异构分层无线网络中基于业务和逗留时间的动态流量均衡算法

在异构分层无线网络中使用有效的流量均衡技术,可以给更多的移动用户提供服务。现有的流量均衡算法主要针对同种无线网络,因而不能直接用于异构无线网络。本文提出了一种适用于异构无线网络的基于业务和逗留时间的动态流量均衡算法,该算法首先根据移动模型计算移动用户在小区内的逗留时间,然后基于小区呼叫到达率和重叠覆盖小区的流量状态来确定一个周期内转移的非实时性呼叫数量,最后依据逗留时间门限值将重负载小区中满足条件的呼叫转移到轻负载的重叠覆盖小区中。为降低切换呼叫掉线率,还对异构网间的呼叫切换策略做了改进。仿真实验结果表明．本算法在新呼叫阻寒率和切换呼叫掉线率等性能指标上比传统方法有显著提高．     

无线多媒体网络中一种基于测量网络状态的动态呼叫接纳控制算法

提出了一种无线多媒体网络中基于测量网络状态的动态呼叫接纳控制算法.它区分了实时和非实时业务,在网络带宽资源不足时可通过降低非实时业务带宽确保实时业务呼叫连接的可靠性;还可根据当前网络状况调整预留带宽大小,使小区实时业务切换呼叫掉线率低于设定的门限值.大量仿真结果显示该算法具有低实时业务切换呼叫掉线率和与固定预留方案相当的带宽利用率,而只以略高的新呼叫阻塞率为代价,适合各种不同概率发生时实际应用的情况.     

综合业务系统中切换呼叫损失概率的计算方法

准确、快速地得出通信系统中的呼叫损失概率是实现实时呼叫接入控制的前提。该文提出一种新的无线综合业务系统信道预留策略,基于该策略给出在给定系统小区的信道数、预留信道数、新呼叫与切换呼叫负荷以及接入控制策略前提下,能快速、准确地计算新呼叫及切换呼叫的呼叫损失概率的方法。仿真结果与算法得到的结果是相符的。     

分层蜂窝网络中基于移动速度、方向的流量均衡

在异构无线网络中,使用有效的流量均衡可以服务更多的移动用户。文章为异构分层无线网络提出了一种基于移动速度、方向和位置的流量均衡算法,其原理是选择逗留时间较长的移动用户执行垂直切换,从负载较重的小区转移到负载较轻的重叠覆盖小区。同时,快速切换呼叫在一定条件下可以接入到微小区,慢速切换呼叫也可以切换进入宏小区。仿真实验结果表明,该算法改善了新呼叫阻塞率和切换呼叫掉线率等方面的性能。     

基于多业务的移动通信系统呼叫接入控制

针对在可移动边界保护信道方法中新呼叫堵塞率高的问题,提出一种呼叫接入控制策略。当切换呼叫的掉话率小于门限时,新呼叫以一定的概率使用为切换呼叫预留的保护信道。当高优先级数据等待队列中的数据包为空时,传输普通数据等待队列中的数据包。仿真结果表明,在对切换呼叫掉话率影响较小的前提下,该策略能够有效降低新呼叫的堵塞率和高优先级数据的掉包率。     

LEO卫星中模拟实时通信量确保保护信道的分配

由于LEO（Low Earth Orbit）卫星网络中不断变化的点波束小区实时通信量负载无法估计,提出了一种根据系统仿真过程中当前通信量状态优化动态保护信道算法（ODGCS）。该分配策略引入呼叫间隔时间和切换呼叫中断间隔时间来获悉系统的实时性能状态,由仿真中通信量状态预测当前系统切换呼叫的中断概率,根据比较计算的呼叫中断概率和预先设定的QoS（Quality of Service）值,动态调整预留给切换呼叫使用的保护信道数。仿真结果表明,与传统的静态预留保护信道的算法相比,该算法能有效提高LEO卫星系统的性能稳定性。在负载较轻时,ODGCS算法保证切换呼叫QoS的同时,降低了新呼叫阻塞概率。     

基于马尔科夫链的联合呼叫接入控制算法

异构网络的接入策略与网络资源管理效率紧密相关;同时,网络复杂性与网络资源竞争性直接影响到用户服务质量。针对异构网络接入控制存在的切换掉话率和呼叫阻塞率高、资源利用率低等问题,提出了基于马尔科夫链的联合呼叫接入控制算法。接入控制算法为切换呼叫业务、实时业务动态地预留了一定的带宽资源,根据不同业务设置带宽降级因子来决定是否释放带宽;同时,根据用户偏好和不同业务的QoS要求,构建了呼叫接入控制效用函数,利用马尔科夫链进行了建模分析。仿真表明,算法提高了网络资源利用率,降低了系统复杂度,满足了各类业务的QoS要求。     

