Nonlinear analysis of concrete-filled thin-walled steel box columns with local buckling effects

Local buckling of steel plates reduces the ultimate loads of concrete-filled thin-walled steel box columns under axial compression. The effects of local buckling have not been considered in advanced analysis methods that lead to the overestimates of the ultimate loads of composite columns and frames. This paper presents a nonlinear fiber element analysis method for predicting the ultimate strengths and behavior of short concrete-filled thin-walled steel box columns with local buckling effects. The fiber element method considers nonlinear constitutive models for confined concrete and structural steel. Effective width formulas for steel plates with geometric imperfections and residual stresses are incorporated in the fiber element analysis program to account for local buckling effects. The progressive local and post-local buckling is simulated by gradually redistributing the normal stresses within the steel plates. Two performance indices are proposed for evaluating the section and ductility performance of concrete-filled steel box columns. The computational technique developed is used to investigate the effects of the width-to-thickness ratios and concrete compressive strengths on the ultimate strength and ductility of concrete-filled steel box columns. It is demonstrated that the nonlinear fiber element method developed predicts well the ultimate loads and behavior of concrete-filled thin-walled steel box columns and can be implemented in advanced analysis programs for the nonlinear analysis of composite frames.     

High strength thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular slender beam-columns,Part II: Behavior

Experimental and numerical research on full-scale high strength thin-walled rectangular steel slender tubes filled with high strength concrete has not been reported in the literature. In a companion paper, a new numerical model was presented that simulates the nonlinear inelastic behavior of uniaxially loaded high strength thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) slender beam-columns with local buckling effects. The progressive local and post-local buckling of thin steel tube walls under stress gradients was incorporated in the numerical model. This paper presents the verification of the numerical model developed and its applications to the investigation into the fundamental behavior of high strength thin-walled CFST slender beam-columns. Experimental ultimate strengths and load-deflection responses of CFST slender beam-columns tested by independent researchers are used to verify the accuracy of the numerical model. The verified numerical model is then utilized to investigate the effects of local buckling, column slenderness ratio, depth-to-thickness ratio, loading eccentricity ratio, concrete compressive strengths and steel yield strengths on the behavior of high strength thin-walled CFST slender beam-columns. It is demonstrated that the numerical model is accurate and efficient for determining the behavior of high strength thin-walled CFST slender beam-columns with local buckling effects. Numerical results presented in this study are useful for the development of composite design codes for high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns.     

High strength thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular slender beam-columns,Part I: Modeling

High strength thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) slender beam-columns under eccentric loading may undergo local and overall buckling. The modeling of the interaction between local and overall buckling is highly complicated. There is relatively little numerical study on the interaction buckling of high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns. This paper presents a new numerical model for simulating the nonlinear inelastic behavior of uniaxially loaded high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns with local buckling effects. The cross-section strengths of CFST beam-columns are modeled using the fiber element method. The progressive local and post-local buckling of thin steel tube walls under stress gradients is simulated by gradually redistributing normal stresses within the steel tube walls. New efficient Müller's method algorithms are developed to iterate the neutral axis depth in the cross-sectional analysis and to adjust the curvature at the columns ends in the axial load–moment interaction strength analysis of a slender beam-column to satisfy equilibrium conditions. Analysis procedures for determining the load–deflection and axial load–moment interaction curves for high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns incorporating progressive local bucking and initial geometric imperfections are presented. The new numerical model developed is shown to be efficient for predicting axial load–deflection and axial load–moment interaction curves for high strength thin-walled rectangular CFST slender beam-columns. The verification of the numerical model and parametric studies is given in a companion paper.     

