2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH∗︁) test demonstrates antiradical activity of Dorstenia psilurus and Dorstenia ciliata plant extracts

Plants of the Dorstenia genus, used in traditional medicine and as food ingredient in Africa, are rich in polyphenolic compounds which can be involved in prevention of disease and food spoilage through their antioxidant activity. The antiradical activities of extracts of Dorstenia psilurus, D. ciliata and a phenolic compound (6‐prenylapigenin) from D. ciliata were evaluated with the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH??) test. D. psilurus chloroform and D. ciliata ethyl acetate extracts were shown to exhibit antiradical activities, with slow kinetic action. The efficient concentrations at different kinetic times “EC₅₀, t” for the D. ciliata extract: 699, 479, 311 and 251 g/kg after 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively, were always much lower than for the D. psilurus extract: 2341, 2312, 1672 and 1281 g/kg at the same times. The antiradical activity of 6‐prenylapigenin was weak compared to the extracts. These results suggest the antioxidant activities of Dorstenia extracts and might help to understand their traditional use. We propose “EC₅₀, t”, calculated on the curves obtained with DPPH?? test, as a parameter to screen and compare antiradical activities of plant extracts with slow kinetic behaviour.     

水生蔬菜提取物的抗氧化活性分析及其对菜籽油的抗氧化作用

研究七种常见水生蔬菜不同部位提取物的抗氧化活性以及对油脂抗氧化的效果。采用ABTS自由基清除法、DPPH自由基清除法检测菱角、芡实、莲藕、水芋头、茭白、荸荠和慈姑不同部位的醇提物、水提物的抗氧化活性,烘箱法测定对菜籽油过氧化值的影响。在30种提取物中DPPH自由基清除能力较强的三种提取物IC50值分别为:芡实壳醇提物(0.03 mg/mL)芡实壳水提物(0.04mg/m L)=菱角壳醇提物(0.04mg/m L);ABTS自由基清除能力较强的三种提取物Trolox含量分别为芡实壳醇提物(1.42g/g)芡实壳水提物(1.41 g/g)菱角壳醇提物(1.15 g/g);添加0.1%浓度的五种提取物第7 d的POV值分别为23.86 meq/kg、24.06 meq/kg、23.53meq/kg、24.43 meq/kg、22.40 meq/kg,五种提取物的油脂抗氧化效果均不如0.1%浓度的BHA。30种水生蔬菜提取物中,芡实壳和菱角壳的醇提物、水提物DPPH自由基清除能力最强,芡实壳醇提物、水提物ABTS自由基清除能力最强;芡实壳水提物、芡实壳醇提物、菱角壳水提物、菱角壳醇提物以及藕节醇提物对菜籽油有一定抗氧化的效果,但效果弱于相同剂量的BHA。     

覆盆子不同极性溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性比较

为比较覆盆子不同极性溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性,分别用正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、去离子水、50％乙醇和石油醚进行萃取,测定各提取物总多酚和总黄酮的含量,并通过清除DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、羟基自由基和总还原能力4种体系对其体外抗氧化活性进行评价.结果显示,乙酸乙酯提取物中总多酚含量最高,50％乙醇提取物中总黄酮含量最高...     

几种竹叶醇提物体外抗氧化活性的对比

采用乙醇提取慈竹、苦竹、四季竹中的有效成分并检测其总黄酮和总蛋白含量,通过测定提取物的DPPH自由基清除能力、还原能力、抑制β-胡萝卜素漂白能力和抑制脂质过氧化能力,比较不同竹叶的抗氧化活性。结果表明:醇提物总蛋白含量大小依次为:苦竹慈竹四季竹,总黄酮含量大小依次为:慈竹苦竹四季竹。苦竹的DPPH清除能力(IC_(50)=1.53 mg/mL)最强,慈竹的还原能力(IC_(50)=0.55 mg/mL)和抑制脂质过氧化能力(IC_(50)=0.04 mg/mL)最强。三种竹叶DPPH自由基清除率IC_(50)值范围为1.53～2.71mg/mL,还原能力IC_(50)值范围为0.55～0.97 mg/mL,β-胡萝卜素漂白抑制作用IC_(50)值范围为0.78～0.98 mg/mL,脂质过氧化抑制作用IC_(50)值范围为0.04～0.12 mg/mL。三种竹叶乙醇提取物均具有较好的抗氧化活性,可作为抗氧化剂、防腐保鲜剂或功能性食品添加剂应用于食品工业中。     

