流体动压润滑油膜厚度及油池的荧光测量

基于面接触润滑油膜厚度荧光测量系统,研究润滑油中荧光剂强度与剪应变率的关系,筛选得到适合油膜厚度测量的润滑油和荧光剂的组合,并研究荧光强度和油膜厚度之间的关系。结果表明:R6G荧光剂和PEG400润滑油组合与Coumarin6荧光剂和PAO8润滑油组合的荧光强度不受剪应变率影响,可用于油膜厚度的荧光测量;荧光强度和油膜厚度存在单值线性关系,通过测量荧光强度可以求解油膜厚度。建立接触区周围油膜厚度及油池分布的测量方法,研究载荷和速度对油膜厚度以及接触区周围润滑剂的迁移特性的影响。结果表明:油膜厚度随速度增加而增加,随载荷增加而减小;随着速度增加,滑块入口处油池产生润滑剂堆积,出口处油池出现双侧脊分离,两侧面油池无明显变化;油池的变化是表面力、机械分离力和离心力综合作用的结果。     

涡旋压缩机涡旋齿侧壁油膜承载力仿真分析

为提升涡旋齿润滑性能,以某型号涡旋压缩机为研究对象,通过分析动、静涡旋体啮合点的运动规律,建立涡旋齿侧壁间动压润滑油膜的理论模型;利用有限差分法求解油膜压力分布,分析油膜承载力随主轴转角、主轴转速、润滑油黏度、偏心率及涡旋体高度的变化关系。结果表明:油膜承载力随主轴转角先减小,达到排气角时会陡增,随后再次减小,因此,在转角接近排气角处油膜承载力最小,最容易产生润滑失效;提高主轴转速,使用黏度大的润滑油可提高油膜承载力,转速越高,润滑油黏度对油膜承载力的影响越大;油膜承载力随偏心率增大而增大,但偏心率过大会导致油膜过薄,加剧磨损,偏心率过小会导致齿侧间隙过大,增大气体泄漏量;增大涡旋体高度可增加油膜承载力,但其增加的幅度不断减小。     

轴颈倾斜轴承的热流体动力润滑分析

考虑温度对轴颈倾斜轴承润滑的影响,通过解三维能量方程与固体热传导方程,计算轴颈、轴承和润滑油的温度分布,进而对轴颈倾斜轴承进行了热流体动力润滑分析。结果表明:轴承中央截面偏心率较大时,轴颈倾斜角对轴承润滑间隙中油膜温度、最大油膜压力、端泄流量和保持轴承稳定工作的力矩的影响较显著;轴颈倾斜角对油膜层面上的油膜最高温度、温度分布和压力分布的影响较大,油膜厚度较小的区域,油膜压力增大,摩擦生热多,油膜温度上升。     

固液两相流体弹流润滑研究

应用微极流体理论,考虑流体的可压缩性,建立线接触微极流体动力润滑的基本方程,进行固液两相流体稳态流动弹流润滑数值分析,获得了润滑油膜压力、形状以及摩擦力分布,分析了微极参数对润滑性能的影响,并与不可压缩流体结果进行比较。结果表明,固液两相润滑流体较单相牛顿流体,在增加膜厚、提高承载力方面有显著的作用,而接触表面的摩擦因数有所降低,流体的可压缩性降低了油膜压力与油膜厚度。     

硬脂酸界面修饰对油膜润滑影响的试验研究

研究了有限量供油条件下,硬脂酸界面修饰对滑块-玻璃盘面接触条件下油膜润滑的影响。利用面接触润滑油膜测量系统,作者测量了PAO10、甲基硅油基础油以及添加了0.1%硬脂酸的同种基础油产生的润滑油膜厚度随速度的变化曲线,理论计算了连续双侧脊薄油层和离散液滴供油条件下的油膜厚度,并对硬脂酸在盘表面的吸附进行了表征。结果表明,硬脂酸吸附层使润滑轨道表面能降低,其上润滑油发生“反润湿”呈现液滴状分布,该分布能够增高润滑膜厚;硬脂酸吸附使固体表面产生致密膜,表面粗糙度降低;离散油滴经接触区被压塌成为连续油层分布,再次恢复到离散态需要一定时间,这与固体表面吸附层密切相关;此外,二甲基硅油能够促进硬脂酸吸附,增大玻璃盘基体改性程度和润滑油膜厚度。     

