螺旋管内对流传质场协同强化模拟

通过计算流体力学方法对层流直管内浓度场的模拟,发现大部分区域浓度梯度在径向比轴向高2个数量级。为了强化传质,应降低浓度梯度矢量和速度矢量的夹角,在径向产生一定的流动。对螺旋管内浓度场和速度场的计算表明,二次流横穿浓度等值线,提高了两场的协同。两种螺旋结构的比较表明,二次流随着Reynolds数的增大而增强,传质增强效果也越显著,正是二次流显著提高了速度场和浓度场的协同。所研究的螺旋结构在Re=1000~2400时,平均二次流速度最大达到主流速度的6.5%~6.8%,Sherwood数增大了4.99~6.43倍。     

Flow field in the freeboard of vortexing fluidized bed

A systematic investigation on the flow field in a vortexing fluidized bed cold model was reported. The gas velocity profiles within the freeboard with diameters of 0.19 m and 0.29 m were measured by using a five-hole pitot tube. A new parameter, called vortex number, V_or defined as the ratio of tangential velocity to axial velocity of the swirling gas stream, was proposed for representing the swirl intensity. V_or is found to be increased with secondary air velocity, and decreased with primary air velocity and diameter of secondary air nozzles. It is also found that the profile of swirl flow is significantly affected by the arrangement of the secondary air nozzles. The effects of inserted length of secondary air nozzles and geometric structure of expansion section on the swirl flow are also studied. Based on the experimental data, a correlation is presented to estimate the vortex number. Vortex number is found to be a function of the geometric structure of exhaust tube, diameter of secondary air nozzle and tangential air flow rate.     

进口尺寸对旋转流场分离特征的影响

力旋流器进口尺寸的设计是提高分离精度的一种有效方法。长期以来,对旋流器进口尺寸影响分离性能的认识主要来自工程实践经验,鲜见从旋转流场和分离机理的角度进行系统性分析的报道。采用计算流体力学方法进行旋转流场模拟,并考察进口尺寸缩小后的压力分布特性、三向速度分布和二次涡流结构。研究结果表明：进口尺寸缩小后切向速度数值的上升趋势明显,同时轴向速度和径向速度数值上相对变化较小,管内离心强度显著增高的同时保留了主要的分离结构。而且柱段流体,尤其是远离进口一侧的流体旋转更为充分,轴向速度双峰结构也更为明显。从上述角度来看,进口尺寸缩小后的流场分布情况更加有利于分离。但是,进口尺寸的缩小会加剧旋流管内的二次涡流运动,增大进口处射流的卷吸作用,使流场更加不稳定,从而对分离产生不利影响,因此分离粒度不可能随着进口尺寸的缩小无限制地降低。另外,进口尺寸缩小后,局部损失增大,且二次涡流运动加剧,导致旋流管的能耗会有一定的增加。     

VELOCITY PROFILES OF NEWTONIAN AND NON-NEWTONIAN TOROIDAL FLOWS MEASURED BY A LDA TECHNIQUE

Laser Doppler Anemomeiry was used to measure the primary (axial) and secondary (recirculating) velocity profiles in laminar flows of Newtonian (ethylene glycol) and non-Newtonian (aqueous solutions of CMC and PAA) liquids in curved tubes. Rheological characteristics of these liquids were measured using standard viscometric techniques (Haake and Mechanical Spectrometer). The effect of the shear-thinning viscosity is to flatten the axial velocity profile while enhancing the circulating flow close to the walls. On the other hand, the viscoelasticity reduces the extent of the secondary flow for all Dean numbers. This fact explains the reduction of laminar friction reported in the literature.

The primary and secondary velocity profiles, which appear to be the first ones ever published for the toroidal flows, are compared with the predictions of numerical simulation. The agreement is good when comparing the profiles of the axial flow but it is unsatisfactory for the secondary flows.     

EFFECTS OF SECONDARY AIR INJECTION ON GAS-SOLID FLOW BEHAVIOR IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS

Effects of secondary air injection on the hydrodynamics such as solid holdup and gas-solid flow behavior were investigated in a circulating fluidized bed. The gas velocity in the riser, the ratio of secondary air velocity to that of primary air, and the solid circulating rate were chosen as operating variables. Fluid cracking catalyst(FCC) with a density of 1840 kg/m³ and a mean diameter of 74 um was employed as the solid phase. The secondary air was fed to the riser radially or tangentially at the wall of the column. Pressure drop fluctuations in the riser were measured and analyzed by adopting the stochastic method to characterize the effects of secondary air injection on the gas-solid flow behavior in the bed.