Performance-based analysis of concrete-filled steel tubular beam-columns, Part I: Theory and algorithms

This paper presents a performance-based analysis (PBA) technique based on fiber element formulations for the nonlinear analysis and performance-based design of thin-walled concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam-columns with local buckling effects. Geometric imperfections, residual stresses and strain hardening of steel tubes and confined concrete models are considered in the PBA technique. Initial local buckling and effective strength/width formulas are incorporated in the PBA program to account for local buckling effects. The progressive local buckling of a thin-walled steel tube filled with concrete is simulated by gradually redistributing normal stresses within the steel tube walls. Performance indices are proposed to quantify the section, axial ductility and curvature ductility performance of thin-walled CFST beam-columns under axial load and biaxial bending. Efficient secant algorithms are developed to iterate the depth and orientation of the neutral axis in a thin-walled CFST beam-column section to satisfy equilibrium conditions. The analysis algorithms for thin-walled CFST beam-columns under axial load and uni- and biaxial bending are presented. The PBA program can efficiently generate axial load-strain curves, moment-curvature curves and axial load-moment strength interaction diagrams for thin-walled CFST beam-columns under biaxial loads. The proposed PBA technique allows the designer to analyze and design thin-walled CFST beam-columns made of compact or non-compact steel tubes with any strength grades and normal and high-strength concrete. The verification and applications of the PBA program are given in a companion paper.     

Strength and ductility of high strength concrete-filled steel tubular beam-columns

The ultimate strength and ductility of high strength thin-walled concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam-columns with local buckling effects, are investigated in this paper, using a performance-based analysis (PBA) technique. The PBA technique accounts for the effects of geometric imperfections, residual stresses, strain hardening, local buckling and concrete confinement on the behavior of high strength thin-walled CFST beam-columns. The accuracy of the PBA technique is further examined by comparisons with experimental results. The PBA program is employed to study the effects of depth-to-thickness ratio, concrete compressive strengths, steel yield strengths and axial load levels on the stiffness, strength and ductility of high strength thin-walled CFST beam-columns under combined axial load and biaxial bending. The results obtained indicate that increasing the depth-to-thickness ratio and axial load levels significantly reduces the stiffness, strength and ductility of CFST beam-columns. Increasing concrete compressive strengths increases the stiffness and strength, but reduces the axial ductility and section performance of CFST beam-columns. Moreover, the steel yield strength has a significant effect on the section and strength performance of CFST beam-columns but does not have a significant effect on their axial and curvature ductility.     

Behavior of biaxially-loaded rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular slender beam-columns with preload effects

In composite construction, rectangular hollow steel tubular slender beam-columns are subjected to preloads arising from construction loads and permanent loads of the upper floors before infilling of the wet concrete. The behavior of biaxially loaded thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) slender beam-columns with preloads on the steel tubes has not been studied experimentally and numerically. In this paper, a fiber element model developed for CFST slender beam-columns with preload effects is briefly described and verified by existing experimental results of uniaxially loaded CFST columns with preload effects. The fiber element model is used to investigate the behavior of biaxially loaded rectangular CFST slender beam-columns accounting for the effects of preloads and local buckling. Parameters examined include local buckling, preload ratio, loading angle, depth-to-thickness ratio, column slenderness, loading eccentricity and steel yield strength. The results obtained indicate that the preloads on the steel tubes significantly reduce the stiffness and strength of CFST slender beam-columns with a maximum strength reduction of more than 15.8%. Based on the parametric studies, a design model is proposed for axially loaded rectangular CFST columns with preload effects. The fiber element and design models proposed allow for the structural designer to efficiently analyze and design CFST slender beam-columns subjected to preloads from the upper floors of a high-rise composite building during construction.     

Performance-based analysis of concrete-filled steel tubular beam–columns,Part II: Verification and applications

The theory and algorithms of a performance-based analysis (PBA) technique for the nonlinear analysis and performance-based design of thin-walled concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam–columns with local buckling effects were presented in a companion paper. Initial local buckling and effective strength/width formulas for steel plates are incorporated in the PBA program to account for local buckling effects. Performance indices are used in the PBA program to quantify the section, axial ductility and curvature ductility performance of thin-walled CFST beam–columns. This paper presents the verification and applications of the PBA program developed. The axial load–strain curves, ultimate axial loads and moment–curvature curves for thin-walled CFST columns predicted by the PBA program are verified by experimental data. The PBA program is then utilized to investigate the effects of local buckling, depth-to-thickness ratio, concrete compressive strengths, steel yield strengths and axial load levels on the stiffness, strength and ductility performance of thin-walled CFST beam–columns under axial load and biaxial bending. The PBA technique developed is shown to be efficient and accurate and can be used directly in the performance-based design of thin-walled CFST beam–columns and implemented in advanced analysis programs for composite columns and frames.     

