高频超声技术用于陶瓷零部件的无损评价和寿命预测

设计复合制作了工作频率在20～100MHz的纵波、横波以及曲面超声换能器．以延迟块直接耦合的方式对陶瓷零部件进行声参数和缺陷尺度的超声技术检测.以纵波（对气孔较灵敏）和横波（适于检测裂纹）换能器交替使用提高了可信度．在广泛检测的基础上,建立AVN（距离、波幅、当量）关系曲线,供作缺陷尺度的查判之用.基于无损的检测结果,根据断裂力学的基本原理,对陶瓷零部件作质量评价和级别判断以及取／舍裁决．     

活性填料铬在取碳硅烷裂解陶瓷中的应用

研究了活性填料铬（Ｃｒ）在聚碳硅烷（ＰＣＳ）先驱体裂解陶瓷中的应用。研究表明,活性填料Ｃｒ能有效降低陶瓷素坯的气孔率。Ｃｒ可与ＰＣＳ气态裂解产物和Ｎ２气氛反应生成新的化合物,可明显提高ＰＣＳ的陶瓷产率。当Ｃｒ／ＰＣＳ为３５％ｖｏｌ时,坯体的陶瓷产率为１００％。在先驱体中引入Ｃｒ能有效地抑制坯体在裂解过程中的收缩。Ｃｒ含量越高,素坯裂解后的收缩越小。当Ｃｒ／ＰＣＳ为４６％ｖｏｌ时,素坯在裂解前后线收     

活性填料钼在聚碳硅熔转化陶瓷中的应用

研究了活性填料钼（Mo）在聚碳硅烷（PCS）先驱体转化陶瓷中的应用。研究表明,活性填料Mo能有效降低陶瓷素坯的气孔率。Mo可与PCS气态裂解碳氢产物、游离碳和N2气氛反应生成新的化合物,可明显提高PCS的陶瓷产率。当Mo/PCS为25％（vol)时,坯体的陶瓷产率为100％。Mo还有能效地提高烧成体的强度。     

超高压成型制备Y-TZP纳米陶瓷

研究了用超高压成型制备Ｙ－ＴＺＰ纳米陶瓷的新方法．通过采用新的成型方法,在５０００吨六面顶压机上实现了高达３ＧＰａ的超高压成型,获得相对密度达６０％的３ｍｏｌ％Ｙ_２Ｏ_３－ＺｒＯ_２陶瓷素坯,比在４５０ＭＰａ下冷等静压成型所得素坯的密度高出１３％．这种超高压成型所得素坯具有极佳的烧结性能,可在１０５０～１１００℃下经无压烧结致密化．研究表明,这种素坯烧结性能好的主要原因是素坯的相对密度比较高,从而大大增加了物质的迁移通道．由于烧结温度极低,有利于制备ＺｒＯ_２晶粒尺寸＜１００ｎｍ的纳米陶瓷。在１０５０℃／５ｈ的条件下,可烧结得到相对密度达 ９９％以上的 Ｙ－ＴＺＰ纳米陶瓷,平均晶粒仅为 ８０ｎｍ．     

高精度复杂形状碳化硅陶瓷制备工艺研究

研究了一种复杂形状碳化硅陶瓷制品制备工艺—陶瓷素坯加工工艺(GCM,Green ceramic machining).采用凝胶注成型工艺制备出简单形状碳化硅陶瓷素坯,通过数控机床对素坯陶瓷进行三维加工.研究了凝胶注模成型碳化硅陶瓷素坯强度以及显微结构,并对其加工性能(钻孔、挖槽)以及加工工艺参数进行的研究,优化了加工工艺参数并制备出了复杂形状的高精度碳化硅陶瓷制品.     

