片段法合成多肽的研究

以片段合成法和直接合成法分别合成一个比较长的多肽,并用质谱和HPLC进行检测,结果显示用片段合成法合成的多肽,其合成效率、合成纯度均明显高于直接法。     

离子热法合成分子筛研究进展

离子热法合成分子筛是新型的分子筛合成方法。离子液体独特的特性为合成新型分子筛及研究分子筛合成机理提供了新方法。综述了离子热法在合成分子筛方面取得的进展,包括新型分子筛的合成、合成机理的研究及合成方法等,并展望了离子热法合成分子筛的发展前景。     

高岭土合成Y型分子筛研究进展

综述高岭土合成Y型分子筛研究进展,分别从原位合成、纳米分子筛、高硅分子筛和其他合成方法进行评述,并分析各种合成方法的优缺点。原位合成Y型分子筛是合成性质优良Y型分子筛的重要方法,相关研究不断深化成熟,以此方法合成特殊性能的Y型分子筛成功应用于催化裂化催化剂。合成具有特殊形态和结构组成的分子筛如小晶粒Y型分子筛、高硅Y型分子筛是近年来的研究热点。分别从优化合成条件、加入分散剂和使用微波加热法介绍小晶粒Y型分子筛合成研究进展。高硅Y型分子筛的合成主要分为直接合成和二次改性方法,直接合成法反应条件苛刻,存在原料浪费等问题;二次改性方法工艺流程长,易导致合成成本增加。重点讨论具有特种性能的特种Y型分子筛合成研究进展,对离子液体合成Y型分子筛、干胶转化合成Y型分子筛和高岭土合成复合分子筛等新方法进行综述,并结合其他先进的分子筛合成方法,指出Y型分子筛合成的研究方向和前景。     

离子液体的合成研究进展

综述了离子液体的合成研究进展,具体的合成方法包括：传统的一步和两步合成法;新型的超声波辅助合成、微波辅助合成、电化学合成和液液萃取法。对一步和两步合成法进行分析和比较;对新型超声波辅助、微波辅助、电化学合成和液液萃取等合成方法的工艺流程进行分析,发现超声波辅助、微波辅助可以大幅度缩短合成时间,电化学合成和液液萃取法可以得到高纯度的离子液体。     

3,4-二氢嘧啶-2 -酮衍生物合成研究进展

报道了最近6年来3,4二氢嘧啶酮衍生物合成研究进展,包括催化合成法、绿色合成法以及天然产物合成中的一些研究进展,为该类化合物的合成提供了详尽的文献综述。有望在药物合成、不对称合成和天然产物合成方面提供有意义的指导。     

苯甲醛电合成技术的新进展

简述了苯甲醛电合成的发展概况,详细地介绍了间接电合成法、成对电合成法和超声电合成法3种苯甲醛合成技术,并着重介绍了Mn3+/Mn2+电解媒质作为氧化还原电对间接电合成苯甲醛的应用情况,指出超声电合成法将是合成苯甲醛很有前景的方法。     

中孔沸石分子筛合成研究进展

对当前国际国内中孔分子筛的合成研究状况进行了综述 ,重点介绍了分子筛合成的新方法、模板剂的作用、合成机理、影响合成的因素、元素掺杂等合成中的关键问题 ,并展望了分子筛合成的发展趋势。     

现代绿色合成化学

绿色化学越来越引起了人们的广泛关注,不少来自不同领域专家学者对其做出了卓越贡献。本文在介绍了绿色合成化学的概念、理论和特点;并总结了几种新型的合成方法。包括超临界合成法、微波合成法、等离子体合成法、超声合成法和电化学合成法等绿色合成方法,并分别对其合成的原理,特点和应用等方面进行了简要的介绍。最后,对未来绿色合成化学的发展做了展望。     

介-微孔复合分子筛的合成研究进展

本文概括了近些年介-微孔复合分子筛的合成研究工作,从两种主要的复合方式入手,综述了原位合成方法和后合成法。原位合成法主要包括单模板合成法和双模板合成法,后合成法主要介绍了孔壁晶化法、附晶生长法和微孔沸石硅源法三种代表性的合成方法。文章并分别对归属每种合成方法的具体合成方法进行了介绍,最后对介-微孔复合分子筛的合成进行了综述展望。     

粉煤灰合成除磷沸石的试验研究

利用粉煤灰合成沸石用于除磷,探讨了碱液浓度、合成温度、合成时间以及液固比对除磷沸石合成的影响。试验结果表明,碱液浓度1 mol/L、合成温度100℃、合成时间12h、液固比5：1时,合成沸石除磷性能最佳,对塌陷塘水中磷的去除率高达92.85%。     

Preparation and surface-active properties of the sodium soaps,mono- and diethanolamides and diol and triol sulfates of cycloaliphatic C21 Di- and C22 Tricarboxylic acids