WLAN与蜂窝混合网络有效的信道切换策略

针对无线局域网WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network)与蜂窝混合网络,提出一种具有抢占蜂窝网络信道的切换策略。当使用蜂窝信道的终端移入WLAN覆盖区域时,只有在该终端所使用的信道被抢占时,该机制才进行垂直切换以减少因切换造成的时延与丢包;建立了该切换策略的三维马尔可夫模型,分析了WLAN网络的终端数、蜂窝信道的利用率、信道接入请求阻塞率、信道抢占率与信道被抢占率的性能。详细的仿真结果证明了提出的模型的有效性,当WLAN覆盖面积比例为0.2时,信道抢占概率最大;当终端移动速度达到100km/h时,信道被抢占的概率是移动速度为20km/h的3倍;提出的信道切换策略与随机切换策略相比,显著地降低了业务的丢包率与传输时延。     

一种新的基于多业务的移动通信系统切换策略

针对目前移动通信系统大部分信道切换策略中新呼叫阻塞率高的问题,提出了一种新的呼叫延迟切换策略,该策略是让即将占用最后一个空闲信道的新呼叫短暂延迟后再占用空闲信道,切换呼叫则直接占用空闲信道,缩短了信道被全部占用的时间,增加了新呼叫和切换呼叫占用信道的机会。该策略同时考虑了数据业务之间的优先级,只有当高优先级数据队列中的数据包为空时,低优先级队列中的数据包才能够占用信道。给出了切换呼叫掉话率、新呼叫阻塞率及数据包掉包率的理论公式。与预留信道策略和可移动边界策略的对比表明,新策略既提高了新呼叫进入系统的概率,又有效降低了切换呼叫的掉话率,同时也减少了高优先级数据的掉包率。     

一种实际移动模型下的双向溢出CAC研究

在异构分层无线网络中,移动模型和呼叫溢出有着重要的作用。首先建立并分析了一个符合实际城区的移动模型,然后对慢速和快速呼叫双向溢出接入控制技术进行了改进,使快速呼叫接入微小区和慢速呼叫返回宏小区更加合理。最后以建立的移动模型为基础对各种呼叫溢出方案进行了仿真实验,结果显示改进的呼叫溢出接入控制方案可以显著降低快速呼叫的阻塞概率和掉线率,而且整个异构系统的信道利用率也得到提高。     

Application of support vector machines to bandwidth reservation in sectored cellular communications

Many mechanisms based on bandwidth reservation have been proposed in the literature to decrease connection dropping probability for handoffs in cellular communications. The handoff events occur at a much higher rate in sectored cellular networks than in traditional cellular systems. An efficient bandwidth reservation mechanism for the neighboring cells is therefore critical in the process of handoff during the connection of multimedia calls to avoid the unwillingly forced termination and waste of limited bandwidth in the sectored cellular communications, particularly when the handoff traffic is heavy. In this paper, a self-adaptive bandwidth reservation scheme, which adopts support vector machines technique, is proposed to reduce the forced termination probability. Meanwhile, a channel-borrowing technique is used to decrease the new call-blocking probability of real-time traffic. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve superior performance than the representative bandwidth-reserving schemes in sectored cellular networks in the literature when performance metrics are measured in terms of the forced termination probability and the new call- blocking probability.     

Traffic simulation in urban cellular networks of Manhattan type

A theoretical study of traffic in cellular networks usually requires long and complex calculations. For this reason, simulation appears to be a practical alternative for analyzing traffic in mobile radio systems. This paper presents a traffic simulator for urban cellular networks of Manhattan type. The model implemented includes network organization, distinct consumers, and a classification process for frequency assignment. Several simulations have been realized in order to measure network performances in different situations. Different channel assignment techniques that are both fixed and dynamic, including those that are with or without channel reservation for handoffs are compared. The results of this traffic simulator comparison confirm the efficiency of this study tool for traffic in cellular systems used in an urban environment.     

Optimization model for handoff-aware channel assignment problem for multi-radio wireless mesh networks

Optimal channel assignment (CA) in multi-radio wireless mesh networks is an NP-hard problem for which solutions usually leave several links interfering. Most of these solutions usually consider the overall throughput as the main optimization objective. However, other objectives have to be considered in order to provide better quality wireless connections to non stationary users. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective optimization model that, besides maximizing throughput, improves fairness and handoff experience of mesh clients. In this model, we use the Jain’s index to maximize users’ fairness and we allow same-channel assignments to links involved in the same high handoff traffic, thus reducing handoff-triggered re-routing characterized by its high latency. Then, we propose a centralized variable neighborhood search and a Tabu search heuristics to efficiently solve our model as an offline CA process. Moreover, in order to adapt to traffic dynamics caused especially by user handoffs, we propose an online CA scheme that carefully re-assigns channels to interfaces with the purpose of continuously minimizing the re-routing overhead/latency during user handoffs. We further improve this online scheme using load balancing. Simulation results show the good performance of our proposed approach in terms of delay, loss rate, overall throughput and fairness. Particularly, performance results of our online handoff-aware CA show the effectiveness of handoffs not involving path re-routing in decreasing the delay, especially when considering load balancing.     

