggests that protein and iron interact with green tea polyphenols during the in vitro digestion and decrease their antioxidant capacity. These results support the aforementioned hypothesis.