Designing Rules of Laser-Clad High-Entropy Alloy Coatings with Simple Solid Solution Phases

The criteria of process parameters(μ≤4),atomic size difference(ε≤5.8,δ≤11 and α≤2),thermodynamic(-14.5 ≤△H_(mix)≤6.5 and Ω≥ 1.8) in the prediction of the phase stability for laser-clad high-entropy alloy coatings are studied in detail.Besides,the criteria of valence electron concentration(VEC) applied to distinguish the stability of different solid solution phases are as follows:VEC7.65 for simple BCC,VEC≥7.65 for simple face-centered cubic(FCC),7.14 VEC 7.78 for dual-phase BCC and FCC.Among them, μ and ε proposed firstly separate the phase stability of laserclad high-entropy alloy coatings quite precisely.The other modified criteria(δ,α,△H_(mix),Ω,VEC) are proved to be different from those of the high-entropy alloys synthesized by the traditional casting and smelting processes.     

Effects of Ti and Cu on the Microstructure Evolution of AlCoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy During Heat Treatment

The microstructure evolution of AlCoCrFeNiTi_(0.5) alloy and AlCoCrFeNiCu alloy during heat treatment was systematically studied,to reveal the influence rules of chemical activity of adding element on the microstructure evolution of AlCoCrFeNi system.Owing to the negative mixing enthalpy with the constituent elements,Ti element was mainly dissolved in the Al-Nirich phases,and aggravated the lattice distortion of B2 phase.The structure variation of BCC phase by adding Ti inhibited the formation of FCC phase and enhanced the precipitation of σ phase during heat treatment.Owing to the positive mixing enthalpy with constituent elements,Cu element tended to be repelled to the ID region and formed metastable Cu-rich FCC1 phase which would transform into Cu-Al-Ni-rich FCC2 phase with increasing temperature.The addition of Cu inhibited the precipitation of σ phase during heat treatment.Adding Ti maintained the stable dendritic morphology,while adding Cu reduced the thermal stability of microstructure.Two dramatic morphology changes occurred at 1000~℃ and 1100~℃ in the AlCoCrFeNiCu alloy.The lattice distortion of phase in AlCoCrFeNiTi_(0.5) alloy was aggravated with increasing temperature up to 800~℃,then relaxed together with the dissolution of σ phase when temperature was above 900~℃.The variation in lattice distortion dominated the hardness of AlCoCrFeNiTi_(0.5) alloy.With increasing heating temperature,the increasing volume fraction of region with FCC structure due to the transformation between FCC phases,and the pronounced coarsening in microstructure due to the reduced thermal stability,resulted in the mainly decreasing trend in the hardness of AlCoCrFeNiCu alloy.     

第一性原理计算Mo含量及压力对CrZrNbTiMox难熔高熵合金性能的影响

利用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究Mo含量和压力对CrZrNbTiMo_x难熔高熵合金相结构、弹性常数和弹性模量的影响。计算了CrZrNbTiMo_x难熔高熵合金的混合焓(ΔH_mix)、混合熵(ΔS_mix)、原子半径差(δ)、价电子浓度(VEC)以及参数Ω。结果表明,CrZrNbTiMo_x难熔高熵合金主要以单一的BCC无序固溶体结构为主。随着Mo含量的增加,合金的晶格畸变不断减小,但力学性能稳定且始终以金属键结合。Mo的添加对合金的抗体积变形能力提升较大、对抗切应变能力及刚度影响较小,合金表现为韧性材料。在0～25 GPa压力作用下,CrZrNbTiMo_0.6合金表现出优异的相稳定性和力学稳定性,体弹性模量(B)增幅较小,剪切弹性模量(G)、杨氏模量(E)变化较小;泊松比μ及G/B计算结果表明合金为韧性材料。     

Effects of V Addition on Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of AlCrFe2Ni2 High-Entropy Alloys

