CdO纳米晶的固相合成及晶化动力学研究

以CdCl2和Na2CO3为原料,NaCl为稀释剂,利用固相反应合成前驱体,再经焙烧合成CdO纳米晶.用x-射线衍射(XRD)分析了不同焙烧温度对合成CdO晶粒尺寸的影响.研究结果表明:按Scherrer公式计算合成CdO纳米晶的晶粒尺寸在30～44nm,焙烧温度越高,晶粒尺寸越大;根据前驱体不同升温速率下的差热(DTA)曲线,用Kissinger 和Ozawa法计算合成CdO纳米晶的活化能分别为164.7kJ/mol和175.6kJ/mol,差别不大;根据晶粒生长动力学理论计算CdO晶粒长大的活化能为12.2kJ/mol,表明热处理过程CdO纳米晶粒的长大主要以界面扩散为主.     

微沸法合成纳米莫来石及活化能的研究

以硝酸铝和硅溶胶为原料,采用微沸法对合成纳米莫来石及其活化能进行研究,并用热重差示扫描热量计(TGDSC)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对合成莫来石的粒度、相组成和形貌进行分析.结果表明:在原料中的铝硅摩尔比为3∶1的条件下,温度为854℃时莫来石开始形成,温度为920℃时Al Si尖晶石开始转变为莫来石,温度为1200℃时莫来石化完成,合成莫来石的活化能为(634.52±28.90)kJ·mol-1.经过1200℃煅烧后,莫来石含Al2O3的摩尔分数为59.8％,平均粒度约为31.7nm,形状为针状,并由这些针状莫来石构成连续的网络结构.随着铝硅摩尔比的增加,合成莫来石的温度降低,活化能降低.当铝硅摩尔比增加至6∶1,合成莫来石的活化能降至(514.73±14.40)kJ·mol-1.     

金红石型二氧化钛粒子成长及动力学

利用XRD技术研究了以TiCl₄为原料、用前驱体方法制备的金红石型TiO₂的粒子成长及其动力学．结果表明：随着热处理温度的不断升高,TiO₂纳米粒子的粒径也逐渐增大,在773K以下,粒子生长缓慢,在773K以上,粒子生长迅速．温度一定,TiO₂粒子随热处理时间增加而长大,且在前2h内增长较快,2h后粒径趋于稳定,粒子的成长主要受温度控制,热处理时间对粒子成长影响较小;粒子成长的表观活化能以773K为界分为两部分,温度高于773K时,粒子生长表观活化能为54．62±373kJ／mol;温度低于773K时,粒子生长表观活化能为6．43±3.39kJ／mol．     

利用SiO2的表面化学修饰提高纳米SnO2的热稳定性

以3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(3-APTES)为表面修饰剂,利用乙氧基与SnO2表面羟基之间的化学反应,将SiO2化学接枝于SnO2表面,以阻止SnO2晶粒热生长。采用SEM、TEM、FT-IR、XRD和EDS等技术对改性后纳米SnO2进行结构表征。结果表明,SiO2通过Sn—O—Si化学键与SnO2相连接,SiO2被高度分散于SnO2表面。经1000℃高温煅烧后,SnO2平均粒径改性前后分别为95和10nm。SiO2作为第二相,阻碍了晶界的移动,增加了晶粒生长活化能,从而有效地限制了晶粒高温生长,提高了纳米SnO2的热稳定性。     

新方法制备Cu超细粉末以及Cu2O-Cu核-壳型复合粒子

以Cu(NO3)2·3H2O与Na2CO3·10H2O为原料沉淀法制得纳米CuO前驱体--碱式碳酸铜,在不同温度(200℃、300℃、400℃、500℃、600℃)下分别焙烧2h得到CuO粉末后,直接倒入室温下的正丁醇溶液中,发生氧化-还原反应,得到组成不同的各种产物.经XRD、TEM、SEM研究表明,产物的组成随上述热处理温度的改变而变化,500℃时可得到纯的纳米铜粉,600℃时可得到Cu2O-Cu核-壳型纳米粒子.     

纳米氧化锌半导体块材晶粒生长的研究

以平均粒径20nm的ZnO超微粉为原料,研究了纳米ZnO块材烧结过程中的晶粒生长行为,由实验结果得出在700～900℃温度范围内,纳米ZnO烧结的晶粒生长动力学指数n为6,晶粒生长的表观活化能Q为64kJ/mol,导出了纳米ZnO的晶粒生长动力学方程.与粗晶ZnO的晶粒生长进行了对比,初步分析了纳米ZnO的烧结机制.     

一种制备SnO_2纳米棒的新工艺——纳米颗粒固相转化法

利用室温固相反应方法 ,合成了二氧化锡纳米颗粒前驱物(直径D≤10nm)。选择合适的熔盐介质KCl,在600～800℃对前驱物进行退火处理 ,前驱物纳米颗粒可自组装生长形成SnO2 纳米棒、纳米线。纳米棒直径为15nm ,长度从纳米级到微米级 ,其中可以观测到V型纳米结构 ,V型角度变化从锐角到钝角。分析了SnO2 纳米颗粒前驱体生长过程中熔盐介质、热处理温度和颗粒临界尺寸对纳米颗粒自组织生长的影响 ;探讨了SnO2 纳米颗粒固相生长现象。利用TEM和XRD对制备产物的形貌、成分进行了表征和分析     

纳米Y-TZP材料烧结过程晶粒生长的分析

分析了无压烧结、热压烧结及SPS烧结过程中晶粒生长的行为及表现活化能．结果表明：在1100～1300℃之间,纳米Y-TZP材料在以上几种烧结条件下的晶粒生长行为不同．无压烧结时晶粒生长较慢,而热压烧结和SPS烧结时晶粒生长较快．对晶粒生长的活化能分析可在一定程度上解释以上现象．分析结果显示：无压烧结的表观活化能为281kJ／mol与纳米Y－TZP材料的晶界扩散活化能相近;热压烧结过程中,由于外压对扩散的促进作用,活化能比无压烧结时略有降低;在SPS烧结过程中,由于外加的脉冲电流能使晶粒表面大大活化,所以活化能与无压烧结相比大幅度下降．     

用溶胶-凝胶法制备的纳米 TiO_2粉末的结构

本文采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出纳米 TiO_(2)粉末,并通过热重分析(TG)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)、X 射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)等实验手段研究了其微观结构及形貌随着热处理温度(T_a)变化的规律。当热处理温度低于500℃时,TiO_2粉末的平均晶粒和颗粒尺寸均小于20nm,所有晶粒均为锐钛矿结构。当热处理温度高于550℃时,TiO_2颗粒及晶粒迅速长大,并且样品中开始出现金红石结构的TiO_2晶粒。当热处理温度高于800℃时,样品中所有晶粒均为金红石结构。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米SnO2微晶生长的电镜表征

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米SnO2粉体中发生的团聚和微晶生长现象与加热时间和加热温度有直接的关系.利用透射电子显微镜对四种不同制备条件下生成的纳米SnO2粉体观察可以发现凝胶前驱物水解后形成的SnO2微晶尺度在5纳米以下.这些微晶随加热时间长短发生不同程度的团聚,当加热温度高于400℃时团聚的微晶开始重新结晶生长,在600℃全部生长为块状单晶,并可以观察到生长形成的枝晶.本工作结对为溶胶一凝胶法制备纳米SnO2的工艺改进提供了理论依据.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from