On the impact of soft handoff in cellular systems

We present a model for soft handoff in wireless cellular networks. In such networks, due to overlapping cells, handoffs are not instantaneous and multiple channels may be occupied by a single mobile for a non-zero freeze time period.We provide a mathematical model of wireless cellular networks with soft handoffs. We examine different performance measures and show that freeze time may have a major impact on the system performance if the mobility rate is not negligible. Both exact and approximate formulations are given. Different fixed-point approximation methods are used to reduce the complexity of the exact solution. Various performance measures such as new and handoff blocking and probability of a call dropout are carefully examined.     

Real-time transport of MPEG video with a statistically guaranteedloss ratio in ATM networks

Unlike deterministic real-time communication in which excessive resources may be required for “absolute” performance guarantees, statistical real-time communication seeks to achieve both probabilistic performance guarantees and efficient resource sharing. This paper presents a framework for statistical real-time communication in ATM networks, providing delay-guaranteed transport of MPEG-coded video traffic with a statistically-guaranteed cell-loss ratio. Delay-guaranteed communication is achieved with a modified version of Traffic-Controlled Rate-Monotonic Priority Scheduling (TCRM). A set of statistical real-time channels that share similar traffic characteristics are multiplexed into a common macrochannel. Those statistical real-time channels which are multiplexed together share the resources of a macrochannel, and individual statistical real-time channels are given timeliness and probabilistic cell-loss guarantees. A macrochannel is serviced by the modified TCRM which improves link utilization and makes channel management simpler. Based on the analysis of an M/D/1/N queueing system, we propose a procedure for determining the transmission capacity of a macrochannel necessary to statistically guarantee a cell-loss ratio bound. Our extensive trace-driven simulation has shown the superiority of the proposed framework to the other approaches. The overall cell-loss ratios for multihop statistical real-time channels are shown to be smaller than the predetermined bounds, thus verifying our analytical results     

基于探测的多信道无线网状网机会路由算法

多信道无线网状网的性能在很大程度上依赖于信道分配和路由选择.现有的多信道无线网状网路由大多没有考虑信道之间的干扰问题,从而导致通信性能下降.针对这一问题,提出一种基于探测的多信道无线网状网机会路由(POR)算法.首先,根据干扰能量,选出最佳通信信道集来降低信道间的传榆干扰.在此基础上,采用探测方式计算路径期望传输时延,确定候选链路集并运用机会路由机制进行数据传输以最小化端到端的传输时延.实验结果表明,POR可以显著地降低平均端到端时延,提高数据包投递率,为数据传输提供实时性和可靠性保证.     

适合于移动多媒体网络的呼叫接纳控制算法

移动多媒体网络应该能够同时支持传统的数据业务和实时交互式多媒体业务,并能够为用户提供QoS保证.在无线移动网中提供QoS保证,呼叫接纳控制扮演着重要的角色.通过对呼叫接纳算法中资源预留方案进行了分析总结,提出了一种适合于移动多媒体网络的自适应呼叫接纳控制算法.     

Modelling and performance evaluation of the IEEE 802.11 DCF for real-time control

Popular wireless networks, such as IEEE 802.11/15/16, are not designed for real-time applications. Thus, supporting real-time quality of service (QoS) in wireless real-time control is challenging. This paper adopts the widely used IEEE 802.11, with the focus on its distributed coordination function (DCF), for soft-real-time control systems. The concept of the critical real-time traffic condition is introduced to characterize the marginal satisfaction of real-time requirements. Then, mathematical models are developed to describe the dynamics of DCF based real-time control networks with periodic traffic, a unique feature of control systems. Performance indices such as throughput and packet delay are evaluated using the developed models, particularly under the critical real-time traffic condition. Finally, the proposed modelling is applied to traffic rate control for cross-layer networked control system design.     

Scheduling of wireless control networks based on IEEE 802.15.4 networks: Mixed traffic environment

This paper describes a scheduling method of wireless control networks for factory automation using IEEE 802.15.4 networks. The superframe of IEEE 802.15.4 is used for the transmission of real-time mixed data for wireless control systems. The schedulability of real-time data is defined, and scheduling algorithms are proposed for the efficient transmission of real-time mixed traffic. Simulation results show enhancements in the average network utilization and packet drop rate for real-time data.