The effects of vanadium addition on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of AlCrFe₂Ni₂ high-entropy alloy (HEA) were investigated. The results showed that the AlCrFe₂Ni₂V_0.2 HEA was composed of FCC phase, disordered BCC phase, and ordered BCC (B2) phase. With the increase in vanadium content, the formation of FCC phase was inhibited, and a transition from FCC phase to BCC phase occurred. The FCC phase disappeared completely when the value of x exceeds 0.4 in AlCrFe₂Ni₂V_x HEAs. Besides, the amplitude-modulated microstructure morphology transformed from a B2 phase matrix with dispersed BCC nano-phase into an alternating interconnected B2 and BCC phases. Vanadium element has the function of stabilizing BCC phase and B2 phase in AlCrFe₂Ni₂V_x alloys. The hardness of AlCrFe₂Ni₂V_x alloys increased from HV 332.4 to HV 590.7, while the yield strength increased from 765 to 1744.6 MPa with increasing vanadium content, which was mainly due to the decreasing content of FCC phase and the solid solution strengthening of vanadium element. At the same time, the compression ratio of the alloys decreased with the disappearance of the FCC phase. Among the alloys, the AlCrFe₂Ni₂V_0.2 alloy possessed the most excellent comprehensive mechanical properties with yield strength, fracture strength, and compressive ratio 1231.1, 2861.9 MPa, and 44.5%, respectively.     

Effect of Nb Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mo0.25V0.25Ti1.5Zr0.5Nbx High-Entropy Alloys

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have significant application prospects as promising candidate materials for nuclear industry due to their excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and irradiation resistance. In this work, the Mo_0.25V_0.25Ti_1.5Zr_0.5Nb_x(x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) HEAs were designed and fabricated. The alloys were prepared by vacuum arc melting, and all the ingots were annealed at 1200°C for 24 h. The microstructures, ...     

Evolutions of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Mg-5Li-1Zn-0.5Ag-0.5Zr-xGd Alloy

The evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of alloy system with nominally composition Mg-5Li-1Zn-0.5Ag-0.5Zr-xGd (x = 0, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6, 4.8, 6) is evaluated based on computational phase diagram and corresponding experimental studies. The results show that grains are significantly refined with the increase of Gd content. The main phases of as-cast alloys are α-Mg, β-Li, AgLi₂Mg, and Mg₃Gd. With the increase of Gd content, the amounts of Mg₃Gd phase and β-Li phase have been increased. When the Gd content exceeds 3.6 wt%, Mg₃Gd phase precipitates in a form of the network at the grain boundaries. The precipitation of β-Li can be attributed to the competitive dissolution of Zn, Gd, and Li in Mg. Meanwhile, γ″ is formed after the addition of Gd, which grows and transforms into γ′ with the increase of Gd content. In solidification process, stacking faults are formed by solid transformation of partial α-Mg and Mg₃Gd. Eventually, with the synergistic effect of Mg₃Gd, β-Li, and γ″ (or γ′), as the Gd content increasing, the tensile strength of the alloy first increases, then decreases, and the elongation decreases. When the content of Gd is 4.8 wt%, the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength reach the maximum values of 227 MPa and 139 MPa, and the elongation is 18.1%, respectively.     

Precipitation Behavior of σ Phase in Ultra-Supercritical Boiler Applied HR3C Heat-Resistant Steel

The precipitation kinetics of σ phase in commercial HR3C heat-resistant steel during aging at 650–800 °C was studied in the paper. Through morphology, composition and structural analyzing on the second phase in the HR3C steel, it was confi rmed that the precipitations after aging were mainly NbCrN, M_23C_6 and FeCr type σ phase. The time-dependent mass change of the three precipitated phases showed that the linearly increased σ phase after aging at 750 °C–2000 h was transformed from NbCrN phase or M_23C_6 phase. According to the calculation on the volume fraction of electrolytically dyed σ phase, the time–temperature transformation(TTT) curve for σ phase at 1 vol% in two kinds of commercial HR3C steel(different in grain size) was obtained and analyzed. The nose of the TTT curve was located at around 750 °C for the two kinds of HR3C steel, and the larger grain size HR3C steel displayed a inhibit effect on the precipitation of σ phase. The impact energy of the HR3C steel after aging at 700 °C decreased obviously with the fracture mechanism changing from ductile fracture to intergranular brittle fracture, which was considered to be related to the density of σ-brittle phase after aging.     

