2219-T87铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对8mm厚2219-T87铝合金进行了焊接.对接头的宏观形貌、微观组织、显微硬度及断口形貌进行了分析.结果表明,焊核区为细小的等轴晶粒,晶粒尺寸远小于母材;热机影响区发生了弯曲变形;热影响区组织出现了明显粗化.前进边热机影响区和焊核区形成明显分界线,后退边相对模糊.搅拌摩擦焊对接头各区域沉淀相分布形态有重要影响.接头室温拉伸强度可以达到母材的70%以上.沿焊缝横截面的显微硬度的分布显示,硬度最低点位于后退侧热影响区区域,断裂位置位于后退侧热影响区处,接头的断裂形式为韧性断裂.     

搅拌摩擦焊接Al-Li合金接头的微观组织及力学性能

采用锥形带螺纹搅拌头搅拌摩擦焊接5mm厚的Al—Li合金轧制板材，并对接头组织、力学性能及断裂特性进行了研究．结果表明，焊核区组织发生动态再结晶，形成细小的等轴晶晶粒，在等轴晶的晶界处析出大量的偏析相．热影响区组织发生回复和粗化反应，形成粗大的棒状回复晶粒；热机影响区组织发生弯曲变形，但整体上仍保留带状组织形貌，前进侧热机影响区组织变形程度高于后退侧，该区同时还发生回复反应，且后退侧热机影响区内的回复晶粒数量多于前进侧．拉伸实验结果表明，焊接速度v=40mm／min时，接头强度达到最大值，为345MPa；v=60mm／min时，接头延伸率达到最大值，为9．6％．硬度测试结果表明，搅拌摩擦焊接头发生软化，前进侧的软化区宽度大于后退侧．断口形貌分析表明，接头断裂模式为韧-脆混合型断裂．     

Microstructures and ion-irradiation behaviour of friction stir welded 12Cr-ODS steel

12Cr oxide dispersion strengthened steel was successfully joined by friction stir welding (FSW), and the joints were irradiated with 3?MeV Au ions at 500°C. The morphology of grains, dislocations, sizes and distributions of nano-sized oxide particles (NPs) in different zones of the FSW joints were analysed. It was found severe plastic deformation occurred and fine equixed grains were formed in stir zone (SZ). The NPs coarsen obviously in thermal-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) on advancing side (AS) due to the relative movements of plastic materials with high-velocity gradient. The size distributions of the NPs in base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and RS-TMAZ are concentrated in a smaller range than those in SZ and AS-TMAZ. Finer grains and high density of dislocations result in hardness increasing obviously in SZ. Irradiation introduced higher hardening in HAZ because of its less grain boundaries and dislocation density compared with SZ and BM.     

氧化物弥散强化材料的搅拌摩擦焊分析

为了探索搅拌摩擦焊技术应用于氧化物弥散强化材料的可焊接性及其基本特点,文中对厚度为4 mm的氧化物弥散强化铜合金进行了焊接试验,并对焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观组织、显微维氏硬度进行了分析. 发现焊接接头横截面由搅拌区、热力影响区、热影响区和母材区4部分组成. 前进侧热影响区与热力影响区形成明显的分界线,后退侧则相对模糊. 搅拌区的组织为细小的等轴晶粒,出现了洋葱环和L线,热力影响区晶粒沿一定方向发生形变,热影响区组织粗化. 沿焊缝横截面的显微维氏硬度呈V形分布,其中搅拌区硬度值最低.     

2219铝合金双主轴回抽式搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能分析

采用双主轴回抽式搅拌摩擦焊对2219铝合金板进行了焊接,分析了接头的微观组织和力学性能,探讨了搅拌针回抽速度对接头力学性能的影响.结果表明,焊缝平稳段上层试样断裂于前进侧热力影响区,靠近热影响区;平稳段下层试样断裂于焊缝中心的搅拌针端部搅动区;而回抽段焊缝断裂于后退侧热影响区,靠近热力影响区.焊接接头抗拉强度达到母材的70％,断后伸长率为80％以上;当回抽速度为6 mm/min时,断后伸长率最高.硬度最低值位于热力影响区和热影响区交界处.     

