A water-based fast integrated mobility spectrometer (WFIMS) with enhanced dynamic size range

A water-based fast integrated mobility spectrometer (WFIMS) with enhanced dynamic size range is developed. The WFIMS builds on two established technologies: the fast integrated mobility spectrometer and laminar flow water-based condensation methodology. Inside WFIMS, particles of differing electrical mobility are separated in a drift tube and subsequently enlarged through water condensation. Particle size and concentration are measured via digital imaging at a frame rate of 10 Hz. By measuring particles of different mobilities simultaneously, the WFIMS resolves particle diameters ranging from 8 to 580 nm within 1 s or less. The performance of WFIMS was characterized with differential mobility analyzer (DMA) classified (NH₄)₂SO₂ particles with diameters ranging from 8 to 265 nm. The mean particle diameters measured by WFIMS were found to be in excellent agreement with DMA centroid diameters. Furthermore, detection efficiency of WFIMS was characterized using a condensation particle counter as a reference and is nearly 100% for particles with diameter greater than 8 nm. In general, measured and simulated WFIMS mobility resolutions are in good agreement. However, some deviations are observed at low particle mobilities, likely due to the non-idealities of the WFIMS electric field.

Copyright © 2017 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Measuring aerosol size distributions with the fast integrated mobility spectrometer

A fast integrated mobility spectrometer (FIMS) has been developed for rapid aerosol size distribution measurements including those aerosols with low particle number concentrations. In this work, an inversion routine has been developed for the FIMS and it is demonstrated that the FIMS can accurately measure aerosol size distributions. The inversion routine includes corrections for the particle residence time in the FIMS and other factors related to the width of the response (or transfer) function and multiple charging of particles. Steady-state size distributions measured with the FIMS compared well with those measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Experiments also show that the FIMS is able to capture the size distribution of rapidly changing aerosol populations. The total particle concentration integrated from distributions measured by the FIMS agrees well with simultaneous measurements by a condensation particle counter (CPC).     

New fast integrated mobility spectrometer for real-time measurement of aerosol size distribution—I: Concept and theory

A new instrument capable of measuring aerosol size distribution with high time and size resolution, and high signal-to-noise ratios is described. The instrument, referred to as Fast Integrated Mobility Spectrometer (FIMS), separates charged particles based on their electrical mobility into different trajectories in a uniform electric field. The particles are then grown into super-micrometer droplets, and their locations on the trajectories are recorded by a fast charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging system. Images captured by the CCD reveal mobility-dependent particle positions and their numbers, which are then used to derive a particle size distribution spectrum. By eliminating the need to scan over a range of voltages, FIMS significantly improves the measurement speed and counting statistics. A theoretical framework has been developed to quantify the measurement range, mobility resolution, and transfer function of FIMS. It is shown that FIMS is capable of measuring aerosol size distributions with high-time and size resolution.     

Retrieval of high time resolution growth factor probability density function from a humidity-controlled fast integrated mobility spectrometer

Hygroscopicity describes the tendency of aerosol particle to uptake water and is among the key parameters in determining the impact of atmospheric aerosols on global radiation and climate. A hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) system is the most widely used instrument for determining the aerosol hygroscopic growth. Because of the time needed to scan the classifying voltage of the DMA, HTDMA measurement often requires a minimum of 30?min to characterize the particle hygroscopic growth at a single relative humidity for five to six different sizes. This slow speed is often inadequate for measurements onboard mobile platforms or when aerosols evolve rapidly. Recently, a humidity-controlled fast integrated mobility spectrometer (HFIMS) was developed for measuring the hygroscopic growth of particles. The measurement speed of the HFIMS is about one order of magnitude faster than that of the conventional HTDMA. In this work, a data inversion routine is developed to retrieve the growth factor probability density function (GF-PDF) of particles measured by the HFIMS. The inversion routine considers the transfer functions of the upstream DMA and the downstream water-based fast integrated mobility spectrometer (FIMS), and derives the GF-PDF that reproduces the measured responses of the HFIMS. The performance of the inversion routine is examined using ambient measurements with different assumptions for the spectral shape of the particle GF-PDF (multimodal lognormal or piecewise linear). The influences of the data inversion parameters and counting statistics on the inverted GF-PDFs were further investigated, and an approach to determine the optimized inversion parameters is presented.