Biaxially loaded high-strength concrete-filled steel tubular slender beam-columns,Part I: Multiscale simulation

The steel tube walls of a biaxially loaded thin-walled rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) slender beam-column may be subjected to compressive stress gradients. Local buckling of the steel tube walls under stress gradients, which significantly reduces the stiffness and strength of a CFST beam-column, needs to be considered in the inelastic analysis of the slender beam-column. Existing numerical models that do not consider local buckling effects may overestimate the ultimate strengths of thin-walled CFST slender beam-columns under biaxial loads. This paper presents a new multiscale numerical model for simulating the structural performance of biaxially loaded high-strength rectangular CFST slender beam-columns accounting for progressive local buckling, initial geometric imperfections, high strength materials and second order effects. The inelastic behavior of column cross-sections is modeled at the mesoscale level using the accurate fiber element method. Macroscale models are developed to simulate the load-deflection responses and strength envelopes of thin-walled CFST slender beam-columns. New computational algorithms based on the Müller's method are developed to iteratively adjust the depth and orientation of the neutral axis and the curvature at the column's ends to obtain nonlinear solutions. Steel and concrete contribution ratios and strength reduction factor are proposed for evaluating the performance of CFST slender beam-columns. Computational algorithms developed are shown to be an accurate and efficient computer simulation and design tool for biaxially loaded high-strength thin-walled CFST slender beam-columns. The verification of the multiscale numerical model and parametric study are presented in a companion paper.     

单侧受限波形钢板轴压弹性屈曲分析

将波形钢板应用于钢管混凝土结构中,可以提高钢板的抗弯刚度,以防止高强钢管混凝土结构中钢板屈服前发生弹性局部屈曲.基于正交薄板理论,假定波形钢板的非荷载边为弹性转动约束,利用伽辽金法对单侧受限波形钢板单向受压屈曲荷载公式进行了推导,并给出了两种特殊边界条件下的简化计算公式.计算结果表明:对于四边简支和四边嵌固板,该方法与...     

薄壁钢管混凝土梁-柱的钢板局部屈曲分析

高强钢和混凝土的应用,使得薄钢板开始应用在填充混凝土的钢管梁柱中。然而,在组合梁柱中薄钢板的应用可能会增加局部屈曲,这将减弱这些构件的强度和延性性能。通过有限元分析方法,分析了在填充混凝土的薄壁钢管梁-柱中钢板的临界局部屈曲和局部屈曲后性能。运用几何和材料非线性分析来研究在压力和平面内弯曲作用下钢板中的临界局部和后张局部屈曲强度。非线性分析中考虑了钢板的初始几何缺陷和残余应力,材料屈服和应变硬化。基于非线性有限元分析结果,本文提出一组设计公式,以确定这种组合梁柱的临界局部屈曲和钢板的极限强度。此外,还提出在不均匀压力作用下,钢板极限强度设计中有效宽度的计算公式。这一组设计公式可以直接用于组合梁-柱的设计和考虑局部屈曲作用后的薄壁钢管混凝土梁-柱分析。     

Local buckling of steel plates in rectangular CFT columns with binding bars

This paper presents a theoretical study on the elastic local buckling of steel plates in rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) columns with binding bars under axial compression. It is assumed that the unloaded edges of the steel plate are elastically restrained against rotation, whereas the loaded edges are clamped. Based on the energy method, the formulas for elastic local buckling strength of the steel plate in rectangular CFT columns under axial compression are derived, which are calibrated with the experimental results. Then the formulas are employed to study the elastic local buckling of steel plates in rectangular CFT columns with binding bars under axial compression. It is shown that the binding bars can increase the local buckling coefficient, which results in improvement of the capacity of the steel plate to resist local buckling. Finally, appropriate spacing of binding bars, appropriate limitation for aspect ratio and corresponding appropriate limitation for width-thickness ratio are suggested for rectangular CFT columns with binding bars under axial compression.     