微液滴面接触润滑研究

利用面接触润滑油膜测量系统进行微量液滴润滑性能的研究。试验中以静止的微型滑块平面和旋转的光学透明圆盘构成润滑副,对不同黏度的润滑油分别进行微液滴以及玻璃盘全部铺满情况下的油膜厚度测量。试验结果表明:微量润滑液滴会沿滑块的运动轨迹铺展在玻璃盘上,形成持续的润滑,表明微量的润滑介质液滴可以提供充分润滑;油膜厚度开始会随速度的增加而增加,到达一定速度后油膜厚度会保持不变;干涉图说明微量润滑下,接触区并不是完全由润滑膜承载,会有一些油气混合物承载。     

轴向柱塞泵配流副油膜试验原理及控制特性

为研究油、水介质下轴向柱塞泵几类关键摩擦副的润滑特性,提出采用电液单元对润滑油膜进行主、被动控制的专用试验系统原理。论述该试验系统用油膜厚度反馈控制配流副密封间隙的模拟试验装置的原理与构成,将微缝隙流对电液控制系统的作用简化为弹簧中阻尼器负载,建立配流副对润滑油膜厚度的阀控缸物理模型并推导精密缸位移控制方程,分析影响润滑性能的主控参量及相互关系,仿真研究油膜厚度控制的动态特性。运用该试验系统进行了初步的平面配流副油膜试验。研究表明,油膜平衡的仿真与试验基本一致,供油压力、摩擦转矩等对润滑油膜的形成影响较大。伺服比例阀的反馈控制原理使系统的油膜厚度动态反馈性能趋于稳定,但在供油压力斜坡变化时油膜厚度平衡值在设定范围内有一定变化。     

含油膜润滑间隙铰接副的多体动力学分析

针对含油膜润滑间隙铰接副的多体动力学问题,采用挤压油膜润滑力约束替代运动学约束的方式构建间隙铰模型,并对比分析间隙铰在油膜润滑和干接触情况下的模型参数(如油液黏度、间隙尺寸)对机械系统动力学特性的影响。数值算例结果表明,润滑油膜具有良好的减震效果,使得系统动态性能各项指标接近于理想情况,且最小油膜厚度远大于安全值;随着间隙增大或油液黏度减小时,铰接副反力出现振荡,系统刚性趋于严重,特别是在油液黏度较小时,销轴与轴套接触面接触趋于频繁,干接触和磨损可能性增大。     

高速人字齿轮副喷油润滑分析

喷油润滑的设计直接影响齿面润滑油膜分布,而齿面润滑油膜沉积铺展分析是喷油润滑设计的重要内容。本文基于计算流体动力学方法建立了人字齿轮的喷油润滑分析模型,计算了在不同啮合角度下特征齿面的油膜沉积铺展情况。结果表明:特征齿面上位于喷油口下方的区域润滑油的体积比较高,油膜厚度也较大;润滑油喷到特征齿面的油路受到周围轮齿的干涉后齿面润滑油的体积比出现明显下降;不同啮合角度下铺展形成齿面润滑油膜的分布和面积存在一定差异;啮合轮齿处于1.5°啮合角度时,啮入侧两个喷油口才会同时喷射润滑油到同一齿面,此时润滑油膜的面积较大。     

PMMA-玻璃面接触流体润滑特性研究

以静止的PMMA平面滑块和旋转的光学透明玻璃盘为润滑副,利用基于光干涉原理的微型面接触润滑油膜测量系统,对PMMA-玻璃形成的润滑油膜厚度及形状进行测量。结果表明,由于润滑面的低弹性,在润滑油膜压力作用下固体表面发生明显的弹性变形,该变形随速度、载荷和PMMA滑块倾角的变化而变化;油膜厚度随速度的增加而明显增加,随载荷增加明显降低,滑块倾角对油膜形状也有明显影响。     

Effect of Surface Velocity Directions on Elastohydrodynamic Film Shape

This article is focused on the effects of the angle between lubricant entrainment velocity and sliding velocity on elastohydrodynamic film thickness distribution. Thin-film colorimetric interferometry was used to evaluate the film thickness distribution in smooth glass–steel contacts to provide basic data on the effects of the slide–roll ratio and the direction of sliding with respect to entrainment velocity. It was observed that as the sliding perpendicular to the entrainment velocity increased, the overall film thickness was reduced and asymmetry of the film profile with respect to the direction of the entrainment velocity increased. The asymmetry of the film profile with respect to the direction of the entrainment velocity increased with the entrainment speed or the overall film thickness. When the speed of the glass disk was larger than that of the steel ball, a dimple was formed even if there was a difference in direction between the entrainment and sliding velocities. A part of the dimple was exhausted from the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) conjunction as the angle between the entrainment and sliding velocities approached 90°.     