Copyright © 2019 American Association for Aerosol Research     

黏度变化范围大的组合桨的数值模拟与应用

利用计算流体力学的方法研究了ZBK+BKS组合桨和螺带桨(LD)的流场和混合性质。对比研究了组合桨的流型、功率消耗、混合时间及混合能。结果表明:ZBK+BKS组合桨在过渡流区域,BKS起主要的流体混合作用,形成很好的整体轴向混合,而在层流区ZBK与BKS同等重要并且ZBK加强了轴向混合。ZBK+BKS组合桨的混合时间在过渡流区域要小于螺带桨,而层流区相差很小,并且二者的混合能相差较小。所以ZBK+BKS组合桨能够适用于黏度变化较大的混合过程。     

A multi-channel electrical mobility spectrometer with wedge geometry—Design and first evaluation

This paper presents a new design for a multi-channel electrical mobility spectrometer which measures the lognormal size distribution and number concentration of aerosol particles in the size range 5–300 nm with a short response time. The spectrometer charges particles in the test sample by unipolar corona discharge, they are then classified into 16 channels by electrical mobility. Charged particles are detected in the channels by individual aerosol electrometers, giving an electrical mobility spectrum for the sample.The main aspect of the spectrometer design is a wedge-shaped classifier with flat electrodes. This allows a flow to be drawn from the classifier at 16 different levels/channels with minimal disturbance to the remaining flow, hence filter based aerosol electrometers can be used for detection. The varying field within the classifier caused by the wedge shape is advantageous to the classification and optimised through the selection of the wedge angle.Also presented is an alternative technique for inferring the lognormal size distribution of an aerosol from a measured electrical mobility spectrum. This involves using a theoretical model of the instrument to simulate the output mobility spectra for a large number of aerosol samples with lognormal size distributions. The resulting data library can be searched against a measured electrical mobility spectrum to find the corresponding size distribution.The experimental work presented in this paper is a first evaluation of this spectrometer and includes measurement of the classifier transfer functions, basic calibration of the charger, and finally testing the spectrometer's performance on some simple unimodal lognormal aerosol samples.     

变截面流化床理论模型及数值模拟

基于双流体模型,在一定假设的条件下推导得到了用于描述变截面床流化过程的局部平衡模型。对于局部平衡模型,空间导数项的离散采用五阶精度的WENO有限差分格式,时间导数项的离散采用TVD Runge-Kutta型的离散格式,对流量突变后的瞬态过程进行了模拟,得到固相体积分数在整个变化过程中沿床高的分布以及床高变化规律和床层表面颗粒速度变化曲线。对于流量突增过程,在床内不同位置形成了一系列的连续波,当所有的连续波到达床面整个变化过程结束。而对于流量突然减小过程,将会有固相体积分数间断在分布板处形成,当所有间断到达床面时,塌落过程结束。     

Particle size and chemical composition effects on elemental analysis with the nano aerosol mass spectrometer

In the Nano Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (NAMS), particles are irradiated with a high energy laser pulse to produce a plasma that quantitatively disintegrates each particle into positively charged atomic ions. Previous work with this method used electrodynamic focusing and trapping of particles 30 nm dia. and below. In the current work, an aerodynamic focusing inlet was used to study particles between 40 and 150 nm dia. The distribution of atomic ion charge states was found to be particle size dependent, shifting toward lower charges with increasing size. This shift also affected the calibration by which elemental composition was determined from atomic ion signal intensities. Size independent calibration could be achieved by restricting the analysis to particles that gave more than 90% of the total signal intensity as multiply charged ions. This approach worked best for particles smaller than about 100 nm dia. since most spectra met this criterion. For the nanoparticles studied, the elemental mole fractions of Group I and II metals, halogens, and low atomic mass nonmetals could be determined within 10% or less of the expected value when the mole fraction was at the 1% level or greater. Some transition and heavy metals could not be quantified, while others could. Quantification appeared to be dependent on the ability of the element to be vaporized. Elements with high melting and boiling points gave particle mass spectra similar to those obtained by laser desorption ionization—mostly singly charged ions with relative intensities strongly biased toward atoms with low ionization energies.

Copyright © 2017 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Dynamic viscoelasticity of PUF under small strain and prediction of dynamic viscoelasticity in a wide frequency range

The dynamic viscoelasticity of polyurethane fiber (PUF) under small strain was studied with dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, and its viscoelasticity was predicted in a wide frequency range. The results revealed that the loss factor (tan δ) was about 0.05 and the phase angle (δ) was 2.86°, very close to the δ of a perfect elastomer in the range from −100°C to −80°C. The master curves superimposed by time-temperature superposition (TTS), the frequency range of the storage modulus master curve spanned 17 orders of magnitude from 10⁻⁷ Hz to 10¹⁰ Hz, and the loss modulus master curve spanned 13 orders of magnitude from 10⁻³ Hz to 10¹⁰ Hz. The apparent activation energy of the soft segment relaxation decreased with increasing temperature in the range from −70 to −26°C. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47070.     