Synthetic Effect of Cr and Mo Elements on Microstructure and Properties of Laser Cladding NiCrxMoy Alloy Coatings

NiCr_xMo_y (x = 1, 1.5; y = 0, 0.1, 0.3) alloy coatings were prepared on the Q235 substrate by laser cladding under the protection of argon. The phase composition, microstructure, corrosion behavior, and mechanical properties of the NiCr_xMo_y alloy coatings were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electrochemical tests, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, microhardness, and nanoindentation tests. As the Cr content increased, the phase composition of the coatings changed from a single face-centered cubic (FCC) structure to a dual-phase structure coexisting with body-centered cubic (BCC) and FCC structures, while the addition of Mo promoted the precipitation of σ phase. The appearance of a homogeneous dual-phase structure and some amount of σ phase played a positive role in the corrosion resistance of NiCr_xMo_y coatings. Cr³⁺ ions and Mo⁶⁺ ions in the passive film enhanced the stability of the coatings. The nanoindentation tests showed that the nanohardness (6.71 GPa) and elastic modulus (184.40 GPa) of BCC phase were higher than those of the FCC phase (5.19 GPa and 155.26 GPa, respectively). Overall, the BCC phase and σ phase improved the mechanical properties of the coatings.     

新型高强韧铝锂合金的显微组织和性能

通过室温拉伸试验、热稳定化试验、扫描电镜(SEM)以及透射电镜(TEM)等方法对人工时效状态下新型高强韧铝锂合金厚板室温拉伸性能、热稳定性、断口形貌以及微观组织进行了研究。结果表明,合金进行室温拉伸试验时,厚板T/2厚度位置处的强度和伸长率均高于T/4厚度位置,这是由于板材进行轧制变形时,T/2厚度位置处变形量较大,位错密度更高,后续时效处理时会析出更多的强化相;稳定化时间一定时,随稳定化温度的升高,合金强度先增加,稳定化温度超过175℃后,强度逐渐降低,合金的热稳定性主要取决于稳定化处理后析出相的变化,稳定化温度低于150℃时,T₁相具有较好的耐热性,析出相的尺寸和数量变化较小,稳定化温度进一步升高后,T₁相数量逐渐减少。     

A286合金的高温持久性能

为了探究A286合金的高温持久性能,对采用进口电炉+炉外精炼+真空自耗(EAF+LF+VAR)冶炼工艺制备的A286合金进行不同温度和应力的高温持久试验,利用Larson-Miller参数(LMP)预测了A286合金的持久寿命,并分析了断口微观组织演变。结果表明,A286合金应力与LMP之间的关系为σ=-107.30×LMP+3011.02。随着试验温度的降低,A286合金的断裂方式由韧窝和孔洞组成的韧性断裂转为沿晶断裂的脆性断裂。在低温高应力下,裂纹主要在MC和M₂₃C₆处产生,在高温低应力下,裂纹主要在片层状η相处产生。在试验温度650℃、应力450 MPa下,强化机制主要为位错切过γ′相的沉淀强化,在试验温度750℃、应力150 MPa下,强化机制为位错切过γ′相的沉淀强化和位错绕过γ′相的弥散强化,并且晶内析出的TiP₂、(Ti, Nb)C、TiC和NbC等纳米颗粒有利于高温持久蠕变。     

