长8油藏超前注水压力保持水平研究

超前注水是指注水井在采油井投产前投注,油井投产时其泄油面积内含油饱和度不低于原始含油饱和度,地层压力高于原始地层压力,并建立起有效驱替系统的一种注采方式,它正是针对特低渗透油层具有启动压力梯度及油层具有弹一塑性形变等特点,根据非达西流提出的改善这类储层开发效果的一项技术。现场实践证明,超前注水对于低渗透及特低渗透油藏更具有指导意义。针对长8油藏,应用油藏数值模拟技术,分析了不同超前注水量条件下的开发指标,使地层压力分别提高到原始地层压力的1.05倍、1.10倍、1.15倍、1.20倍,并与未实施超前注水利用天然能量开采方式下的开发指标进行了对比,结果表明,当注水量为1.03%PV时,地层压力保持水平为原始地层压力的1.10倍,长8油藏开发效果最佳。将为提高特低渗透油藏注水采油效果、制定油藏合理的超前注水开发政策提供理论依据和技术支撑,对提高长庆特低渗透油田油井产量,保证特低渗透油田开发效益最大化具有较好的指导意义。     

特低渗透油田注空气驱油调研及认识

海塔油田经过近十年的勘探开发,年产油已达80×104t,成为大庆油田外围上产的主产区.但海塔油田探明储量中特低渗透储量比例高,渗透率小于2×10-3μm2的储量接近一半.针对海塔油田特低渗透储量比例大,常规注水开发难以有效动用的实际,积极探索特低渗透油田难采储量有效动用新途径.通过国内外文献调研,对特低渗透油田注空气技术,包括适用条件、注入方式和用量、跟踪分析调整、应用效果、采油工艺及地面设备等进行调研,为特低渗透油藏实施注空气驱油提供借鉴.同时,结合海塔油田的实际,在国内海拉尔油田优选出先导试验区,开展注空气驱现场试验,见到了初步效果.试验结果表明,海拉尔油田注空气驱油具有一定的可行性,可以有效动用部分难采储量,加快海塔油田上产步伐.可见,对于特低渗透油藏,空气驱的技术经济效益明显好于水驱,注空气开发技术可作为一项战略性技术储备,为提高特低渗透油藏最终采收率提供技术支撑.     

杏南开发区含钙特低渗透储层井网层系优化数值模拟研究

杏南开发区储层包括含钙特低渗透储层、表外储层和表内储层.其沉积环境复杂,油层之间的岩石物性相差较大,开发后动用状况复杂,剩余油分布高度零散,调整挖潜难度大.依据杏南开发区含钙特低渗透储层发育特征和注水开发动态特点,结合目前区块剩余油分布,研究层系组合和加密调整对开发效果的影响,为进行注采系统调整提供依据.针对杏南开发区的特点,首先设计了层系与井网井距相结合的部署方案,层系设计包括:射开含钙特低渗透储层和表外储层;射开含钙特低渗透储层、表外储层和有效厚度小于0.5m的表内层;射开含钙特低渗透储层和所有油层.将3套层系与4种井网、井距情况相结合,组合为12套方案,进行开发指标预测方案优选.结合经济评价认为,方案3为最优方案,即在原井网排间分流线位置布采油井,原井网采油井全部转注,新老井共同组成注采井距150m线状注水井网,射开含钙特低掺透储层和所有油层.     

低渗断块油藏周期性注水设计原则

周期注水是通过周期性地改变注入水量来改善低渗油藏和裂缝孔隙性油藏水驱开发效果的一项技术。金南3号油田是苏北盆地金湖凹陷2001年投入注水开发的低渗断块油田,因油水井水力压裂改造造成油田注采井距适应性变差,部分油水井出现水窜现象,导致油田开发效果差。2003～2005年选择试验区进行周期注水试验,有效地改善了油田开发效果。文章从周期注水驱油机理入手,结合金南3号油田周期性注水试验区试验成果,论述了低渗断块油藏周期性注水的设计原则。     

转向注水改善特低渗油藏开发效果

针对卫城油田沙四段油藏进入高含水开发后期,受裂缝发育影响,平面、层间矛盾日益突出,含水上升速度加快、开发形势变差的状况,开展油藏精细描述研究工作,重点研究地应力-裂缝对开发的影响,认识到注采井网不适应是该油藏高含水开发后期的主要问题。在剩余油研究基础上,一是通过实施避开裂缝方向优选转注井点,转换注采方向,使注采方向与裂缝方向成45°夹角注水;二是通过打塞、挤堵、重分、差层转注等手段,抽稀Ⅰ类层井网、建立差层井网,同时改变Ⅰ类层和Ⅱ、Ⅲ类层的注水强度,实现了卫城沙四段特低渗油藏高含水开发后期"转换注水方向、转换注采井别、改变注水强度"的转向注水。通过研究及应用,使卫城沙四段特低渗油藏注采井网逐步优化,水驱控制程度、水驱动用程度分别提高7.5和5.4个百分点,油藏综合含水下降0.4%,日产油量由135t/d回升到154t/d,自然递减率同期对比减缓7.62个百分点,增加可采储量10.5×104t,提高采收率1.45个百分点。     

