Analysis and evaluation of waveform parameters for oscillating impulse voltage

This paper describes the effect of residual inductance of the impulse generator circuit. The analysis of waveform and the evaluation of waveform parameters were made for an oscillating lightning impulse. The peak value (overshoot factor or k‐factor), oscillation frequency, 30% value, 90% value, time to half‐value, and virtual origin are derived from the solution of third‐order derivative equation of the equivalent circuit. The comparison with the oscillating and standard lightning impulse was made. Also, the effects on overshoot, front time and the load‐side capacitance are theoretically clarified. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Analysis of Oscillating and Non-oscillating Impulse Waveform for High-Voltage Impulse Test using the Roots of Biquadratic Equation

This paper describes the waveform analysis of impulse voltage or impulse current. The analysis is accomplished by solving the biquadratic equation for the lightning impulse test circuit. Three discriminants classify the solutions into nine categories. Some calculations using the roots of biquadratic equation demonstrate the effectiveness of the analysis. For example, the overshoot or oscillating impulse superposed on standard lightning impulse voltage is calculated as the magnitude of relative overshoot. The polarity reversal waveform together with the double frequency oscillation or without oscillation is analyzed, which is not expressed by the third-order differential equation. The analyses also clarify the relationship between the waveform and the circuit parameters. This means that the definition of relative overshoot magnitude based on the base curve for oscillating impulse or overshoot is supported by the theory. © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

特高压GIS设备雷电冲击试验波形及参数探讨

论述了特高压GIS设备在出厂检验时需要作雷电冲击试验,能有效检查制造、装配工艺等环节出现的问题。对雷电冲击等值回路进行分析和参数计算,提出在产品试验时,现场存在试验较多的影响因素,雷电波形有些畸变并且参数往往达不到标准雷电冲击波形1．2±30％／50±20％μs的要求。根据这一客观情况,对试验参数重新计算和探讨,使波形和参数能较好地接近标准要求,从而达到满意的结果。     

Insulation characteristics of CO2 gas for nonstandard lightning impulse oscillations: Evaluation method of nonstandard lightning impulse waveform for CO2 gas insulation

SF₆ gas is widely used in electric power apparatus such as gas‐insulated switchgears (GIS), because of its superior dielectric properties; however, it has been identified as a greenhouse gas at COP3 in 1997, and alternative insulation gases to SF₆ have recently been investigated. One of the candidates is CO₂ gas, which has lower global warming potential (GWP). However, CO₂ gas has a lower withstand voltage level than SF₆ gas; therefore, it is necessary to rationalize the equipment insulation level and reexamine the insulating test voltage for electric power apparatus as low as possible. From our previous investigation, in SF₆ gas insulation system, we obtained that the insulation requirements of the real surges (called nonstandard lightning impulse waveform) are not as severe as those of the standard lightning impulse waveform. This paper describes the evaluation method for real surges, based on insulation characteristics of CO₂ gas gaps. Furthermore, the method was applied to typical field overvoltage waveform in the lightning surge time region for 500‐kV systems and it is obtained that the equivalent peak value of the standard lightning impulse waveform is possibly reduced by 10 to 15%. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(3): 1– 9, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20560     

油浸式变压器现场振荡型冲击耐压试验方法

为满足油浸式电力变压器现场振荡型冲击耐压试验的需要,基于MARX回路,根据变压器的结构特点,提出了试验电压的产生方法和试验接线方法。仿真计算和模拟试验表明:在构成的双指数波形冲击电压发生器的MARX回路中接入电感线圈,可产生符合IEC 60060—3标准的振荡型冲击电压波形。     

Insulation characteristics and its evaluation method of N2 gas for nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms

Until recently, SF₆ gas has widely been used as the best insulating medium in substation equipment. However, SF₆ gas was specified to be a greenhouse gas at COP3 in 1997 because of its high global warming potential (GWP), and alternative insulation gases to SF₆ have been sought for a long time. Alternatives using the natural gases are considered to be suitable, but none of them show better properties for insulation as well as good environmental compatibility. Therefore, it is necessary to rationalize the equipment insulation level and reduce the test voltage of electric power apparatus to as low a level as possible. The actual lightning surge waveform (so‐called nonstandard lightning impulse waveform) occurring in the actual field is different from the standard lightning impulse waveform (1.2/50 μs). There are many cases in which the actual lightning surge waveform has a steep rise and large decay of overvoltage, and the insulation requirements are not as severe as those for the standard lightning impulse waveform. In this paper, we focused our research on N₂ gas as an SF₆ substitute and investigated the insulation characteristics of N₂ gas for a single‐frequency oscillatory waveform with various frequencies from 2.7 to 20.0 MHz and damping ratios. Based on the experimental results, it might be possible to reduce the test voltage of N₂ gas insulation by evaluating the crest value of the actual lightning surge waveform that has been converted into an equivalent standard lightning impulse waveform. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(2): 10–20, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20754     

Insulation characteristics of GIS under nonstandard lightning impulse oscillations: Insulation characteristics under double‐frequency oscillations with various frequencies and damping ratios

To improve GIS insulation specifications, it is important to recognize the insulation characteristics under oscillatory overvoltage waveforms occurring in the field. This paper describes investigations of insulation characteristics for double‐frequency oscillatory waveforms with various frequencies and damping ratios. It was found that minimum breakdown voltages (V_min) were irrelevant to frequency changes in the range of experimental conditions under the same damping conditions. On the other hand, V_min rose with the damping ratio rising under the same frequency conditions. The insulation characteristics at a valley of oscillation were investigated using actual breakdown voltages. It was found that the insulation characteristics were treated all‐inclusively based on the characteristics of V_min for damping time. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(2): 11–19, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10245     

雷电冲击电压对配电一二次融合成套设备测量准确度的影响

为解决一二次融合成套开关设备中二次设备受电磁干扰影响所导致的准确度问题,设计了一套抗干扰测量系统,并基于雷电冲击电压试验电路和抗干扰测量系统对配电网一二次融合成套开关设备测量准确度进行雷电冲击电压干扰测试,采集电压波形并进行时频域分析,得到导致其测量准确度下降的原因。提出在馈线终端采集单元基准端加保护器件和互感器二次输出端加滤波装置这2种防护方案,并对方案的效果进行理论分析和试验验证。结果表明,雷电冲击电压将通过互感器传至二次设备,使得互感器二次侧产生较高的耦合电压,其试验实测幅值达几千伏,频率在几MHz至30 MHz之间,对互感器的准确度影响较大;通过在互感器二次出线端口增加高频滤波装置能有效降低耦合电压,干扰信号强度降低为原来的20%左右,比差和相差降低为原来的40%左右。     

基于优化模型的直流电缆雷电冲击电压试验波形参数控制

雷电冲击试验中的直流电缆为大电容试品,试验回路中电感对冲击波形的影响不可忽略,冲击电压发生器电阻参数设置不当将会导致波形过冲和振荡,为此提出一种基于优化模型的雷电冲击电压试验波形参数控制方法。首先,对试验回路进行理论推导,并分析波前时间和过冲率之间的关系,在此基础上引入一个可用于表征波形过冲率的变量Δ_m;其次,以波前时间最小为目标函数,通过限制Δ_m的数值对波形过冲率进行约束,建立电阻参数优化模型;最后,设置不同的Δ_m对模型进行求解,并通过仿真计算和实际试验验证其有效性。结果表明,随着Δ_m设置值的增加,过冲率呈上升趋势,波前时间呈下降趋势,优化模型能够对波形参数进行有效控制。为确定Δ_m的合理设置范围,研究了不同试品电容、不同回路电感下Δ_m设置值对过冲率、波前时间的影响。结果表明,Δ_m取值为0.9~1时,能够保证波形过冲率不超过标准规定的10%。