高镁铝合金搅拌摩擦交叉焊接头微观组织与力学性能

为满足大型铝合金船舶壁板的制造需求,对新一代高镁铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦交叉焊接试验. 结果表明,交叉焊接头成形良好,搅拌区晶粒尺寸最小,热力影响区晶粒形态没有明显方向性,与单道搅拌摩擦焊相比,交叉焊接头搅拌区晶粒组织更细. 显微硬度测试结果表明,交叉焊接头显微硬度变化范围较小,前进侧接头软化明显;拉伸试验测试结果表明,交叉焊接头抗拉强度为340 MPa,为母材强度的87%,对比搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度358 MPa略微降低,在热影响区断裂,断裂方式为45°韧性断裂;疲劳裂纹萌生于焊缝底部,在最大应力150 MPa下循环超2 × 106次未断裂,疲劳性能良好,瞬断区断裂方式为韧性断裂.     

Microstructural characterisation of stir zone containing residual ferrite in friction stir welded 304 austenitic stainless steel

Abstract

Friction stir welding was applied to a 2 mm thick 304 austenitic stainless steel plate. The microstructural evolution and hardness distribution in the weld were investigated. The stir zone (SZ) and thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) showed dynamically recrystallised and recovered microstructures, respectively, which are typically observed in friction stir welds in aluminium alloys. The hardness of the SZ was higher than that of the base material and the maximum hardness was observed at the TMAZ. The higher hardness at the TMAZ was attributed to high densities of dislocations and subboundaries. Microstructural observations revealed that the ferrite was formed along grain boundaries of the austenite matrix in the advancing side of the SZ. It is suggested that the frictional heat due to stirring resulted in the phase transformation of austenite to ferrite and that upon rapid cooling the ferrite was retained in the SZ.     

Friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloys processed by equal channel angular pressing

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is an effective thermo-mechanical process to make ultrafine grains.An investigation was carried out on the friction stir welding (FSW) of ECAPed AZ31 magnesium alloys with a thickness of 15 mm.For different process parameters,the optimum FSW conditions of ECAPed AZ31 magnesium alloys were examined.The basic characterization of weld formation and the mechanical properties of the joints were discussed.The results show that the effect of welding parameters on welding quality was evident and welding quality was sensitive to welding speed.Sound joints could be obtained when the welding speed was 37.5 mm/min and the rotation speed of the stir tool was 750 r/min.The maximum tensile strength (270 MPa) of FSW was 91% that of the base materials.The value of microhardness varied between advancing side and retreating side because of the speed field near the pin of the stir tool,which weakened the deformed stress field.The value of microhardness of the welding zone was lower than that of the base materials.The maximum value was located near the heat-affected zone (HAZ).Remarkable ductile character was observed from the fracture morphologies of welded joints.     

Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of a Dissimilar Friction Stir-Welded AA5083-AA7B04 Butt Joint

Friction stir welding (FSW) has been used for joining AA5083 and AA7B04 alloy sheets with the aim of studying the microstructure and the mechanical properties of dissimilar FSW joints obtained by varying the initial base metal state of AA7B04 alloy. The results show that the initial base metal state has a significant impact on the material flow during dissimilar FSW. As compared with the joints placing hard alloy (artificially aged AA7B04-AA or naturally aged AA7B04-NA) on the retreating side, it becomes easier transporting AA5083 from advancing side to retreating side when soft alloy (annealed AA7B04-O) is placed on the retreating side. The atomic diffusion does not occur at the interface between AA5083 and AA7B04, indicating that the mixing of the two materials is merely mechanical. Grain refinement is observed in the stir zone. The failure location during tensile tests is different depending on the initial base metal state. The joints (AA5083/AA7B04-AA and AA5083/AA7B04-O) fail in the base metal on the soft material side which corresponds to the minimum values in hardness profiles. Differently, the joints (AA5083/AA5083 and AA5083/AA7B04-O) fail in the stir zone due to the presence of defects including “zigzag line,” kissing bond and discontinuous voids.     