Cycloaliphatic C₂₁ di- and C₂₂ tricarboxylic acids were prepared by the Diels-Alder reaction of dehydrated castor oil (DCO) fatty acids (containing 48% conjugated and 42% nonconjugated dienes) with acrylic and fumaric acids, respectively. The reaction temperature, time, catalyst concentration, and mole ratio of reactants were varied to get maximum yields of the di- and tricarboxylic acids. The unreacted DCO fatty acids were removed from the products by partition between aqueous methanol and n-hexane. The products were converted to methyl esters and characterized as the substituted cyclohexene derivatives before and after dehydrogenation with Pd/C in xylene, hydrogenation with Pd/C in decalin and oxidation with periodate-permanganate reagent and by mass and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The acids were converted to sodium soaps, mono- and diethanolamides and the corresponding diol and triol sulfates, and the resulting products were evaluated for their surface-active properties. The sodium soaps showed better calcium tolerance and poorer foaming power than sodium oleate. The diethanolamides were inferior to lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting and emulsifying power. The monoethanolamides were better than the respective diethanolamides and lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting property. The diol and triol sulfates were poorer in wetting and emulsifying ability and better in calcium tolerance than sodium lauryl sulfate.     

民用工业中复合材料桁架的应用和发展

本文叙述了复合材料桁架的构造、分类和计算方法,突出了复合材料桁架的优越性能和在民用工业中的应用前景;在分析大量文献资料的基础上阐述复合材料桁架杆件的多种加工工艺,并比较不同截面形式对杆件性能的影响;探讨复合材料杆件的破坏机理和分析方法,介绍节点的类型和各自的特点,提出节点及连接部位存在的关键问题;根据国内外复合材料桁架的研究和应用现状,阐述了复合材料桁架的性能和不同的设计方法,总结归纳影响复合材料桁架性能的关键因素和设计中存在的一些问题,并提出改进杆件设计、节点设计和优化复合材料桁架的建议。     

熟料岩相试样制作方法及典型岩相特征的形成原因

熟料的岩相分析有助于熟料质量的判断及生产过程控制调整。根据多年实践经验,总结了手工和机械磨制岩相试样的方法及注意事项,并对几种熟料岩相特征(孔洞、游离氧化钙、A矿包裹B矿和f-Ca O、晶体尺寸不均和矿巢)进行了举例和形成原因分析。     

Enzymes-Assisted Extraction of Plants for Sustainable and Functional Applications

The scientific community and industrial companies have discovered significant enzyme applications to plant material. This rise imparts to changing consumers’ demands while searching for ‘clean label’ food products, boosting the immune system, uprising resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases, and climate change challenges. First, enzymes were used for enhancing production yield with mild and not hazardous applications. However, enzyme specificity, activity, plant origin and characteristics, ratio, and extraction conditions differ depending on the goal. As a result, researchers have gained interest in enzymes’ ability to cleave specific bonds of macroelements and release bioactive compounds by enhancing value and creating novel derivatives in plant extracts. The extract is enriched with reducing sugars, phenolic content, and peptides by disrupting lignocellulose and releasing compounds from the cell wall and cytosolic. Nonetheless, depolymerizing carbohydrates and using specific enzymes form and release various saccharides lengths. The latest studies show that oligosaccharides released and formed by enzymes have a high potential to be slowly digestible starches (SDS) and possibly be labeled as prebiotics. Additionally, they excel in new technological, organoleptic, and physicochemical properties. Released novel derivatives and phenolic compounds have a significant role in human and animal health and gut-microbiota interactions, affecting many metabolic pathways. The latest studies have contributed to enzyme-modified extracts and products used for functional, fermented products development and sustainable processes: in particular, nanocellulose, nanocrystals, nanoparticles green synthesis with drug delivery, wound healing, and antimicrobial properties. Even so, enzymes’ incorporation into processes has limitations and is regulated by national and international levels.     

Effects of Extraction Temperature and Preservation Method on Functionality of Soy Protein

The effects of extraction temperature and preservation method on the functional properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) were determined. Four extraction temperatures (25, 40, 60, and 80 °C) were used to produce SPI and yields of solids and protein contents were determined. Three preservation methods were also tested (spray-drying, freeze-drying, and freezing–thawing) and compared to fresh (undried) samples for each extraction temperature. No differences in yields of solids and protein were observed among SPIs extracted at 25, 40, and 60 °C; however, SPI extracted at 80 °C yielded significantly less solids and protein. Extraction temperature significantly affected SPI functionality. As extraction temperature increased, solubility and emulsification capacity decreased; surface hydrophobicities, emulsification activities and stabilities, and dynamic viscosities increased; and foaming properties improved. Preservation method also significantly affected SPI functionality. Drying method did not affect the denaturation enthalpies of SPIs, but spray-dried SPIs had higher solubilities, surface hydrophobicities, and emulsification stabilities, and lower viscosities, emulsification activities and rates of foaming than freeze-dried SPI exhibited. Emulsification and foaming capacities and foaming stabilities were similar for both methods of drying. There was significant interaction between extraction temperature and preservation method for all functional properties except emulsification capacity.     