活性填料钽在聚碳硅烷转化陶瓷中的应用

研究了活性填料坦（Ta)在聚碳硅烷（PCS）先驱体转化陶瓷中的应用。研究表明,活性填料Ta能有效降低陶瓷素坯的气孔率。Ta可与PCS气态裂解产物N2气氛反应生成新的化合物,提高PCS的陶瓷产率。Ta还能提高烧成体的强度。但是Ta的引入并不能抑制坯体在裂解过程中的收缩。Ta含量越高,陶瓷烧成体的线收缩越大。     

活性填料铬在聚碳硅烷裂解陶瓷中的应用

研究了活性填料铬 (Cr)在聚碳硅烷 (PCS)先驱体裂解陶瓷中的应用。研究表明 ,活性填料 Cr能有效降低陶瓷素坯的气孔率。 Cr可与 PCS气态裂解产物和 N2 气氛反应生成新的化合物 ,可明显提高 PCS的陶瓷产率。当 Cr/ PCS为 3 5% vol时 ,坯体的陶瓷产率为 1 0 0 %。在先驱体中引入 Cr能有效地抑制坯体在裂解过程中的收缩。Cr含量越高 ,素坯裂解后的收缩越小。当 Cr/PCS为 4 6% vol时 ,素坯在裂解前后线收缩率为 0 ;由于生成产物的体积效应较大 ,以及与 Si C热膨胀系数的不匹配性 ,导致陶瓷烧成体强度有所下降。用 X-衍射法 (XRD)分析了烧成产物的物相组成 ,扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)观察了陶瓷烧成体的断口形貌。     

注浆胶凝法陶瓷成型工艺

利用一种含钙和铝的复合盐类，使高固相含量的硅酸盐泥浆原位凝固，实现了不用多孔吸水性模具注浆成型。用这种注浆胶凝法工艺成型出各种陶瓷素坯，如陶瓷肥皂盒、陶瓷薄板、厚块、螺纹等。此工艺制备的素坯强度略低于用传统注浆成浆成型所产生的素坯的强度，而干燥收缩略大于传统的素坯。     

活性填料钼在聚碳硅烷转化陶瓷中的应用

研究了活性填料钼(Mo)在聚碳硅烷(PCS)先驱体转化陶瓷中的应用.研究表明,活性填料Mo能有效降低陶瓷素坯的气孔率.Mo可与PCS气态裂解碳氢产物、游离碳和N2气氛反应生成新的化合物,可明显提高PCS的陶瓷产率.当Mo/PCS为25%(vol)时, 坯体的陶瓷产率为100%.Mo还能有效地提高烧成体的强度.     

不同成型方法对纳米Y-TZP陶瓷烧结性能的影响

用低温强碱法并掺入稳定剂Y2O3制成了纳米ZrO2（3Y）粉体,室温条件下用钢模和橡胶模具,在不同压力下把这些粉体进行成型压成素坯,然后在常压下于1000℃、1100℃、1200℃和1300℃四个温度中烧结。结果显示,由于橡胶模具成型的素坯受力均匀,烧结效果较钢模具优越,烧结的素坯体具有相对密度大、显微结构致密、气孔率低、显微硬度高的优点。采用400MPa橡胶等静压成型（RIP）方法,可在1300℃烧结出相对密度达到98％的优质纳米陶瓷。     

电容式微加工超声传感器(cMUT)的结构设计及仿真

与传统的压电传感器相比,电容式微加工超声传感器(cMUT)性能优良,有着广泛的应用前景．为此．介绍了cMUT的基本结构和工作原理,并提出了一种新型结构．利用有限元分析软件ANSYS对这种结构进行模态分析．得到其共振频率和一阶振动图;利用ANSYS的耦合场分析模块和参数化设计语言(APDL),对结构进行力电耦合仿真,获得其直流偏压和作为发射器时所需的交流电压值．分析结果表明,所设计的结构符合设计要求．     

Effect of diamond nucleation process on propagation losses of AlN/diamond SAW filter