黄沙坨油田火山岩油藏注水开发影响因素分析

黄沙坨油田为裂缝型边底水火山粗面岩油藏,储层属于裂缝-孔隙型双重介质。黄沙坨油田注水开发后,油藏能量虽然得以补充,但水驱控制程度、波及范围和注水效果却难以控制,增产效果不明显。为黄沙坨油田下步调整提供依据,分析了裂缝发育程度、注采井相对位置、油井生产状况、驱油效率、注水时间、注水强度等因素对注水开发的影响。分析结果表明:影响注水效果因素主要是裂缝、孔隙的发育程度及走向,裂缝发育区油井产能高,见水见效快、含水上升快,裂缝欠发育区油井产量低、见水见效慢;同一井组内井距及注水高差小的井注水见效快,反之则见效慢;平均日产液量大于10t/d、平均日产水量大于2t/d的油井注水效果好;油水两相区区域较窄,油藏可动油饱和度较低,油藏采收率不高;注水时间越长,注水强度越高,井组注水见效的反应越明显。     

大庆外围特低渗透油田开发试验

大庆外围油田已开发20多年,扶杨油层还有3.7×108t的难采储量未动用。为了经济有效开发这部分难采储量,在州201区块开展了特低渗透扶杨油层有效开发工业化矿场试验,采用大井距、小排距矩形井网大型压裂注水开发,通过人工压裂裂缝与井网优化配置,建立有效驱动体系,形成了一套适合特低渗透油层的开发配套技术,提高了单井产量和储量动用程度,为特低渗透扶杨油层的有效动用提供了新的开发手段。统计25口采油井资料,初期平均单井日产液4.4t/d,日产油3.9t/d,采油强度0.49t/(d·m),截至2007年6月,已累计产油14866t,累计注水97153m3。     

裂缝性特低渗油藏井网调整优化研究

特低渗油藏由于天然裂缝发育、储层非均质性严重,开发过程中常表现出油井暴性水淹、采出程度低等矛盾。对于特低渗油藏菱形反九点井网,在数值模拟中引入低渗透油藏启动压力梯度和各向异性,同时以加密的形式对开发中后期的井网进行调整,预测并对比井网调整后不同加密方式的开发效果,探讨适用于裂缝性特低渗油藏菱形反九点井网合理最优的井网加密调整方式。模拟结果表明,将菱形反九点井网加密调整为小井排距正方形反九点井网,能够有效提高井网采出程度、延缓裂缝性见水,取得最优的开发效果;加密对井排距较大的井网开发效果起到改善作用,加密后老井的单井产能下降趋势及含水率上升趋势受到抑制;对于菱形反九点井网来说,不同加密形式对应的加密效果不同。研究成果为特低渗透油藏的高效开发提供了一定的理论基础。     

应用油藏精细描述技术指导密井网区块开发

以某油田FST研究区块密井网资料为基础,应用油藏精细描述技术,对某油田FST研究区块的储层沉积特征、储层裂缝特征、水淹情况及剩余潜力分布作了进一步分析、研究。根据研究结果,指导了射孔及压裂方案的编制;调整并完善了注采关系,共增加水驱厚度61.8m,增加水驱动用储量16.1×10^4t;改善了主力层和非主力层动用状况,调整井区40口油井,日产油增加3.1t/d,含水率下降1.1个百分点;指导注水调整,缓解层间矛盾;指导单井产能改造,累计增油4419.2t。     

线性注水方式在裂缝方向单一油田开发中的应用

新肇油田储层裂缝发育,注水开发初期即出现油井见水快、见水后含水上升快和产量递减快的特征,油田平面矛盾突出,注水调整效果差。为此,通过应用微地震和动态分析等技术手段对储层裂缝的发育状况进行了研究。结果表明,油田储层裂缝方向以东西向为主,与井排方向一致。在此基础上,结合裂缝性油田的渗流机理和数值模拟结果评价了目前井网的适应性,优选了注采系统调整方式,分批次地对古634区块转注了19口油井,形成线性注水井网。通过调整,有效利用了储层裂缝,使注水井排形成水线,促进了水线两侧油井储层的基质受效,进而缓解了由于裂缝造成的平面矛盾,扩大了注入水波及体积,增加了水驱控制储量,使油田含水上升速度和产量递减速度得到控制,尤其是较早转注的注水井区,见到了明显效果。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.