托盘根不同溶剂萃取物的活性成分及其体外抗氧化活性

采用溶剂萃取法对托盘根水提物中的活性物质进行萃取,并测定不同溶剂萃取物中总黄酮、总皂苷和总酚酸的含量,运用DPPH、ABTS和超氧阴离子等体外抗氧化活性模型,研究托盘根不同溶剂萃取物的体外抗氧化活性。结果显示,托盘根正丁醇萃取物中总黄酮、总皂苷、总酚酸含量分别为5.06%、7.41%、6.18%,高于氯仿萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物。体外抗氧化活性实验表明,乙酸乙酯萃取物清除DPPH和超氧阴离子的作用最强,IC₅₀分别为94.64 μg/mL和50 μg/mL。正丁醇萃取物清除ABTS的作用最强,IC₅₀值为66.43 μg/mL。结论:托盘根提取物中含有黄酮类、皂苷类、酚酸类成分,氯仿萃取物、乙酸乙酯萃取物和正丁醇萃取物具有较好的体外抗氧化活性,为进一步开发托盘根为天然抗氧化剂或健康食品提供理论基础。     

Phenolic and antioxidant potential of olive oil mill wastes

Olive oil mill waste was subjected to conventional liquid solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction using different solvents and carbon dioxide, respectively. The optimum solvent extraction conditions of phenols were 180 min using ethanol, at a solvent to sample ratio 5:1 v/w, and at pH 2. Solvent and SFE extracts were tested for their antioxidant activity by the DPPH radical scavenging method and by determination of peroxide value on virgin olive oil and sunflower oil. The ethanol extract exhibited the highest antiradical activity, and no correlation was found between antiradical activity and phenol content. The SFE extract exerted good antioxidant capacity although its phenolic yield was not quite high. Moreover, the ethanol extract appeared to be a stronger antioxidant than BHT, ascorbyl palmitate and vitamin E by the Rancimat method on sunflower oil. HPLC analysis of the extracts showed that the predominant phenolic compound was hydroxytyrosol. Various phenolic acids and flavonoids were also identified.     

DPPH自由基比色法测定番石榴叶提取物抗氧化活性的研究

本文用2,2-联苯-1-三硝基苯肼(DPPH·)比色法测定了番石榴叶(PsidiumguajavaL.)的抗氧化活性,并使用了三个不同参数抑制率、EC50和AE来评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,浓度越高,番石榴叶提取物清除自由基的能力越强,其中AE是表示抗氧化活性的最有效的能数。本研究表明番石榴叶提取物是一种有效的、有开发价值的天然抗氧化剂。     

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities on Foodborne Pathogens of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Moraceae) Leaves Extracts

Abstract: Total water extract, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions from the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus were evaluated for phenolic content, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities against some foodborne pathogens such as E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enterica, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of extract and fractions determined by the agar dilution method were ranged from 221.9 μg/mL for ethyl acetate fraction to 488.1 μg/mL for total extract. In the agar diffusion method the diameters of inhibition were 12.2 for the total extract, 10.7 and 11.5 for ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions, respectively. A. heterophyllus showed significant antioxidant activity tested in different in vitro systems (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Fe²⁺ chelating activity assay). In particular, in DPPH assay A. heterophyllus total extract exhibited a strong antiradical activity with an IC₅₀ value of 73.5 μg/mL while aqueous fraction exerted the highest activity in FRAP assay (IC₅₀ value of 72.0 μg/mL). The total phenols content by Folin–Ciocalteau method was determined with the purpose of testing its relationship with the antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Practical Application: The appearance of food is one of the major determinants of its appeal to consumers and consequently, sales of the product. Microbial contamination and lipid oxidation are the main factors that determine food quality loss and shelf-life reduction. Therefore, preventing microbial contamination and delaying lipid oxidation are highly relevant to food processors. The growth of microorganisms in food products may cause spoilage or foodborne diseases. Oxidative processes in food products lead to the degradation of lipids and proteins which, in turn, contribute to the deterioration in flavor, texture, and color of the products. A. heterophyllus leaves extracts demonstrated interesting biological properties that suggest its use as a new potential source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.     

Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of Myrtus communis L. berries extracts

Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) berries extracts were prepared with solvents at different polarity (water, ethanol, and ethyl acetate) and analysed using different in vitro tests in order to evaluate their antioxidant properties. Antiradical and total antioxidant activities were measured with DPPH and FRAP tests, respectively. Their ability to protect biological molecules was assessed using the cholesterol and LDL oxidation assays. In addition, phenolic compounds and unsaturated fatty acids composition was analysed by HPLC–DAD and HPLC–MS/MS. Ethanol and water extracts showed the highest amount of extracted compounds, but the highest antiradical and antioxidant activities were found in ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts. These extracts were also the ones with the highest content of phenolic compounds. In addition, our results showed a highly significant correlation between the amount of total phenols and antiradical (R² = 0.9993) or antioxidant activities (R² = 0.9985) in these extracts. HPLC–DAD and HPLC–MS analyses showed significant quantitative and qualitative differences among these three extracts. The ethyl acetate extract had the highest protective effect in assays of thermal (140 °C) cholesterol degradation and Cu²⁺-mediated LDL oxidation, inhibiting the reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, and the increase of their oxidative products. These results suggest that because of these properties, myrtle berries could be used in dietary supplements preparations or as food additives.     

Solvent effects on phenolic contents and biological activities of the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum leaves

Limoniastrum monopetalum is a traditional medicinal species which leaf infusion exhibits antidysenteric properties against infectious diseases. In this study, ten kinds of leaf extracts were used to examine the effect of extraction solvent system with varying polarities on polyphenol contents and DPPH scavenging activity. Then the superoxide scavenging activity and the reducing power of the most promising solvent extracts were evaluated too. Moreover, the efficiency of the best leaf extract has been investigated against pathogenic bacteria and yeast. Eventually leaf extract was hydrolyzed by acid and the phenolics identified by RP-HPLC. Results showed that phenolic contents and antioxidant activities varied considerably as function of solvent polarity. Leaf extract using pure methanol showed the highest polyphenol content (15.85 mg GAE/g DW). Moreover, antiradical capacities against DPPH and superoxide, and reducing power were maxima in acetone/water (8:2) of leaf extract. However, the latter showed a slight antimicrobial activity against human pathogen strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Candida holmii. The HPLC analysis revealed several phenolic compounds in L. monopetalum leaf including vanillic and gallic acids as major phenolics. Our findings identified the appropriate solvent for extracting halophyte phenolics which might provide a rich and novel source of natural antioxidants as food additives replacing synthetic ones in food industry.     

ANTIRADICAL EFFICIENCY OF TEA COMPONENTS

Tea contains antioxidant compounds, such as (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), gallic acid and caffeine. The antioxidant activity of these compounds as well as 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid (the major metabolite of caffeine) was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The antiradical ability according to the EC₅₀ was EGCG > ECG > EGC > gallic acid > EC > BHT > 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid > caffeine. The time for these compounds to reach the steady state was considered, and the concept of antioxidant efficiency (AE₅₀) involving the EC₅₀ and the time to reach the steady state was used to evaluate the antiradical efficacy. The order of antiradical efficiency according to AE₅₀ was ECG gallic acid > EGCG > EC > EGC > BHT > 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid > caffeine.     

POTENTIAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF MARINE RED ALGA GRATELOUPIA FILICINA EXTRACTS

Grateloupia filicina is an important alga cultivated as a source of food in Korea and Japan. In order to examine its potential antioxidant activity, crude extracts of G. filicina were evaluated for their effect on scavenging of reactive oxygen species (DPPH, H, H₂O₂ and O₂) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The activities of these extracts were compared with those of commercial antioxidants such as BHA, BHT and α-tocopherol. The methanolic extract (2 mg/mL) of G. filicina scavenged 82% of DPPH radicals which is almost three times higher than that of BHT. The same methanolic extract scavenged 65% of superoxide onion which is almost two times higher than that of BHT and α-tocopherol. In contrast, the extracts in chloroform and carbon tetrachloride inhibited lipid peroxidation more effectively than all commercial antioxidants tested in a linoleic acid model system.     