In this work, the effect of a diamond nucleation process on freestanding aluminium nitride (AlN)/diamond surface acoustic wave (SAW) device performances was studied. Before diamond deposition, silicon (Si) substrates have been mechanically nucleated, using an ultrasonic vibration table with submicron diamond slurry, and bias-enhanced nucleated (BEN). Freestanding diamond layers obtained on mechanically scratched Si substrates exhibit a surface roughness of R(MS) = 13 nm, whereas very low surface roughness (as low as R(MS) < or = 1 nm) can be achieved on a freestanding BEN diamond layer. Propagation losses have been measured as a function of the operating frequency for the two nucleation techniques. Dispersion curves of phase velocities and electromechanical coupling coefficient (K2) were determined experimentally and by calculation as a function of normalized thickness AlN film (kh(AlN) = 2pi h(AlN)/lambda). Experimental results show that the propagation losses strongly depend on the nucleation technique, and that these losses are weakly increased with frequency when the BEN technique is used.     

Properties of transverse ultrasonic transducers of ferroelectricpolymers working in thickness shear modes

Shear piezoelectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene [P(VDF/TrFE)] have been studied precisely in a wide temperature range from 10 to 400 K. It was found that these polymers have the shear electromechanical coupling factors k₁₅ and k₂₄ large enough to be utilized for transverse ultrasonic transducers operating in a wide frequency range and in a wide temperature range below 400 K. Shear mode ultrasonic transducers of P(VDF/TrFE) were fabricated and their performances were studied both experimentally and theoretically. The shear polymer transducers are useful for generation and detection of transverse ultrasonic waves     

Experimental study of construction mechanism of V(z) curves obtained by line-focus-beam acoustic microscopy

The propagation characteristics, viz., phase velocity and attenuation, of leaky surface acoustic waves (LSAWs), excited on the water/sample boundary are obtained through analyzing the V(z) curves measured by line-focus-beam acoustic microscopy. However, different values of these characteristics are obtained, depending upon different ultrasonic devices and operating frequencies employed. The construction mechanism of V(z) curves was investigated experimentally by measuring the amplitude and phase for Teflon to provide an understanding of the device performance for velocity measurements. A V(z) curve measured for Teflon, on which no leaky waves are excited when water is the coupling medium, can be used for the characteristic device response, depending only upon the device parameters and the operating frequencies. From the investigation of the ultrasonic device and the frequency dependences of the characteristic device responses, the phase gradient was found to be directly related to values of measured LSAW velocities. From this result, apparent frequency dependences in LSAW velocity measurements are explained quantitatively for a specimen of gadolinium gallium garnet.     

Measurements of surface texture using ultrasound

A new ultrasonic spectroscopic technique has been developed to measure the gross surface texture of materials. A surface roughness coefficient has been introduced that specifies the texture of a surface on a quantitative basis. Comprehensive theoretical models based on analyzing the frequency spectrum of the received ultrasonic signals have been developed to study the effect of surface texture on reflected ultrasonic pulses from rough surfaces. A minimization function obtains the best match between theoretical models and actual measurements in such a way that the resultant coefficient for the best match represents the surface roughness     

Thermosonic Testing with Phase Matched Guided Wave Excitation

An innovative coupling method is presented that significantly improves the distribution of ultrasonic energy of guided waves for vibrothermography non-destructive testing. While typical sources radiate ultrasound cylindrically from the point or area of contact, it’s possible to channel energy towards a specified direction, e.g. the field of view of an infrared camera, by placing periodic linear structures between the transducer and the specimen. Their distance is phase matched to the wavelength of the guided wave excited that is determined by the excitation frequency and specimen properties. This antenna-like coupling device works exceptionally well in conjunction with the local defect resonance technique, as both techniques require a frequency dependent set-up. A significant increase in the defect vibration amplitude was measured when using this ultrasonic line source. Likewise, vibrothermography testing results confirm that channeling ultrasonic energy towards a specified direction is advantageous for exciting defect vibrations while using low energy input sources.     