搅拌摩擦对接焊6061铝合金的高周疲劳行为

对6061铝合金进行搅拌摩擦对接焊,其焊接工艺参数为：旋转速度600、800、1000、1200 r/min,前进速度80、100 mm/min,探针插入深度1.85 mm。基于搅拌摩擦焊参数计算得到的能量输入结果表明,在输入能量为196～405 kJ的情况下,接头在297～354 kJ的输入能量范围内有最大的抗拉强度。在不同的应力比（R=0.5,0.3,0.1,-0.3,-0.5）下,将高强度、低强度2种焊接头进行疲劳测试。结果表明,对于这2种焊接头,显微组织特征明显影响其疲劳性能,比如搅拌区、热力影响区（TMAZ）和热影响区。从接头的显微组织、裂纹扩展路径和断裂表面观察等方面对其疲劳强度进行讨论。     

Effect of post-weld heat treatment on joint properties of dissimilar friction stir welded 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys

The effect of post-weld heat treatment on dissimilar friction stir welded AA7075 and AA2024 joints was studied. After welding in constant parameters, solution heat treatment and various aging treatments were given to the welded joints. Microstructural and phase characterizations were done using optical microscope, SEM, FE-SEM, XRD and EDS techniques. Finally, mechanical properties of post-weld heat treated joints were evaluated and compared with as-welded joints. Results show that both 2024-T6 and 7075-T6 post-weld heat treatment procedures considerably improve the mechanical strength of the welded joint, with higher strength obtained for the 7075-T6 procedure, in comparison with the as-welded joint. This is explained by the formation of fine precipitates during the aging process, despite the abnormal grain growth. Fracture occurs at the interface between thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) on the retreating side (AA7075) of as-welded joint, while by applying post-weld heat treatment fracture location shifts towards the stir zone (SZ) of the welded joint. Also, for post-weld heat treated samples, fracture surface is predominantly inter-granular, while in as-weld joint, fracture surface is mostly trans-granular. This is explained by dissolution and coarsening of precipitates within grains in post-weld heat treated joints.     

Lapped friction stir welding between ductile cast irons and stainless steels

This study investigated the influence of preheating temperature and welding speed on the microstructure of dissimilar lapped friction stir welding (FSW) of ductile cast iron FCD450 and 304 stainless steel. The stainless steel was placed on FCD450, and then FSW was carried out at a tool rotational speed of 200, 400, and 600 rpm and welding speed between 1 and 10 mm/s. Preheating was conducted at 573 and 773 K. Martensitic structure was formed in HAZ of FCD450 without the preheating, while the preheating resulted in the formation of a pearlite structure. Even when the preheating was employed, however, stir zone (SZ) of FCD450 had the chill structure at a lower welding speed, because the SZ temperature exceeded the eutectic temperature. Formation of the chill structure in the SZ could be prevented at a higher welding speed. This study showed that FSW would be available as a dissimilar welding method between ductile cast iron and stainless steel.     

C18000铜合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织与性能

对3.5 mm厚的C18000铜合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊焊接试验. 在焊接速度120 mm/min,转速1 200 r/min工艺下获得无缺陷焊接接头. 在金相显微镜下对接头的宏观形貌、微观组织进行观察,用扫描电镜和透射电镜对母材和搅拌区组织进行观察分析. 结果表明,接头区大致分为母材区、热影响区、热力影响区和搅拌区,搅拌区晶粒细小均匀,热力影响区晶粒沿边界切线方向被拉长;搅拌区Cr₃Si相部分溶解,搅拌区组织中的Cr单质相和Ni₂Si相溶解导致接头硬度和抗拉强度下降. 搅拌区平均硬度为151.4 HV;接头抗拉强度为497 MPa,达到母材的72%;接头电导率下降为35%IACS.     

铜合金与不锈钢搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头组织与性能

采用搅拌摩擦搭接焊对铜合金与不锈钢异种金属进行焊接,得到外观良好、无内部缺陷的搭接接头. 利用金相、扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射及硬度计等研究了铜–钢搭接焊接头显微组织,分析了接头的物相成分,测试了接头的显微硬度. 结果表明,不锈钢与铜在焊合区形成了“洋葱环”结构,此结构在焊核区的前进侧较后退侧更为均匀;在接头的前进侧、后退侧和底部有明显的热力影响区;在条状结构中形成了新的金属间化合物NiCu₄,这使焊核区不锈钢–铜界面的硬度值明显增大;接头焊核区的硬度值明显高于基体,且焊核区前进侧的硬度值较后退侧更高.     