Effects of γ-irradiation on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and color of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ecklonia cava</Emphasis>

Ecklonia cava (EC) was irradiated with γ-rays at doses of 3, 7, and 20 kGy. The extraction yields, total polyphenol content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, antimicrobial activity, and color of the EC extracts were assessed. The results showed that irradiation caused an increase in the extraction yields of ethanol and water. TPC was found to be significantly increased when EC powder was subjected to irradiation, followed by ethanol and water extraction. However, DPPH radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities were stable under all irradiation conditions. In the heat and pH stability tests, the DPPH radical scavenging activities of EC ethanol extracts were not influenced by irradiation. Irradiation caused an increase in the lightness and redness of EC extracts and decreased the yellowness. In conclusion, γ-irradiation increased the extraction yield and TPC and brightened the color, while maintaining the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.     

Antioxidant activity,anthocyanins, and phenolics of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) by-products as affected by fermentation

Basic blueberry processing includes juice processing or winemaking. By-products obtained from the juice and wine industry can be a source of new value-added products such as phenolic antioxidant supplements or ingredients for food processing. The phenolic compositions of products and by-products (pomaces) depend mainly on processing techniques such as duration of skin contact, crushing, pressing, and others. The present study was to evaluate the effects of fermentation type on retention of total anthocyanins, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity of blueberry by-products. Total phenolics (TPH), total anthocyanins (ACY), antioxidant activities (β-carotene bleaching assay and ferric thiocyanate assay), and antiradical activity (DPPH radical-scavenging assay) of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) by-products (juice, wine, and vinegar pomaces) were determined. The wine pomace (WP) had higher TPH, antioxidant activities and antiradical activity. Vinegar pomace (VP) had the lowest ACY, TPH, antiradical activity, and antioxidant activities. The results indicate that the antioxidant and antiradical activities of blueberry by-products were not significantly affected by the wine making process. Acetification significantly decreased TPH, ACY, antioxidant activities, and antiradical activity. However, VP still maintained an important phenolics concentration and antioxidant activity.     

抗氧化肽HDHPVC和HEKVC的反应动力学及抗氧化能力评价方法

研究抗氧化肽His-Asp-His-Pro-Val-Cys（HDHPVC）、His-Glu-Lys-Val-Cys（HEKVC）和谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基的反应动力学特性。3 种抗氧化肽的二级反应动力学常数k2、抗氧化还原能力（antiradical power,ARP）及化学计量数等结果表明,其清除DPPH自由基能力的排列顺序为HEKVC＜HDHPVC＜GSH。通过比较3 种抗氧化肽在稳定状态及固定30 min反应时间条件下清除DPPH自由基能力检测方法的差异,发现3 种抗氧化肽均属于慢反应动力学行为,固定30 min反应时间所测得的半数有效浓度（median effective concentration,EC50）比稳态条件下测得值偏大3～5 倍。该研究表明HDHPVC和HEKVC是一种优良的天然抗氧化肽。     

The use of polyphenolic extract,purified hydroxytyrosol and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid from olive mill wastewater for the stabilization of refined oils: a potential alternative to synthetic antioxidants

Ethyl acetate extracts of olive mill waste water (OMWW) were prepared, under in optimal conditions, using a continuous counter-current extraction unit. The antiradical and antioxidant activities of the OMWW extract as well as pure phenolic compounds identified in this extract were evaluated. Results showed that pure hydroxytyrosol and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid had the highest radical-scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and the highest antioxidant activities using the β-carotene linoleate model system.The effect of addition of individual phenolic compounds and OMWW extract to refined olive and husk oils was compared with that of control, BHA and BHT at 50 °C. Unexpectedly, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid had the highest protective effect against oil oxidation. Oils with added 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid had lower PV than oils with added hydroxytyrosol, the most studied powerful antioxidant. Moreover, the addition of OMWW extract, at 500 ppm, resulted in lower PV values than BHA, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, tyrosol on the control.The results suggested that 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, hydroxytyrosol and OMWW extract possess useful antioxidant properties and may be used as alternatives in the search for natural replacement of synthetic antioxidant food additives.     