超薄含水油膜Couette流润滑特性的分子动力学模拟

基于分子动力学方法,建立超薄含水柴油膜的全原子分子模型,进行不同含水率下油膜Couette流的润滑特性研究。在相同剪切速度作用下,分析含水油膜的微观结构、速度分布、整体键取向参数、剪切黏度等性质。发现不含水时油膜形成了类固体层,不具有流动性,且在剪切过程中黏度值下降,即表现出剪切时间稀化现象;而含水工况下,油膜出现分层结构,流速符合Couette流的流动特性;且含水率越高,油膜的分层现象越明显,链烃的有序性越强,致使油水混合薄膜的剪切黏度值也越低,呈现出非牛顿流体性质,此时油膜固有的剪切稀化特性被削弱。研究表明,水分子由于具有较强的分子间作用力,能促使油膜中的有机分子重新排布,从而对油膜的润滑性能产生较大改变。     

Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Rough Surfaces under Oscillatory Line Contact with Non-Newtonian Lubricant

This paper presents the results of a transient analysis of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) of two parallel cylinders in line contact with a non-Newtonian lubricant under oscillatory motion. Effects of the transverse harmonic surface roughness are also investigated in the numerical simulation. The time-dependent Reynolds equation uses a power law model for viscosity. The simultaneous system of modified Reynolds equation and elasticity equation with initial conditions was solved using the multigrid, multilevel method with full approximation technique. The film thickness and the pressure profiles were determined for smooth and rough surfaces in the oscillatory EHL conjunctions, and the film thickness predictions were verified experimentally.

For an increase in the applied load on the cylinders or a decrease in the lubricant viscosity, there is a reduction in the minimum film thickness, as expected. The predicted film thickness for smooth surfaces is slightly higher than the film thickness obtained experimentally, owing primarily to cavitation that occurred in the experiments. The lubricant film under oscillatory motion becomes very thin near the ends of the contact when the velocity goes to zero as the motion direction changes, but a squeeze film effect keeps the fluid film thickness from decreasing to zero. This is especially true for surfaces of low elastic modulus. Harmonic surface roughness and the viscosity and power law index of the non-Newtonian lubricant all have significant effects on the film thickness and pressure profile between the cylinders under oscillatory motion.     

A Method for the Measurement of Hydrodynamic Oil Films Using Ultrasonic Reflection

The measurement of the thickness of an oil film in a lubricated component is essential information for performance monitoring and control. In this work, a new method for oil film thickness measurement, based on the reflection of ultrasound, is evaluated for use in fluid film journal bearing applications. An ultrasonic wave will be partially reflected when it strikes a thin layer between two solid media. The proportion of the wave reflected depends on the thickness of the layer and its acoustic properties. A simple quasi-static spring model shows how the reflection depends on the stiffness of the layer alone. This method has been first evaluated using flat plates separated by a film of oil, and then used in the measurement of oil films in a hydrodynamic journal bearing. A transducer is mounted on the outside of the journal and a pulse propagated through the shell. The pulse is reflected back at the oil film and received by the same transducer. The amplitude of the reflected wave is processed in the frequency domain. The spring model is then used to determine the oil film stiffness that can be readily converted to film thickness. Whilst the reflected amplitude of the wave is dependent on the frequency component, the measured film thickness is not; this indicates that the quasi-static assumption holds. Measurements of the lubricant film generated in a simple journal bearing have been taken over a range of loads and speeds. The results are compared with predictions from classical hydrodynamic lubrication theory. The technique has also been used to measure oil film thickness during transient loading events. The response time is rapid and film thickness variation due to step changes in load and oil feed pressure can be clearly observed.     