It has been found that the injection of secondary air into the riser can increase the solid holdup in the riser considerably, and that the tangential injection of secondary air is more effective for the increasing the solid holdup than the radial injection. However, the gas-solid flow behavior has been found to become less persistent with the injection of secondary air; the resultant flow behavior is more complex when the air is injected tangentially than radially. The solid holdups in the primary as well as secondary zones of the riser have been well correlated in terms of not only operating variables but also fractal dimension of the pressure fluctuations.     

EFFECTS OF SECONDARY AIR INJECTION ON GAS-SOLID FLOW BEHAVIOR IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS

Effects of secondary air injection on the hydrodynamics such as solid holdup and gas-solid flow behavior were investigated in a circulating fluidized bed. The gas velocity in the riser, the ratio of secondary air velocity to that of primary air, and the solid circulating rate were chosen as operating variables. Fluid cracking catalyst(FCC) with a density of 1840 kg/m³ and a mean diameter of 74 um was employed as the solid phase. The secondary air was fed to the riser radially or tangentially at the wall of the column. Pressure drop fluctuations in the riser were measured and analyzed by adopting the stochastic method to characterize the effects of secondary air injection on the gas-solid flow behavior in the bed.

It has been found that the injection of secondary air into the riser can increase the solid holdup in the riser considerably, and that the tangential injection of secondary air is more effective for the increasing the solid holdup than the radial injection. However, the gas-solid flow behavior has been found to become less persistent with the injection of secondary air; the resultant flow behavior is more complex when the air is injected tangentially than radially. The solid holdups in the primary as well as secondary zones of the riser have been well correlated in terms of not only operating variables but also fractal dimension of the pressure fluctuations.     

釜内螺旋半圆管夹套内流体湍流流动特性

采用实验和数值模拟方法对安装在反应釜内壁侧的螺旋半圆管夹套中流体的湍流流动特性进行了研究. 无量纲曲率d=0.133、无量纲螺距t=0.127的夹套中流体湍流速度场的实测与模拟结果吻合较好. 基于正交螺旋坐标系,给出了夹套内流体的速度场,包括平均轴向速度、二次流速度及二次流函数分布. 研究了平均雷诺数Re、d及t对速度场及流动阻力的影响. 结果表明,充分发展湍流条件下,釜内螺旋半圆管夹套横截面上,平均轴向速度最大值的位置有2个,二次流为恒定的4涡结构. 随Re和d增加,2对二次涡的强度及湍流流动阻力fRe均增加. 相对于釜外螺旋半圆管夹套,在0.05≤d≤0.1, 10000≤Re≤18000的范围内,釜内螺旋半圆管夹套中的湍流流动阻力fRe提高了2.13%~7.72%.     

90°弯管内湍流流动的数值模拟

进行了90°弯管内湍流流动的数值模拟实验。结果表明,切向速度在开始旋转阶段内侧的速度增大、压力减小,外侧速度降低、压力增大;当转过60°截面后,外侧的速度增大、压力减小,内侧速度降低、压力增大。弯管内流体旋转产生的离心力导致压力分布的变化,使得弯管内流体产生垂直于主流切向速度的轴向速度和径向速度,形成了二次流。90°弯管流场是主流切向速度与二次流的叠加,呈现出复杂的三维流动特性。     

熔体挤出速度对共挤吹塑型坯离模膨胀影响的数值模拟

基于三维非等温黏弹性熔体多相分层流动有限元数值模拟技术,模拟研究了熔体挤出速度对多层共挤吹塑成型环坯离模膨胀和初始温度场的影响规律,揭示了型坯离模膨胀的产生机理。结果表明,多层共挤吹塑成型环坯离模膨胀是由熔体的二次流动诱发而产生,与熔体流出机头进入自由膨胀段的二次流动强度成正比,而其二次流动强度随着熔体挤出速度的增大而增强,因而导致环坯离模膨胀随着熔体挤出速度的增加而增大;多层共挤吹塑成型熔体的二次流动强度与其第二法向应力差成正比关联关系,这与Debbaut的试验研究结论完全吻合,表明二次流动是由第二法向应力差驱动而产生。     