Nonlinear analysis of circular concrete-filled steel tubular short columns under eccentric loading

This paper presents an effective theoretical model for the nonlinear inelastic analysis of circular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) short columns under eccentric loading. Accurate material constitutive relationships for normal and high strength concrete confined by either normal or high strength circular steel tubes are incorporated in the theoretical model to account for confinement effects that increase both the strength and ductility of concrete. The predicted ultimate bending strengths and complete moment-curvature responses of circular CFST columns under eccentric loading are compared with existing experimental results to examine the accuracy of the theoretical model developed. The fundamental behavior of circular CFST beam-columns with various diameter-to-thickness ratios, concrete compressive strengths, steel yield strengths, axial load levels and sectional shapes is studied using the verified theoretical model. Based on extensive numerical studies, a new design model for determining the ultimate pure bending strengths of circular CFST beam-columns is proposed. The theoretical model and formulas developed are shown to be effective simulation and design tools for the nonlinear inelastic behavior of circular CFST beam-columns under eccentric loading.     

Experimental research on mechanical behavior of concrete-filled thin-walled stiffened square steel tubular short column under axial load

为研究带肋薄壁方钢管混凝土轴压短柱的受力性能,以钢管宽厚比、加劲肋宽度和加劲肋个数为参数,对26个薄壁方钢管混凝土短柱进行了试验研究。研究结果表明：对于无肋试件,在达到承载力以前管壁已经发生鼓曲,且试件宽厚比越大,鼓曲越早发生,鼓曲部位的钢管截面越早退出工作,没有发挥出钢管混凝土的优势。设置加劲肋后薄壁方钢管混凝土短柱的受力性能得到明显改善,钢管壁的局部鼓曲得以延缓,材料强度得到了充分利用,试件承载力提高。当试件宽厚比为60、80时,加劲肋宽度对试件承载力影响最明显,加劲肋宽度越大,承载力越高,增加加劲肋个数对试件承载力影响不大;而当试件宽厚比为100时,设置单个加劲肋已不能满足对管壁局部屈曲的抗弯刚度要求,必须增加加劲肋的个数以增加约束钢管变形的支撑点,减小管壁局部屈曲的波长,提高试件局部屈曲的临界荷载。同时利用ABAQUS有限元计算软件对薄壁带肋方钢管混凝土轴压短柱的受力全过程进行了模拟,并将试验结果与有限元模拟结果进行了对比,两者吻合良好,为下一步分析奠定基础。     

Compression tests of high strength cold-formed steel channels with buckling interaction

This paper describes a series of compression tests conducted on cold-formed simple lipped channels and lipped channels with intermediate stiffeners in the flanges and web fabricated from high strength steel plate of thickness 0.6 and 0.8 mm with the nominal yield stress 560 MPa. A range of lengths of lipped channel sections were tested to failure with both ends of the column fixed with a special capping to prevent local failure of column ends and influence from the shift of centroid during testing. The high strength cold-formed steel channel sections of intermediate lengths generally displayed a significant interaction between local and distortional buckling. A noticeable interaction between local and overall buckling was also observed for the long columns. A significant post-buckling strength reserve was shown for those sections that showed interaction between local and distortional or overall buckling. Simple design strength formulas in the Direct Strength Method for the thin-walled cold-formed steel sections failing in the mixed mode of local and distortional buckling have been studied. The strengths predicted by the strength formulas proposed are compared with the test results for verification.     