Numerical Analysis of the Oil-Supply Condition in Isothermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Finite Line Contacts

In order to investigate the effect of oil-supply condition on the lubrication performance of machine components, such as gears and roll bearings, a full numerical solution of the isothermal finite line contact elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) problem under different oil-supply conditions was obtained. The supplied oil quantity was given with the thicknesses of layers of oil films on both solid surfaces, and an equivalent thickness of such supplied oil films was introduced. An algorithm similar to that proposed by Elrod in 1981 was developed to determine the pressure starting position automatically. The pressure field was solved with a multi-grid solver which enables the difficulty of the huge mesh differences in two directions be overcome easily. The surface deformation produced by pressure was calculated with a multilevel multi-integration method. Based on the Newtonian lubricant assumption, comparisons of solutions between the starved and fully flooded contacts have been made. Results show that the pressure starting position and the central and minimum film thicknesses vary with different oil-supply thicknesses. In addition, the influence of the thickness of the oil-supply layer, the end profile radius, the entrainment velocity, and the maximum Hertzian pressure on the starved fluid film thickness has been investigated. In conclusion, the optimum quantity of the supplied oil is very important for the discussed problem.     

Substrate surface energy effects on a liquid lubricant film at nanometre scalesubstrate surface energy effects on a liquid lubricant film at nanometre scale

In this paper is discussed the effect of the physical characteristics of substrate surfaces on the lubrication properties of thin films at nanometre scale. Different coatings with different surface energies have been formed on the surface of a steel ball by means of plasma assisted sedimentation (PAS). The ball was put in a pure rolling system in point contact, where the lubricant film is measured by relative optical interference intensity (ROII). Experimental results show that the film thickness is closely related to the substrate surface energy when the film is in the nanometre scale, and that the combined surface roughness in the contact region is closely related to the liquid lubricant film thickness and the contact pressure. The thinner the film and the higher the contact pressure, the smaller will be the combined surface roughness. Lastly, the relationship between critical film thickness and its influencing factors is discussed.     

Microscopic study of thin film lubrication and its contributions to macroscopic tribology

This review article summarizes recent progress in investigation of nano‐rheology and thin film lubrication, as well as their contributions to conventional tribology. As the thickness of a lubricating film becomes comparable to molecular dimensions, a lubricant confined between solid walls undergoes a dramatic transition in its rheological properties and physical state, including the formation of ordered structure, enhanced viscosity and slow relaxation, glass transition or solidification, and consequent stick‐slip motion. As a result, it is recognized that there is special regime between EHL and boundary lubrication, identified as thin film lubrication, where lubricant flow and hydrodynamics are still in action but behave differently from expectations of the classical theory. Generalized theories of thin film lubrication are under development. Microscopic studies of thin film lubrication provide a solid theoretical basis to the development of high‐tech and micro devices, the understanding of lubrication failure, the generalization of classical lubrication theory, and friction control and interface design. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Development of a Spacer Layer Imaging Method (SLIM) for Mapping Elastohydrodynamic Contacts

Optical interferometry has proved to be a valuable experimental tool in the study of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHD). It is a technique that gives detailed information on the lubricant film distribution within the contact; however, the sensitivity is limited and it is only recently, with the development of the spacer layer optical technique, that the study of the thin film lubrication regime has been possible. The limitation of the spacer layer technique is that generally only one measurement is taken from the center of the contact. The next logical step in the development of this technique is, therefore, a system that combines the mapping capabilities of the original optical method with the thin film capabilities of the spacer layer approach.

This paper describes the development of a contact mapping technique that uses the spacer layer approach to visualize, and measure, thin lubricant films in concentrated contacts. The development of the technique is described and its application to both static and moving contacts reported. Thin EHD films (down to 10 nm) have been measured and mapped.     

Molecular dynamics study of the interfacial slip phenomenon in ultrathin lubricating films

The tribological performance of thin films of a liquid alkane has been studied through a molecular dynamics simulation with particular attention being paid to the phenomenon of interfacial slip. The model system for the simulation consists of two solid walls, with the lubricant molecules confined between them. Molecules of n‐decane (C₁₀H₂₂) were chosen to represent the lubricant molecules. The results of the simulation show: the average velocity of decane molecules in a Couette flow exhibits largely a linear distribution, but with a slip velocity at the solid‐liquid interface; when the simulations are performed at different temperatures, the slip ratios were found to vary with temperature; slip behaviour depends strongly on the solid‐fluid interaction; and slip ratios increase with decreasing film thickness, suggesting that slip in the thin films is a confinement‐related phenomenon.