矩形截面螺旋通道内流体的流动特性

为合理强化内管外壁带螺旋翅片的套管式换热器,对矩形截面螺旋通道内流体的流动特性进行了实验和数值研究。高宽比为3.5的矩形截面螺旋通道速度场的实验测量值与模拟值吻合较好。采用正交螺旋坐标系统分析了不同高宽比矩形截面螺旋通道内的轴向速度、二次流速度、流函数以及涡量的分布规律。结果表明,矩形截面螺旋通道内轴向速度最大值偏向外壁;截面上出现两个二次涡;上半截面流体粒子的二次流动方向为顺时针,下半截面流体粒子的二次流动方向为逆时针;除了壁面上涡量较大以外,截面中心出现了两个相反的涡量。随高宽比增大,轴向速度最大值逐渐向上半截面移动;两个二次涡分别向两端移动;截面中心处的涡量逐渐变弱。因此,对于利用二次流动来强化传热的螺旋翅片管换热器,当矩形截面高宽比较大时,应该采取措施改善其中心处的二次流动以进一步提高换热效果。     

The Bed Expansion and Particle Velocity Analysis in the Swirling Fluidized Bed Combustor (SFBC) Cold Model

Flow visualization and analysis was extensively conducted in a bench‐scale swirling fluidized bed combustor (SFBC) cold model. An advanced laser‐based particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was used to visualize the gas‐particle flow in SFBC cold model. The robust experiment design method was applied to study the bed expansion in the SFBC cold model in relationship with secondary airflow ratio. It was found that the secondary airflow ratio did not affect the bed expansion in the SFBC cold model. Based on the PIV velocity profiles analysis, it was observed that particle velocities increased when secondary airflow ratio is increased. The secondary air was definitely generating the high tangential particle velocity.     

Mixing in anchor agitated vessels

Flow patterns and velocity profiles have been studied in anchor agitated vessels. The flow paths around the mixer blade in a Newtonian fluid may be characterized satisfactorily in terms of the blade tip Reynolds number and the blade width/wall clearance ratio. Calculations of the dispersion produced by the blade within a horizontal plane are not in agreement with experimentally determined (and therefore three-dimensional) mixing times. This suggests that the vertical secondary flow is the more important mixing mechanism. Such vertical flows are shown to be more pronounced in visco-elastic systems and the horizontal plane velocity profiles are substantially modified. A mechanism is suggested for this.     

二次流实现流体混沌混合的数值研究

在加权残余法与谱方法相结合的基础上,分析了扭转弯管中的二次层流,并说明了在某些情况下将诱发混沌现象.根据二次流的动力学特性,建立了扭管不同截面之间的非线性映射关系,用数值方法研究了流体微团在该映射下的混合特性,并进行了实验研究.结果表明,利用不同的单元弯管的组合与连续扭转,可以实现流体在层流状态下的高效无切割混合.     

计算流体力学在二沉池改造中的应用

利用计算流体力学对污水处理厂二沉池内流场进行了数值模拟,得到二沉池内流场速率分布规律,进而确定流态临界位置水流速率,并将其作为标准速率。基于此,在二沉池内对挡板结构进行改造。改造后二沉池的模拟计算结果表明,二沉池在保证出水水质的情况下很好地满足了增大处理量的要求。     

新型旋风分级器流场特性及颗粒分级性能

针对传统旋风分级器分级效率较低的难题,本文设计了一种中部进风、顶部重力进料式新型旋风分级器,利用数值模拟和试验手段对其流场特征及分级性能进行了研究。模拟结果表明,新型旋风分级器内存在若干旋涡,主气流进入分级器后形成由上、下两个旋涡构成的主分级流场,上部旋涡均为上行气流,下部旋涡为切流返转形式;二次气流形成的细颗粒淘洗旋涡具有近壁面处高转速、中心区快速上升的特点,最大轴向速度达16.5m/s,可强化对边壁处浓集颗粒的剪切分散和淘洗作用,对主分级流场切向速度影响较小,但可使其轴向速度值最大增加100%,这将缩短细颗粒的停留时间;主分级流场与淘洗流场相互作用形成分区流动,具有较明显的动态边界,为粗、细颗粒的定向分离提供了力场基础。试验表明,二次气量占比约20%,主、二次气流气速分别为14m/s和20m/s时,牛顿分级效率可达88%,分级精度指数K值最小为1.84,此时新型旋风分级器具有较高的分级精度。     