Compression tests of longitudinally stiffened plates undergoing distortional buckling

This paper describes a series of compression tests performed on longitudinally stiffened plates fabricated from a mild steel plate of thickness of 4.0 mm with nominal yield stress of 235.0 MPa. The stiffened plates with longitudinal stiffeners of a range of rigidities were tested to failure. The ultimate strengths and performances of the longitudinally stiffened plates in compression undergoing distortional buckling or interaction between local and distortional buckling were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The compression tests indicated that the critical buckling mode was dependent mainly on the rigidity of the longitudinal stiffeners and the width-to-thickness ratio of the sub-panels. A noticeable interaction between local and distortional buckling was also observed for some stiffened plates. A significant post-buckling strength reserve was shown for those sections with distortional buckling and for those sections showing interaction between local and distortional buckling. A limiting strength curve for distortional buckling of longitudinally stiffened plates was studied. Simple design strength formulas in the direct strength method are proposed to account for the distortional buckling and the interaction between local and distortional buckling of longitudinally stiffened plates. The strength curves were compared with the test and FE results conducted. The adequacy of the strength curve was confirmed. A set of conclusions on the buckling behavior of longitudinally stiffened plates was drawn from the experimental studies.     

Nonlinear analysis of short concrete-filled steel tubular beam-columns under axial load and biaxial bending

This paper presents a nonlinear fiber element analysis method for determining the axial load-moment strength interaction diagrams for short concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam-columns under axial load and biaxial bending. Nonlinear constitutive models for confined concrete and structural steel are considered in the fiber element analysis. Efficient secant algorithms are developed to iterate the depth and orientation of the neutral axis in a composite section to satisfy equilibrium conditions. The accuracy of the fiber element analysis program is verified by comparisons of fiber analysis results with experimental data and existing solutions. The fiber element analysis program developed is employed to study the effects of steel ratios, concrete compressive strengths and steel yield strengths on axial load-moment interaction diagrams and the C-ratio of CFST beam-columns. The proposed fiber element analysis technique is shown to be efficient and accurate and can be used directly in the design of CFST beam-columns and implemented in advanced analysis programs for the nonlinear analysis of composite columns and frames.     

Local buckling and post-local buckling redistribution of stress in slender plates and sections

Cold-formed open steel sections are comprised of component plates termed stiffened elements (webs) and unstiffened elements (flanges). The local buckling and post-local buckling behaviour of sections may be determined from the behaviour of the component plates. Much research effort has documented the theoretical elastic local buckling of plates and sections, however until recently few experimental studies have been reported on the local buckling and post-local buckling behaviour of unstiffened plates. This paper presents experimental and numerical studies of unstiffened plates and sections that contain them in both compression and bending, and in particular analyses the mechanism that provides post-buckling strength. It is shown that, as with stiffened elements, the mechanism is the post-local buckling redistribution of stress, however unlike stiffened elements this redistribution can occur to such an extent that tensile stresses commonly form in axially compressed slender elements. The stress distributions at ultimate are compared with current international cold-formed steel specifications.     

方形钢管混凝土钢管壁弹性屈曲分析

对方形钢管混凝土钢管壁局部屈曲行为进行弹性分析,推导钢管壁发生局部屈曲时的屈曲系数、屈曲半波长及临界屈曲应力表达式,并与局部屈曲试验研究成果进行比较,提出更为合理的计算公式,为后续的进一步研究打下基础.     

方形钢管混凝土钢管壁弹性屈曲分析

对方形钢管混凝土钢管壁局部屈曲行为进行弹性分析,推导钢管壁发生局部屈曲时的屈曲系数、屈曲半波长及临界屈曲应力表达式,并与局部屈曲试验研究成果进行比较,提出更为合理的计算公式,为后续的进一步研究打下基础。     

冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢轴压构件畸变与局部相关屈曲试验研究

对卷边尺寸不同的两类腹板中间设置加劲卷边槽形截面,共18个冷弯薄壁型钢固支轴压试件进行畸变屈曲与局部屈曲相关作用的静力试验研究。得到试件的屈曲模式、相关屈曲行为、破坏模式以及极限荷载。试验结果表明：畸变屈曲与局部屈曲的耦合相关对试件的变形和极限荷载有不利作用;畸变屈曲与局部屈曲的耦合相关作用存有较大的屈曲后承载力;畸变屈曲与局部屈曲的耦合相关顺序,即畸变屈曲 局部屈曲耦合相关、局部屈曲 畸变屈曲耦合相关,对试件的变形、非线性平衡路径、破坏模式以及极限荷载的影响有所不同。采用ABAQUS有限元软件对试件进行模拟分析,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。