Al含量对热轧FeMnCoCr系高熵合金组织和性能的影响

研究了Al含量对(Fe₅₀Mn₃₀Co₁₀Cr₁₀)_100-xAl_x高熵合金微观组织、变形机制和拉伸性能的影响。采用真空电弧熔炼炉制备合金铸锭,对合金进行压下率为80%的热轧火淬,利用SEM和EBSD对合金的组织结构进行了分析。结果表明,随着Al含量(原子分数,下同)由0%增加到6%,热轧淬火后合金组织由FCC+HCP双相转变成FCC单相,Al含量为8%时产生了BCC相;随着Al含量由0%增加到6%,在拉伸过程中TRIP效应受到抑制,TWIP效应明显增加,合金的屈服强度变化不大,抗拉强度稍有降低,断后伸长率显著增加,当Al含量为6%时断后伸长率达到最高,为79%。     

基于第一性原理的CrCuFeNiTi高熵合金涂层的相及稳定性分析

采用等离子弧在45钢基体上熔覆了CrCuFeNiTi高熵合金涂层,经X射线衍射分析涂层中的物相有BCC、FCC和Fe₂Ti相,并对BCC、FCC和Fe₂Ti相进行了成分测试,采用CASTEP中的虚拟晶体近似方法建立了BCC、FCC和Fe₂Ti相的晶体结构模型,基于第一性原理计算了涂层中BCC、FCC和Fe₂Ti相的晶格常数,并与涂层中BCC、FCC和Fe₂Ti相的X射线测试结果进行了比较,另外计算了BCC和FCC相的弹性常数C_ij、体积模量B、剪切模量G、杨氏模量E和泊松比ν。结果表明,涂层中BCC和FCC相以及Fe₂Ti的晶格常数计算值与试验值的误差为0.43%~3.05%,BCC、FCC和Fe₂Ti相的生成热均为负值且BCC和FCC相的弹性常数C₁₁、C₁₂和C₄₄满足立方结构高熵合金的力学稳定性限制条件,可知BCC、FCC和Fe₂Ti相是稳定的。另外由C₁₂-C₄₄>0,G/B<0.57,ν>0.26可知BCC和FCC相以金属键结合且呈现韧性的特征。     

High-Temperature Structural Stabilities of Ni-Based SingleCrystal Superalloys Ni–Co–Cr–Mo–W–Al–Ti–Ta with Varying Co Contents

It has been recently pointed out that the compositions of industrial alloys are originated from cluster-plus-glueatom structure units in solid solutions. Specifically for Ni-based superalloys, after properly grouping the alloying elements into Al, Ni-like(■), r-forming Cr-like(■) and c-forming Cr-like(■), the optimal formula for single-crystal superalloys is established [Al–Ni_(12)](Al_1■~_(0:5) ■_(1:5)). The Co substitutions for Ni at the shell sites are conducted on the basis of the first-generation single-crystal superalloy AM3, formulated as [Al–■_(12)Co_x](Al_1Ti_(0.25)Ta_(0.25)Cr_1W_(0.25)Mo_(0.25)), with x = 1.5, 1.75, 2 and 2.5(the corresponding weight percents of Co are 9.43, 11.0, 12.57 and 15.71, respectively). The900 ℃ long-term aging follows the Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner theory(LSW theory), and the Co content does not have noticeable influence on the coarsening rate of c0. The microstructure and creep behavior of the four(001) single-crystal alloys are investigated. The creep rupture lifetime is reduced as Co increases. The alloy with the lowest Co(9.43 Co) shows the longest lifetime of about 350 h at 1050 ℃/120 MPa, and all the samples show N-type rafting after creep tests.     

时效处理对稀土钪微合金化钛合金组织与性能的影响

为提高钛合金在高温下的服役寿命,开展了稀土钪微合金化钛合金材料高温蠕变试验研究。将Ti64-0.25Si-xSc(x=0,0.3)合金在950 ℃×0.5 h,AC固溶后,分别在不同的温度和时间下时效,对合金的维氏硬度和高温抗蠕变性能进行测试,将蠕变曲线按时间硬化蠕变模型ε=Aσⁿt^m拟合,借助OM、TEM表征分析合金的微观组织演变。结果表明,合金在510 ℃下时效6 h的蠕变性能最为优异,加入稀土钪可以抑制晶粒的长大,改变晶粒的取向,促进网篮组织的形成,在合金中形成的Sc₂O₃可以净化基体,对提高钛合金的高温抗蠕变性能有着明显的作用。合金微观结构中存在大量的位错相互作用,堆积缠绕,合金的蠕变机制主要是位错的滑移。     

Tensile Properties of Cast Alloy IN625 in Relation to d Phase Precipitation

The relationship between the tensile properties and δ (delta) phase precipitation in cast alloy IN625 was investigated in this paper. Although the influences of δ phase on the mechanical properties have been pointed out in our previous work, the relationship is still not directly determined due to the coexistence of γ″ (gamma double prime) and δ precipitates. In order to exclude the effect from γ″ phase, various fractions of δ precipitates with few γ″ precipitates were obtained by a set of experimental alloys aging at 750 °C, and tensile tests were conducted in parallel. The results showed that both yield strength and ultimate tensile strength increased nearly in linear with increasing δ phase fraction, while the elongation was relatively and limitedly affected by δ precipitation when the area fraction of δ phase was above 10%.     

1000 MPa级高破碎性钢的动态本构模型

利用SEM、霍普金森杆和拉伸试验机等仪器对3种1000 MPa级高破碎性钢的组织、静态和动态力学性能进行了研究,并拟合了Johnson-Cook动态本构模型。结果表明:3种试验钢均有明显的应变硬化特征,应变速率由0.001 s^-1提高至8000 s^-1时,1号钢的屈服强度增加546 MPa;2号钢的屈服强度增加434 MPa;3号钢的屈服强度增加667 MPa。3种试验钢也存在明显的温度效应,1号 钢微观组织中未溶碳化物的存在使晶格阻力增大,有效的阻碍了位错运动,500 ℃高温条件下,1号钢的屈服强度为450 MPa,明显高于2号钢和3号钢的屈服强度330 MPa和310 MPa。3种高破碎性试验钢的 Johnson-Cook 方程分别为:σe=(1008+1309.04(εp)^{0.679 97})(1+0.1498lnε·^*)(1-T^{*1.188 53});σe=(1000+1214.321(εp)^0.6112)(1+0.480 15lnε·^*)(1-T^{*1.263 05});σe=(1008+1334.871(εp)^{0.610 88})(1+0.116 18lnε·^*)(1-T^{*0.992 47})。     

TA2/ Co13Cr28Cu31Ni28/ Q235脉冲TIG焊接头组织与性能

针对钢与钛之间因物化性能差异大,焊接过程易产生大量金属间化合物而难以实现可靠连接的问题,依据焊缝金属固溶高熵化思路,选用Co₁₃Cr₂₈Cu₃₁Ni₂₈高熵合金作为中间过渡层对TA2钛和Q235钢进行脉冲钨极氩弧焊,并对Co₁₃Cr₂₈Cu₃₁Ni₂₈高熵合金及接头的组织和性能进行分析研究. 结果表明,Co₁₃Cr₂₈Cu₃₁Ni₂₈主要是双相面心立方结构,分别为富Cu的晶间和晶内面心立方结构,强度和塑性良好;焊接接头两部分焊缝均成形良好,无气孔、裂纹等缺陷,焊缝组织均为简单的固溶体结构,Q235侧焊缝主要为面心立方结构相,TA2侧焊缝主要由简单的体心立方结构和面心立方结构相构成,以体心立方结构相为主;焊接接头抗拉强度为224 MPa,在TA2侧靠近高熵合金的熔合线处断裂,主要由于生成了脆性的Cr₃O₈,断口有较多韧窝和一部分解理面,为混合断裂,表现出一定的韧性断裂特征.     