Approximate prediction of gas core geometry in gas assisted injection molding using a short cut method

A relatively cheap, short cut method for prediction of the form and location of the gas core, and the residual plastic wall thickness in gas assisted injection molding (GAIM) is described. The basis is a steady state, single phase solution for flow of the polymer melt through the channel of interest, without the need to model the gas penetration. The gas‐polymer interface position is predicted by an appropriately chosen isovel of the flow. For a prismatic or slowly varying channel, only a two‐dimensional developed flow solution is required. For more sharply varying cross sections, and where bends are present, a steady three‐dimensional (3D) solution is necessary. When a gas delay is used, during which polymer cools to the cavity walls, a solution for transient conduction in the static melt is carried out before the flow solution. By comparisons with the results of full 3D, transient, two‐phase simulations of GAIM, and with experimental results, the short cut method is shown to provide reasonable approximations, and in contrast to other currently used approximate methods, captures thickness variations around the circumference of noncircular channels. The asymmetric gas core location in bends is reproduced, as is the increased plastic wall thickness resulting from cooling during a gas delay. While the full analysis will still be required for complex parts and when high accuracy is required, the described short cut method is likely to prove useful in many other cases. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:713–720, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

双循环旋风分离器除尘机理的数值模拟

双循环旋风分离器通过将主进口设置在筒体中部,将顶部进气口设置为回流口,消除了进气口附近的二次流,避免了短路流,将大于3μm颗粒的分离效率提高至接近100%,并避免了少量11—15μm颗粒的短路逃逸。为了探索该设备的除尘机理,借助CFD软件,通过数值模拟研究的方式,辅助分析了2种进气口在分离性能上不同,传统旋风分离器不能完全分离3—8μm和11—15μm颗粒的机理,以及消除二次流的方法。计算结果表明:当回流气速低于主进气速时,会产生类似于顶端进气口的现象,即二次流、灰环和短路流,降低了小于6μm颗粒的分离效率。当回流气速略大于主进气速时,可以完全消除主进气口附近的二次流,使得所有粒径颗粒的分离效率都较高。模拟结果与实验结果从定性的角度符合较好。     

COMBINED NATURAL AND FORCED CONVECTION IN A HORIZONTAL FLOW CHANNEL

The effect of natural convection on forced convection in a horizontal flow was investigated during zinc electrodeposition on a horizontal electrode facing upward in a channel. The previous findings of Tobias and Hickman [1] are confirmed. A secondary flow in the form of roll cells whose axes are parallel to the flow direction is formed at some distance from the leading edge. This distance depends linearly on the flow velocity through the critical Rayleigh number for the onset of natural convection across the diffusion boundary layer. Striated zinc deposits reveal the imprint of the secondary flow on the planar cathode facing upward.     

COMBINED NATURAL AND FORCED CONVECTION IN A HORIZONTAL FLOW CHANNEL

The effect of natural convection on forced convection in a horizontal flow was investigated during zinc electrodeposition on a horizontal electrode facing upward in a channel. The previous findings of Tobias and Hickman [1] are confirmed. A secondary flow in the form of roll cells whose axes are parallel to the flow direction is formed at some distance from the leading edge. This distance depends linearly on the flow velocity through the critical Rayleigh number for the onset of natural convection across the diffusion boundary layer. Striated zinc deposits reveal the imprint of the secondary flow on the planar cathode facing upward.     

Cold flow velocity measurements in recovery boilers: Part I: Interaction of primary and secondary air flows

Cold air flow velocities were measured in a commercial recovery boiler during shutdown periods, using hot-wire anemometers, modified to indicate direction. Five tests were carried out using different primary and secondary air configurations. The conditions tested included arrangements recommended by others to improve gas flow uniformity, as well as unrealistic extremes to be used in the evaluation of computational fluid dynamic models. The measurements demonstrated the inherent unsteadiness of recovery boiler flows and confirmed that balanced air flows through opposed walls result in a central region of high velocity upward flow. Interlacing of the secondary air significantly reduced the peak velocity and flattened the upward velocity profile at the liquor gun level.