SHS extrusion of thick rods: A numerical simulation

Numerically modeled are thermal conditions during the process of SHS extrusion of thick (above 3 mm in diameter) and relatively long (above 100 mm in length) rods.     

粘弹性井间地震数值模拟及效果分析

针对垦71区块砂泥岩互层、小断层及微幅构造等地质特征,设计了相应的地质模型,利用粘弹性波动方程数值模拟方法进行井间地震波场模拟。模拟数据的上行反射波成像剖面与地质模型吻合较好。表明井间地震处理成果可靠性较高,可为多尺度资料联合反演等研究提供高分辨率优质资料。     

SrCexNbxWO4+4x: A novel NTC ceramic for high-temperature thermistor with a wide temperature range

A series of novel negative temperature coefficient thermistor materials based on SrCe_xNb_xWO_4+4x (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) ceramics was synthesized by the solid-state route. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the SrCe_xNb_xWO_4+4x ceramics were composed of scheelite structural solid solution based on the SrWO₄ phase and a CeNbO_4.08 secondary phase that exhibited a fergusonite structure. The resistance-temperature analysis demonstrated that the resistivity ρ₈₀₀ of the SrCe_xNb_xWO_4+4x ceramics decreased from 8.25 ± 0.08 × 10⁶ to 2.52 ± 0.11 × 10² with the increase of x value, along with a decrease in the thermal constant B from 11,102 ± 97–4137 ± 37 K. It was observed that the SrCe_xNb_xWO_4+4x ceramics exhibited high resistivity and excellent aging characteristics as well as suitable B values at elevated temperatures, making it a promising candidate that can be used for the fabrication of high-temperature NTC thermistors with a wide operating temperature range.     

多点卸料浅筒仓力学性能检测

结合实际工程，通过现场测试和实验分析结果，结合原型的数值模拟逆解验算，确定多点卸料特大型浅筒仓的负荷大小及分布，提供了力学参量的现场检测分析结果和长期的监测技术研究成果。此项成果填补了国内外多点卸料浅筒仓研究的空白。     

Conceptual possibilities for extending the particle size range of a differential mobility analyzer using longitudinal and transversal electrodes

A new type of differential mobility analyzer (DMA) is proposed which is, in theory, applicable to the measurement of particle size distributions of aerosols over the full range of particle size. The basic concept of the full-range DMA can be best realized using a parallel-plate geometry. It contains two arrays of detectors, e.g. thin metal strips connected to electrometers. One array of detectors is placed longitudinally along one of the plates, and the other one is placed transversally downstream of the aerosol entrance. With this arrangement, too low mobility particles which escape undetected in a conventional DMA settle onto the transversal detectors and can thus be measured. For small particles collected along the longitudinal array of detectors, the resolution of the instrument is the same as for a conventional multi-channel DMA. For the largest particles, which are collected on the transversal detectors, the resolution deteriorates as the particle size increases.     

On-line measurement of ultrafine aggregate surface area and volume distributions by electrical mobility analysis: I. Theoretical analysis

Electrical mobility analyzers are usually calibrated for spherical particles, and provide number, area and volume distributions for spherical particles. However, these instruments cannot be directly used to obtain the surface area and volume distributions for aggregates. Aggregates are important in technological applications, such as the manufacture of fine powdered materials, and in air pollution and atmospheric sciences. Thus, nanoparticle chain aggregates of low fractal dimension are another important limiting case, in addition to spheres; a method is described which makes it possible to relate aggregate surface area and volume distributions to the electrical mobility diameter. This is accomplished by equating the migration velocity of an aggregate to that of a sphere. Particles of equal migration velocities will trace similar paths in the mobility analyzer and have the same mobility diameter (neglecting the Brownian diffusive spread). By equating the migration velocities of a sphere and aggregate, the number and size of the primary particles composing the aggregate can be related to the diameter of a sphere with the same migration velocity.The calculation of aggregate surface areas and volumes requires two theoretical “modules”, one for the drag on the aggregates and the other for aggregate charging efficiency. Two modules selected from the literature were used. The results indicate that the surface area distributions of aggregates with random orientation are somewhat over-predicted when calculated directly from the mobility diameter. However, the volume distributions are greatly over-predicted, up to a factor of ten compared with values based on the mobility diameter. The affect of aggregate orientation on surface area estimates was also examined.