荔枝核水提物抗氧化和抑菌作用的研究

以荔枝核为原料,经过粉碎,采用传统中药水煎法制备得到荔枝核水提物。通过测定还原能力、总抗氧化能力以及水提物对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苦肼自由基(DPPH.)、羟自由基(.OH)、超养阴离子自由基(O2-.)的清除能力来评价水提物的抗氧化活性。同时,通过侧定抑菌圈直径大小和最小抑菌浓度研究的荔枝核水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果。实验结果表明:荔枝核水提物有较好的抗氧化性,对DPPH.、.OH、O2-.的IC50分别是0.1819mg/mL、16.3652mg/mL、31.6767mg/mL。同时荔枝核水提物表现出一定的还原能力和抗氧化能力。通过抑菌实验,得出荔枝核水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑制效果。当水提物的浓度为3.125%,抑菌圈直径为8.8±0.58mm。荔枝核水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度为6.25%。     

两种真姬菇不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性研究

研究两种真姬菇不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性和多酚含量。制备真姬菇粗提物、正己烷萃取物、乙酸乙酯萃取物、正丁醇萃取物与水萃取物,分析它们的抗氧化活性与测定它们的多酚含量。结果表明:闽真2号正己烷萃取物的总抗氧化能力最好,乙酸乙酯萃取物清除DPPH自由基能力最强,正丁醇萃取物清除ABTS自由基能力最强;闽真3号乙酸乙酯萃取物的总抗氧化能力、清除DPPH与ABTS自由基能力均最好。相关性分析结果表明,真姬菇多酚含量与DPPH自由基清除能力具有一定的相关性。综合考虑抗氧化活性与萃取率,正己烷萃取物与乙酸乙酯萃取物可被作为天然抗氧化剂应用于食品科学领域。     

檀香叶提取物抗氧化及抗菌活性初步研究

研究檀香(Sandalwood)叶不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化及抗菌活性,为檀香叶资源开发利用提供依据。采用4种不同溶剂提取檀香叶中抗氧化、抗菌活性成分;采用清除DPPH自由基方法测定抗氧化活性,采用平板打孔法测定抗菌活性。结果表明:檀香叶80%乙醇、水、乙酸乙酯提取物可以清除DPPH自由基;80%乙醇提取物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌有抗菌作用,但对霉菌、啤酒酵母没有抑菌作用。乙醇提取物经不同温度、不同光照时间处理后,其抗氧化、抗菌活性较稳定。乙醇提取物经不同pH处理后,抗氧化物质在pH6～8范围内稳定,抗菌物质在pH3～7范围内稳定,碱性条件下不稳定。檀香叶乙醇提取物化学成分标识结果表明:檀香叶乙醇提取物中含有多糖、鞣质、黄酮类、酚类物、有机酸以及氨基酸、多肽、蛋白质等成分。结论:80%乙醇、水、乙酸乙酯提取物具有抗氧化活性,其中,80%乙醇提取物抗氧化活性最好。只有80%乙醇提取物具有抗菌活性。     

金丝小枣类黄酮提取最佳条件及抗氧化研究

为研究从金丝小枣中提取类黄酮的最佳方法及该提取物的抗氧化活性,采用四因素三水平正交试验方案,研究水浴法和超声法提取类黄酮的最佳条件,并对这两种条件进行比较。通过测定类黄酮清除1,1-二苯代苦味酰基自由基(DPPH)能力和铁还原能力(FRAP),分析金丝小枣提取物中类黄酮的抗氧化活性。试验结果表明:水浴法:在料液比为1:50的条件下,用60%乙醇70℃提取2.5h,提取2次,类黄酮含量为10.25mg/g;超声法:在料液比为1:40的条件下,用60%乙醇,超声功率400W,提取40min,提取2次,类黄酮含量为11.08mg/g。抗氧化试验表明:金丝小枣类黄酮具有一定的抗氧化能力,其抗氧化活性随浓度的升高而增强。