灰分含量对GE水煤浆气化的物耗影响

根据GE水煤浆气化的特征,建立了简化的GE气化炉煤气化计算模型,该模型通过物料衡算与热量衡算的耦合,能定量地计算出GE水煤浆气化时的比煤耗、比氧耗等气化指标。应用该模型,定量地计算了灰含量对GE水煤浆气化时的比煤耗与比氧耗的影响,计算结果表明,原煤灰含量每降低1个百分点,GE水煤浆气化时的干燥无灰基比煤耗约降低0.33%,比氧耗约降低0.72%。计算结果对讨论GE气化用煤脱灰的必要性具有参考意义。     

GE水煤浆气化全流程模拟

GE水煤浆气化工艺是目前广泛采用的煤气化技术.通过对GE水煤浆气化全过程的模拟,可以加深对工艺包的理解,对气化炉进行优化控制,同时为工艺设计和生产操作提供指导.文中根据GE水煤浆气化的工艺特点,将水煤浆气化过程分为煤的裂解与气化、激冷与排渣、碳洗、闪蒸与灰水处理等基本单元过程,在对单元过程模型反复核算、改进的基础上采用...     

制备高质量水煤浆的影响因素及操作控制

目前我国许多煤化工项目采用水煤浆加压气化工艺,而制备高质量的水煤浆是水煤浆加压气化工艺技术应用的关键。简介水煤浆加压气化工艺之煤浆制备流程及对水煤浆品质的要求,分析水煤浆制备质量的主要影响因素,并结合某厂GE水煤浆加压气化装置煤浆制备的生产实际,分析与探讨制备高质量水煤浆所需把控的原料煤煤质、煤浆添加剂配制及其添加量、磨煤机内钢棒级配、磨煤机进煤量与进水量调整等关键操控点,以便为业内提供一些参考与借鉴。     

典型气流床煤气化炉气化过程的建模

利用Aspen Plus、基于热力学平衡模型对GSP煤粉气化炉、GE水煤浆气化炉及四喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉的气化过程建模。根据煤颗粒热转化的历程,将煤气化过程划分为热解、挥发分燃烧、半焦裂解及气化反应4个阶段,利用David Merrick模型计算热解过程,采用Beath模型校正压力对热解过程的影响,选用化学计量反应器模拟挥发分燃烧反应,编制Fortran程序计算半焦裂解产物收率,最后基于Gibbs自由能最小化方法计算气化反应。结果表明,采用建立的气流床气化过程模型模拟工业气化过程的结果与生产数据基本吻合,对GSP煤粉气化炉、GE水煤浆气化炉及四喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉等3种气化炉有效气成分（CO+H₂）体积分数模拟结果的误差均不超过2%,建立模型的可靠性得到验证。     

GE水煤浆气化技术现状和应用前景

GE水煤浆气化技术是第二代煤气化技术中发展最迅速、成就最显著的生产技术之一,是美国通用电气能源集团推广的具有世界领先的煤气化技术,我国对于GE水煤浆气化技术的应用最为广泛。讨论了GE水煤浆气化技术原理、特点、现状,并对该技术的应用前景进行了分析、总结。     

水煤浆气化装置灰水氨浓度预测及控制

介绍了水煤浆气化系统中氨的来源和氮元素在水煤浆气化过程中的转化迁移规律,分析了不同来源的NH₃对气化系统的影响。根据水煤浆气化工艺技术特点,建立了气化灰水NH₃浓度预测模型,并以南京某石化公司配套GE水煤浆气化装置实际运行数据为例,进行了模型计算,计算预测值与实际值的偏差为4.5%。依据灰水NH₃浓度预测模型,提出了控制原料煤的氮含量、适当提高气化温度、对净化冷凝液脱氨系统进行操作优化和技术改造等措施,实现气化系统低NH₃浓度稳定运行。     

水煤浆气化工艺过程的模拟研究与分析

以河南某煤种为反应原料,采用Aspen Plus流程模拟软件对水煤浆气化工艺过程进行了流程模拟,考察分析了气化炉内的氧煤比和煤浆浓度等原料条件以及气化温度和压力等操作条件对气化反应结果的影响,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行比较,结果表明：模型基本正确,在误差许可范围内,模拟结果与气化实验结果基本一致;氧煤比、水煤浆浓度和气化温度是影响气化反应结果的主要因素;气化压力则对煤气化反应结果几乎没有影响,但是加压气化有利于降低后续工段合成气压缩能耗。     

GE水煤浆气化反应物料平衡和能量平衡的简化计算分析与探讨

根据GE煤气化反应特性,以工艺包数据为基准,结合华鹤煤化公司4年多实际运行数据和经验,通过有关假设,建立了物料平衡和能量平衡计算的简化模型。利用简化计算模型对GE水煤浆气化反应系统进行了物料平衡和热量平衡的计算,并从该系统反应过程和水煤气组分两方面,对所建立的模型进行了验证。通过该模型,可以推算出不同运行条件下GE水煤浆气化反应后粗煤气组成及各组分含量,可供相关工程项目设计、气化装置性能测试等参考。     

两种气化工艺流程模拟分析

依据贵州开阳化工有限公司粉煤气化装置与兖矿国泰化工有限公司水煤浆气化装置实际运行数据进行流程模拟,用Aspen Plus构建两种气化模型并调节工艺参数,对比与分析粉煤气化装置与水煤浆气化装置之气化压力、氧气加入量、水加入量对合成气成分的影响,为两种气化工艺的选用与进一步研发提供一些理论支持。     

运用Gibbs自由能最小化方法模拟气流床煤气化炉

基于 Aspen Plus工业系统流程模拟软件 ,运用 Gibbs自由能最小化方法建立了气流床煤气化炉的模型 .研究了气化炉的主要操作参数 (即水煤浆浓度、氧煤比、碳转化率和气化温度 )对气化结果的影响 .对模拟结果进行了分析 ,发现模型基本正确 ,可应用于一些反应机理复杂的气化工艺的化学和热力学平衡计算 .模拟结果表明 ,氧煤比和水煤浆浓度是影响气化炉出口煤气组成的主要因素 ,气化炉温度随着氧煤比的增加而增加 ,也随着水煤浆浓度的增加而增加 .结果还表明 ,氧煤比对气化结果的影响比水煤浆浓度的影响更为显著     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。