A novel ultrasonic transducer backing from porous epoxy resin–titanium–silane coupling agent and plasticizer composites

In this paper, a new composite for ultrasonic attenuation backing has been successfully fabricated from porous epoxy resin containing titanium (Ti), silane coupling agent and plasticizer composites. The effect of Ti particles on the network structure and mechanical properties of epoxy resin has been analyzed in detail. The ultrasonic parameters in epoxy composites have been measured by a conventional pulse-echo-overlap technique at a frequency of 1–5 MHz. The effect of Ti content and temperature on the longitudinal sound velocity and attenuation of epoxy resin composites were investigated. Precise in situ observations of the acoustic properties such as attenuation and acoustic impedance of epoxy composites are expected to be useful for ultrasonic transducer systems for new as well as for backing application with high attenuation.     

Adaptive Pulse Repetition Frequency Technique for an Ultrasonic Transit-Time Gas Flowmeter for Hot Pulsating Gases

A technique of using an adaptive pulse repetition frequency (PRF) to operate an ultrasonic contrapropagation transit-time gas flowmeter (UFM) is introduced. This adaptive PRF technique allows transient measurements of hot (up to 450$^circhboxC$) and pulsating (up to 1.5 kHz) gas flows. Such conditions occur in the exhaust gas of a combustion engine. Here, a UFM with the widely used fixed PRF technique is not applicable, because the large gas temperature variations would prevent a reliable detection of ultrasonic pulse arrival times. Coherently reflected waves are generated within the gas because of the unavoidable acoustic impedance mismatch between the gas and the transducers, and, depending on the gas temperatures, these echoes overlap with the main signal. The adaptive PRF technique overcomes this problem and allows correct pulse detection over the whole temperature range required. The UFM utilizes special high-temperature-resistant capacitance ultrasonic transducers (CUTs) to meet the requirements in terms of operating temperature range and dynamic response. Results, which are obtained with a preliminary laboratory prototype, are presented for the exhaust gas mass flow rate in a$varnothing$50-mm pipe measured at gas temperatures of up to 450$^circhboxC$and at PRFs of up to 5.5 kHz, which is an increase in frequency response of one order of magnitude in comparison to existing measurement systems.     

Binder distribution in Si3N4 ceramic green bodies studied by stray-field NMR imaging

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging is an emerging technology which provides a unique material-diagnostic technique by in situ internal mapping. It can provide information not only on material distribution, but also on the chemical and physical characteristics of materials. However, due to the nuclear dipole dipole interaction in solid state materials, NMR spectroscopic signals are normally very broad. NMR imaging based on these unresolved broad lines is extremely difficult, and resolution is poor. The binder distribution was studied in ceramic green bodies with a stray-field NMR imaging facility at a proton frequency of 163 MHz near the edge of a 9.394 T superconducting magnet. The ¹H nuclear spin echo signal from silicon nitride green bodies containing 10 wt% of either polyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol as a binder was detected at 163 MHz. NMR images show a good homogeneity of the binder distribution in the cross-sections of the samples. Overall results show that the distribution of polyethylene glycol in Si₃N₄ green bodies is more homogeneous than that of polyvinyl alcohol under similar processing parameters. NMR spectroscopic results also indicate a higher moisture content in the green bodies containing a polyvinyl alcohol binder.     

Porosity control of hydroxyapatite implants

Conformation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) bodies was carried out using a multiple slip-casting technique, in order to obtain dual-layer samples with differential sized porosities. The external layer, because of its porosity, controlled by the addition of organic compounds (polyvinyl polyacrylate, PVC), will promote bone ingrowth. The internal denser layer, due to the addition of lithium phosphate (Li₃PO₄) as sintering additive, will give mechanical resistance to the implant. HAp aqueous suspensions were characterized by rheological measurements. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and intrusion mercury porosimetry (MP) were used to characterize sintered bodies. It can be concluded that it is possible to introduce gross porosity in HAp bodies by the addition of organic compounds. The results show that a compatible shrinking of the layers during the sintering process and a good frequency of pores with an appropriate size in the external layer can be achieved with the use of organic additives. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers