Microstructure refinement of AZ91D alloy solidified with pulsed magnetic field

The effects of pulsed magnetic field on the solidified microstructure of an AZ91D magnesium alloy were investigated. The experimental results show that the remarkable microstructural refinement is achieved when the pulsed magnetic field is applied in the solidification of AZ91D alloy. The average grain size of the as-cast microstructure of AZ91D alloy is refined to 104 μm. Besides the grain refinement, the morphology of the primary α-Mg is changed from dendritic to rosette, then to globular shape with changing the parameters of the pulsed magnetic field. The pulsed magnetic field causes melt convection during solidification, which makes the temperature of the whole melt homogenized, and produces an undercooling zone in front of the liquid/solid interface by the magnetic pressure, which makes the nucleation rate increased and big dendrites prohibited. In addition, primary α-Mg dendrites break into fine crystals, resulting in a refined solidification structure of the AZ91D alloy. The Joule heat effect induced in the melt also strengthens the grain refinement effect and spheroidization of dendrite arms.     

Refinement mechanism of low voltage pulsed magnetic field on solidification structure of silicon steel

The grain refinement of a silicon steel solidified with a low voltage pulsed magnetic field (LVPMF) was investigated by experiments and modeling. The experiment results show that complete fine equiaxed grains are acquired by applying the LVPMF. The effects of process parameters, such as the melt cooling rate and superheating on the solidification structure, were also studied. Complete fine equiaxed grains can be obtained under a larger range of cooling rate or superheating when the LVPMF is applied. The magnetic force and the melt flow during solidification were modeled and simulated to reveal the grain refinement mechanism. The simulation results show that the LVPMF has a double role in electromagnetic convection and electromagnetic vibration on the alloy melt. We propose the refining mechanism: The melt vibration and convection can promote nucleus multiplication, which contributes to heterogeneous nucleation enhancement and leads to a high nucleation rate and grain refinement.     

Microstructure refinement of AZ31 alloy solidified with pulsed magnetic field

The effects of a pulsed magnetic field on the solidified microstructure of an AZ31 magnesium alloy were investigated. The experimental results show that the remarkable microstructural refinement is achieved when the pulsed magnetic field is applied to the solidification of the AZ31 alloy. The average grain size of the as-cast microstructure of the AZ31 alloy is refined to 107 μm. By quenching the AZ31 alloy, the different primary α-Mg microstructures are preserved during the course of solidification. The microstructure evolution reveals that the primary α-Mg generates and grows in globular shape with pulsed magnetic field, contrast with the dendritic shape without pulsed magnetic field. The pulsed magnetic field causes melt convection during solidification, which makes the temperature of the whole melt homogenized, and produces an undercooling zone in front of the liquid/solid interface, which makes the nucleation rate increased and big dendrites prohibited. In addition, the Joule heat effect induced in the melt also strengthens the grain refinement effect and spheroidization of dendrite arms.     

Effect of wide-spectrum pulsed magnetic field on grain refinement of pure aluminium

A wide-spectrum pulsed magnetic field(WSPMF) was obtained by adjusting the number of current pulses and the pulse interval between adjacent pulses. The effect of WSPMF on the grain refinement of pure aluminium was studied. The distribution of electromagnetic force and flow field in the melt under the WSPMF was simulated to reveal the grain refining mechanism. Results show that the grain refinement is attributed to the combined effect of the melt flow and oscillation under a WSPMF. When the pulse...     

Simulation of electromagnetic-flow fields in Mg melt under pulsed magnetic field

The effects of a pulsed magnetic field on the solidified microstructure of pure Mg were investigated.The results show that microstructure of pure Mg is considerably refined via columnar-to-equiaxed growth under the pulsed magnetic field and the average grain size is refined to 260μm under the optimal processing conditions.A mathematical model was built to describe the interaction of the electromagnetic-flow fields during solidification with ANSYS software.The pulsed electric circuit was first solved and the...     

Distributions of Electromagnetic Fields and Forced Flow and Their Relevance to the Grain Refinement in Al-Si Alloy Under the Application of Pulsed Magneto-Oscillation

Distributions of electromagnetic fields and induced forced flow inside a metal melt are crucial to understand the grain refinement of the metal driven by pulsed magneto-oscillation (PMO). In the present study, PMO-induced electromagnetic fields and forced flow in Ga-20wt%In-12wt%Sn liquid metal have been systematically investigated by performing numerical simulations and corresponding experimental measurements. The numerical simulations have been confirmed by magnetic and melt flow measurements. According to the simulated distribution of electromagnetic fields under the application of PMO, the strongest magnetic field, electric eddy current and Lorentz force with inward radial direction inside the melt are concentrated adjacent the sidewall of cylindrical melt at the cross section of middle height of coil. As a result, a global forced flow throughout the whole cylindrical column filled with Ga-20wt%In-12wt%Sn melt is initiated with a flow structure of two pair of symmetric vortex ring. The PMO-induced electromagnetic fields and forced flow in Al-7wt%Si melt have been numerically simulated. The contribution of electromagnetic fields and forced flow to the grain refinement of Al-7wt%Si alloy under the application of PMO is discussed. It indicates that the forced flow may play a key role in the grain size reduction.     

磁场类型对金属凝固机理的影响研究综述*

利用磁场辅助制备的合金综合性能优异,广泛应用在工业生产、交通运输、航空航天等领域。不同磁场参数环境下合金硬度、耐磨性等服役性能有所差异,作用机理复杂多变。对新工艺驱动下不同磁场对金属凝固过程的作用规律进行总结, 弥补目前磁场辅助金属表面加工方法的研究短板,对金属表面工程发展有重大意义。归纳科研人员在不同磁场环境对金属表面加工的研究探索,分析对比金属材料在不同类型磁场环境下的晶核形核和生长过程差异,总结金属凝固过程在不同磁场下的变化规律,如晶界形貌改善、形核率提高、晶粒细化等。从晶粒微观形貌和合金宏观性能表现两方面出发,分析磁场作用下熔体内部传热传质变化,揭示稳恒磁场、脉冲磁场和交变磁场对金属凝固影响的作用机理,讨论不同参数的磁场对熔体作用效果差异,如磁场对熔池内部流动扰动、熔体内带电粒子受到的洛伦兹力等。综上,晶粒细化、合金性能提高是磁场作用下熔池传热传质变化和磁场作用力的综合体现。综合研究对比稳恒磁场、脉冲磁场和交变磁场对金属凝固的作用特点和作用机理,综述金属凝固领域当前热点问题,有助于统一磁场环境下金属凝固机理的争论,填补磁场环境下金属表面加工工艺的空白,对推进高性能金属表面制备研究有借鉴意义。     

电磁搅拌对激光熔凝TA15钛合金熔池凝固研究

为了研究电磁搅拌作用对激光熔凝熔池凝固过程的影响,采用有限体积法对施加磁场前后激光单道动态熔凝TA15钛合金过程进行三维磁-热耦合数值模拟。研究了磁场对激光熔池流场、熔凝单道及其周边基材温度分布、固液界面处温度梯度和凝固速度的影响,并采用试验手段对模拟结果进行了验证。模拟结果表明:电磁搅拌作用使激光熔池最大流速增加了约20%,对流加剧促进了熔池热交换作用,使其最高温度下降,固液分界面处温度梯度大幅降低,凝固速度小幅增大,从而有利于熔池顶部组织发生柱状晶-等轴晶转变(CET)。试验结果显示施加磁场后熔凝层顶部有等轴晶组织生成,且随着远离磁场中心,电磁力增大,等轴晶区有扩大趋势。试验结果和模拟结果一致性较好。     

脉冲磁场对Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金凝固及力学性能的影响

在Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金凝固过程中施加不同频率的脉冲磁场,研究脉冲磁场对Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金凝固的影响.实验结果表明,脉冲磁场使Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金晶粒细化,在频率为5 Hz条件下获得最佳的晶粒细化效果,平均晶粒尺寸从未加脉冲磁场条件下的65 pm细化到37 pm.脉冲磁场的搅拌导致熔体磁过冷及熔体温度梯度降低是晶粒细化的主要原因.脉冲磁场的施加使抗拉强度和延伸率较常规铸造合金分别提高了4.8%、78.5%.     

电磁离心凝固过程熔体流动和传热的有限元数值模拟

利用电磁流体动力学有关理论,建立了电磁离心凝固过程熔体流动与热量传输的耦合分析模型,采用有限元法对电磁离心凝固过程进行了分析,得出了瞬态速度场和温度场。分析结果表明,电磁离心凝固过程中,正是由于电磁力引起的受迫对流运动,对金属熔体起电磁搅拌作用并使晶粒得到细化,从而提高铸件质量。     

脉冲磁致振荡下纯铝凝固磁场与流场分布的数值模拟

脉冲磁致振荡可以细化金属晶粒,为了研究其作用机理,采用ANSYS有限元模拟软件对脉冲磁致振荡下纯铝凝固磁场与流场分布进行了数值模拟.模拟结果显示,由于电磁趋肤效应,线圈中脉冲电流只在熔体表面感应产生电磁力,且随时间出现指向内部的压力与指向外部的拉力交替变化,沿径向有指向熔体顶部与底部交替变化.交变电磁力可以振荡熔体表面率先析出的晶核而使之游离,增大熔体形核率.同时感应电磁力迫使熔体产生流动,会利于晶核的均匀分布与温度场、浓度场的均匀化.     

低压脉冲磁场对铸态IN718高温合金凝固组织细化的影响

研究低压脉冲磁场对IN718高温合金凝固组织细化的影响。结果表明：在低压脉冲磁场作用下可以获得完全细小的等轴晶组织。熔体冷却速度和过热度显著影响低压脉冲磁场的细化效果,降低冷却速度和过热度有利于提高脉冲磁场的细化效果。利用商业有限元软件模拟计算高温合金凝固过程中熔体中的电磁力和流场分布情况以揭示脉冲磁场的细化机制。认为脉冲磁场引起的熔体对流,以及同熔体冷却速度和过热度的合理配合是合金凝固组织细化的主要原因。     

电磁搅拌作用下铝合金凝固组织的数值模拟

建立了有限元(Finite Element)和元胞自动机法(Cellular Automaton)相结合的宏微观耦合的CA-FE模型,实现了电磁搅拌作用下Al-5％Cu合金凝固组织的数值模拟.该模型利用ANSYS软件计算电磁力,利用有限差分法计算宏观流场和温度场.在微观计算中,采用基于高斯分布的连续形核模型,并采用KGT生长模型计算枝晶尖端生长速率.模拟和实验结果表明,施加电磁搅拌后,铝合金的温度场均匀,冷却速率加快,利于组织细化.     

Improving the Solidified Structure by Optimization of Coil Configuration in Pulsed Magneto-Oscillation

Using both numerical and experimental methods, we studied the effect of coil configuration of pulsed magneto-oscillation (PMO) on distribution of electromagnetic field, flow field and solidification structure with the same pulse current parameters in Al ingots. We designed and constructed three types of coils: surface pulsed magneto-oscillation, hot-top pulsed magneto-oscillation (HPMO) and combined pulsed magneto-oscillation (CPMO). PMO treatment refined the solidification structure in all the ingots. The configuration of the PMO, however, introduced differences in magnetic field intensity, electromagnetic force, Joule heat, flow field, equiaxed grain zone, grain size and growth direction of columnar grains. The largest equiaxed grain zone was found in CPMO treated ingot, and the smallest grain size was found in both HPMO and CPMO treated ingots. Numerical simulation indicated that difference in electromagnetic field and flow field resulted in differences in solidification structure. HPMO is more advantageous over others for large ingot production.     

Grain refinement of pure aluminum by direct current pulsed magnetic field and inoculation

The combined effects of direct current pulsed magnetic field (DC-PMF) and inoculation on pure aluminum were investigated, the grain refinement behavior of DC-PMF and inoculation was discussed. The experimental results indicate that the solidification micro structure of pure aluminum can be greatly refined under DC-PMF. Refinement of pure aluminum is attributed to electromagnetic undercooling and forced convection caused by DC-PMF. With single DC-PMF, the grain size in the equiaxed zone is uneven. However, under DC-PMF, by adding 0.05% (mass fraction) Al–5Ti–B, the grain size of the sample is smaller, and the size distribution is more uniform than that of single DC-PMF. Furthermore, under the combination of DC-PMF and inoculation, with the increase of output current, the grain size is further reduced. When the output current increases to 100 A, the average grain size can decrease to 113 μm.     

INTERACTION OF PARTICLES WITH A SOLIDIFIED INTERFACE DURING SOLIDIFICATION OF METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE REINFORCED WITH PARTICLES

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Numerical simulation on directional solidification of Al-Ni-Co alloy based on FEM

The ratio,of the temperature gradient at the solidifiationfront to the solidification rate of solid-liquid interface,plays a large part in columnar grain growth.The transient temperature fields of directional solidification of Al-Ni-Co alloy were studied by employing a finite element method.The temperature gradient at the solidification front and the solidification rate were analyzed for molten steels pouring at different temperatures.The results show that with different initial pouring temperatures,the individual ratio of the temperature gradient at solidification front to the solidification rate soars up in the initial stage of solidification,then varies within 2,000-6,000℃.s.cm-2,and finally goes down rapidly and even tend to be closed to each other when the solidification thickness reaches 5-6 cm.The simulation result is consistent with the practical production which can provide an available reference for process optimization of directional solidified Al-Ni-Co alloy.     

脉冲电磁场下铝合金半连续铸造技术研究进展

利用脉冲电磁场引起的力效应、热效应及磁势能可显著改善铝合金半连续铸造组织性能,同时,脉冲电磁铸造技术在绿色生产、智能控制等方面紧密契合“低碳冶金”的国家战略要求。综述了脉冲电磁场在铸造晶粒细化、微观结构演变及析出物细化3方面的研究成果,分析了脉冲电磁场特性与材料相变的耦合机制,提出了脉冲电磁场控制凝固、析出相变组织的初步构想,以满足高性能铝合金的质量要求。着重介绍了基于理论指导开发的熔体表面脉冲电磁场技术及其在7XXX(φ203)、6XXX(φ380)、Al-Si(φ120)等多规格半连续铸造的工业实践,脉冲电磁场有望在今后铸造、热处理等多个冶金环节发挥更大作用。     

任意波形脉冲磁场下电磁力计算模型研究

为了建立一个描述任意脉冲磁场下电磁力特性的数学模型,利用数学解析法推导建立任意波形周期脉冲电磁力的模型和理论解。利用此模型考察了三角脉冲磁场下电磁场和电磁力周期变化规律、脉冲频率、占空比和静磁场对电磁力的影响。结果表明:任意波形周期脉冲磁场可通过时谐场叠加得到,各个时谐场的频率为基频的整数倍。三角脉冲电磁力方向呈现交替变化,并且其电磁压力绝对值大于电磁拉力。在脉冲磁场某时间段内,介质内部同时存在电磁拉力和电磁压力。随着脉冲频率增大或占空比减小,电磁压力与电磁拉力都增大,但是电磁压力增幅远大于电磁拉力。随着静磁场感应强度增大,脉冲电磁力增大同时作用深度也增加。枝晶破碎是脉冲磁场细化晶粒组织的机理之一,枝晶在交替变化的脉冲电磁力作用下,可视作产生疲劳损伤,因此脉冲磁场电磁力特性能够增加枝晶破碎的几率。一方面可以通过设计调整脉冲频率、占空比和静磁场获得满足细化凝固晶粒组织所需电磁力;另一方面当脉冲电磁力足以使枝晶破碎时,降低脉冲频率或增大占空比,以便脉冲电磁力作用深度大,从而使凝固细化作用效果更佳。     

电磁振荡对铝合金半连铸坯微观组织及溶质元素晶内含量的影响

研究了电磁振荡作用下7075铝合金半连铸坯微观组织及溶质元素的晶内分布，对其细化、非枝晶组织形成及溶质元素晶内含量的影响机制进行了探讨。认为在电磁振荡作用下，熔体中结晶核心增加，游离晶粒的枝晶生长方式得到抑制是形成均匀细小的近球形和蔷薇形非枝晶组织的原因，并从电磁场改变7075铝合金凝固过程中的溶质分配系数、结晶间隔、液穴内部温度场、流动场以及微观组织形貌等方面出发，分析了电磁振荡对溶质元素晶内含量的影响。