Microstructure and Properties of TIG/FSW Welded Joints of a New Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy

A new Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy with low Sc content was welded by tungsten inert gas (TIG) and friction stir welding (FSW) techniques. The microstructure and properties of those two welded joints were investigated by property tests and microstructural observations. The results show that the new Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy has desirable welding property. The ultimate tensile strength and welding coefficient of the TIG joint reach 405 MPa and 76.7%, respectively, and in FSW joint those property values reach 490 MPa and 92.6%, respectively. The studied base metal has a deformed fibrous subgrains structure, many nano-scaled Al₃(Sc,Zr) particles, and very fine aging precipitates. In the TIG joint, the fusion zone consists of coarsened dendritic grains and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) has fibrous micro-scaled subgrains. The FSW welded joint is characterized by a weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and HAZ. Due to plastic deformation around the rotating pin and anti-recrystallized effectiveness of Al₃(Sc,Zr) particles, the weld nugget zone has a very fine subgrain structure. The TMAZ experiences some dissolution of aging precipitates. Coarsening of aging precipitates was observed in the HAZ. The better mechanical properties of the FSW joint are derived from a fine subgrain structure and homogeneous chemical compositions.     

低活化铁素体–马氏体钢搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能分析

文中对9% Cr低活化铁素体-马氏体钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和性能进行了分析.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接头不同区域微观组织存在明显的差异.搅拌区内奥氏体的动态再结晶引起晶粒细化和马氏体转变,并且晶界M₂₃C₆相溶解,晶内M₃C相析出;热力影响区组织变化与搅拌区相似,但晶粒尺寸明显大于母材;热影响区和母材区均表现回火组织特征.搅拌区硬度显著提高,分布均匀;热力影响区硬度值变化较大;热影响区发生软化,其硬度值在接头区域最低.随着拉伸测试温度的增加,搅拌区的屈服强度单调降低,抗拉强度先增大后减小,而断后伸长率先减小后增大.     

7N01铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能

研究了在不同焊接参数的条件下,7N01铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的力学性能.结果表明,在特定的旋转频率和前进速度匹配条件下,下压量在0.3～1.0 mm范围波动,7N01铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的抗拉强度均能够稳定在340 MPa以上,达到母材的80%左右.通过扫描电镜观察断口发现,搅拌摩擦焊接头断口以韧窝型为主,在低倍下部分断口呈现出明显的分层现象,两层间分界部分呈现出阶梯状形貌.接头硬度测试表明,后退侧的平均硬度略高于前进侧,这也与拉伸测试中接头普遍断于前进侧的现象吻合.     

2A12铝合金FSW板材时效成形性研究

为评价2A12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊构件时效成形工艺,设计了以时间参数为变量的焊后时效成形工艺模拟试验,进行了FSW(FSW-搅拌摩擦焊)焊件蠕变时效力学性能及成形性研究。结果表明,在搅拌头转速750 r/min、焊速60 mm/s的焊接工艺参数下,当时效成形时间为8 h时,FSW焊接件抗拉强度达到354.1 MPa,为母材强度的79.2%,其断裂位置基本位于热影响区前进侧。在该工艺下最佳回弹时间为8 h,此时回弹率为33.49%。硬度最低点在热影响区,该区域内硬度随时效时间的增加呈递减趋势。     

转速对7055铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头断裂特征的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊对5 mm厚7055铝合金进行对接试验,通过拉伸试验研究不同转速接头断裂位置及其横截面的显微组织,断口形貌特征.结果表明,随着转速的提高,薄弱区发生了转移:当转速为700~800 r/min时,接头在热影响区发生45°剪切断裂;当转速提高至900~1 100 r/min时,接头在焊核区发生"S"形断裂;进一步提高转速至1 200~1 400 r/min时,接头沿着前进侧热力影响区或前进侧热力影响区与焊核区边界发生断裂.断口形貌分析表明,热影响区断口呈现大而深的韧窝,焊核区断口呈现小而浅的韧窝,均属韧性断裂;热力影响区边界断口呈韧-脆混合断裂特征.     

Development of novel heating tool friction stir spot welding (HT-FSSW) for AZ31 magnesium alloy

In this work, a new heating tool friction stir spot welding (HT-FSSW) process was developed, and its impacts on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded AZ31 magnesium alloy joints were investigated by microstructure observation, tensile tests and microhardness tests. An increase in the heating tool temperature resulted in a decrease in the grain size of the stir zone (SZ) and an increase in the grain size of the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ). The rising heating tool temperature also aggrandised the bonded zone width and enhanced the tensile shear load strength per unit area of the HT-FSSW welded joints. With an increase in the heating tool temperature, the microhardness of SZ increased while that of the TMAZ decreased. Moreover, the slope of the Hall–Petch relationship between microhardness and grain size of the TMAZ is larger than that of the SZ.