Revisiting the Hierarchical Microstructures of an Al-Zn-Mg Alloy Fabricated by Pre-deformation and Aging

Pre-deformation before aging has been demonstrated to have a positive effect on the mechanical strength of the 7N01 alloy in our previous study, which is rather different from the general negative effects of pre-deformation on high-strength 7XXX aluminum alloys. In order to explain the strengthening mechanism relating to the positive effect, in the present study, the microstructure of the aged 7N01 alloy with different degrees of pre-deformation was investigated in detail using advanced electron microscopy techniques. Our results show that, without pre-deformation, the aged alloy is strengthened mainly by the η′ type of hardening precipitates. In contrast, with pre-deformation, the aged alloy is strengthened by the hierarchical microstructure consisting of the GP-η′ type of precipitates formed inside sub-grains, the η_p type of precipitates formed at small-angle boundaries, and the dislocation introduced by pre-deformation (residual work-hardening effect). By visualizing the distribution of the η_p precipitates through three-dimensional electron tomography, the 3D microstructures of dislocation cells are clearly revealed. Proper combinations of η_p precipitates, GP-η′ precipitates and residual dislocations in the alloy are responsible for the positive effect of pre-deformation on its mechanical properties.     

Effect of Zn Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast Mg-10Gd-3.5Er-xZn-0.5Zr Alloys

In this work, the effects of Zn content (0-2 wt%) on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of cast Mg-10Gd-3.5Er-0.5Zr alloys are studied. The results show that the as-cast Mg-10Gd-3.5Er-xZn-0.5Zr alloys are mainly composed of Mg matrix and secondary (Mg, Zn)₃(Gd, Er) phases distributed along grain boundaries. With the increase in Zn content, the volume fraction of secondary (Mg, Zn)₃(Gd, Er) phases increases and the grains get refined. In the process of solid solution treatment, Zn addition can lead to the formation of long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) structures and the volume fraction of LPSO structures increases with Zn content. In addition, the Zn addition can reduce the vacancy formation energy and accelerate the diffusion rate of RE elements in Mg matrix. Because of the comprehensive effect of secondary phases and the accelerated diffusion rate, the base alloy and 2Zn alloy have less grain growth after solid solution treatment than that of the 0.5Zn alloy and 1Zn alloy. The precipitation process is also accelerated by enhanced diffusion rate. At room temperature (RT), the strengthening effect of β^'+ β₁ precipitates is more effective than that of LPSO structures, so the peak-aged 0.5Zn alloy exhibits the most excellent mechanical performance at RT, with yield strength of 219 MPa, ultimate tensile strength 296 MPa and elongation of 6.4%. While LPSO structures have stronger strengthening effect at elevated temperature than that of β^'+ β₁ precipitates, so the 1Zn alloy and 2Zn alloy have more stable mechanical performance than that of the base alloy and 0.5Zn alloy with the increase in tensile temperature.     

高氮高钼合金连铸表面裂纹原因分析

S31254是一种超级奥氏体不锈钢,含有大量的Cr、Ni、Mo、N和Cu等合金元素,具有优异的抗腐蚀性能和综合力学性能。当前,S31254合金连铸主要问题是表面裂纹。通过对S31254合金的材料特性、热模拟断裂机制、凝固原位观察研究,利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜系统分析了S31254裂纹缺陷成因。研究结果表明,S31254合金中有大量分布于铸态组织晶界的析出相,析出相包括σ相、χ相、Laves相和氮化物等,析出相特征是富Cr和Mo、贫Ni。当温度升高至1 240℃左右时,所有的析出相熔入到奥氏体相中,最后熔化的析出相为σ相。随着S31254合金析出相沿晶界析出,铸态晶界脆化,铸坯试样断裂机制演变为沿晶的脆性断裂,这降低了合金的高温塑性,增大了发生裂纹的倾向性。