Free primary alcohols in oils and waxes from germs,kernels and other components of nuts,seeds, fruits and cereals

The composition of free primary alcohols in oils and waxes obtained from the germ, kernel, seed coat, shell and skin (peel) of various nuts, seeds, fruits and cereals and from the chrysalis of silkworm was examined. These alcohols are usually present in small amounts, along with large quantities of hydrocarbons, esters and glycerides in oils and waxes. Thus, it is necessary to remove hydrocarbons, esters and glycerides to analyze the alcohols. We found that preparative reverse-phase thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was the best way to isolate alcohols from oils and waxes. Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) then detected hexacosanol, octacosanol and triacontanol in the oils and waxes. Octacosanol usually was the predominant alcohol. Relationships between the organs from nuts, seeds, fruits and cereals and the contents of octacosanol are suggested. For example, degermed kernels contained two times more octacosanol than the germ, and the skin coat and shell contained one-half and one-fortieth the octacosanol of the germ, respectively.     

Establishment of Metabolism and Transport Pathways in the Rodent and Human Fetal Liver

The ultimate fate of drugs and chemicals in the body is largely regulated by hepatic uptake, metabolism, and excretion. The liver acquires the functional ability to metabolize and transport chemicals during the perinatal period of development. Research using livers from fetal and juvenile rodents and humans has begun to reveal the timing, key enzymes and transporters, and regulatory factors that are responsible for the establishment of hepatic phase I and II metabolism as well as transport. The majority of this research has been limited to relative mRNA and protein quantification. However, the recent utilization of novel technology, such as RNA-Sequencing, and the improved availability and refinement of functional activity assays, has begun to provide more definitive information regarding the extent of hepatic drug disposition in the developing fetus. The goals of this review are to provide an overview of the early regulation of the major phase I and II enzymes and transporters in rodent and human livers and to highlight potential mechanisms that control the ontogeny of chemical metabolism and excretion pathways.     

Role of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) carbohydrates in resistance to budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis)

The current year's growth of Douglas fir contains galactose, unusual in that this carbohydrate makes up 78.7% of the total carbohydrate fraction. An agar diet study was undertaken to determine the effects of galactose, other carbohydrates, and terpenes on western spruce budworm larval mortality, growth rate, and adult biomas production. All concentrations of the carbohydrates and terpenes tested, as well as other mineral elements not tested, were typical of the current year's foliage of Douglas fir. In experiment I, the diet containing 5.61% total carbohydrate did not significantly affect larval mortality when compared to the control diet. However, diets containing 9.45% and 15% total carbohydrate concentrations significantly increased larval mortality 64% and 96.1%, respectively, when compared to the control. Also in experiment I, terpenes alone (78.9% morality) and terpenes in combination with 9.45% and 15% total carbohydrates significantly increased larval mortality (97.2% and 100%, respectively) when compared to mortality on the control diet (44%). To determine which carbohydrate was causing the adverse effect, 6% glucose, 6% fructose, and 6% galactose were placed individually and in combination with terpenes in diets in experiment II. The 6% galactose diet significantly increased larval mortality and reduced growth rate when compared to the control, glucose, and fructose diets. Glucose resulted in 16% less larval mortality, significantly enhanced female larval growth rate and pupal weight, but did not affect male larval growth rate and pupal weight, when compared to the control. Fructose resulted in a significant decrease in larval mortality and a general trend of enhanced female and male larval growth rate and pupal weight. Larval mortality on terpenes alone was not significantly different from the control, but terpenes with 6% galactose increased larval mortality and decreased female and male growth rate and pupal weight significantly when compared to glucose-terpene and fructose-terpene diets. No significant interactions were found between carbohydrates and terpenes in either experiment.     

COMBINED INNOVATIVE HEAT PUMP DRYING TECHNOLOGIES AND NEW COLD EXTRUSION TECHNIQUES FOR PRODUCTION OF INSTANT FOODS

There is an increased demand for convenient foods including ready-to-eat and instant products. These products are desired with minimum concentration of synthetic chemicals. This creates challenges for the food industry and dryers manufactures to develop new technologies to process difficult-sensitive materials and to supply final products with high quality and improved properties. Fruits and vegetables are mainly composed of water, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Due to modification of chemical and physical bonds the compounds the material becomes viscous and sticky during processing. Conventional dryers have limitations in handling such sensitive materials. Heat pump dryers have been applied in the production of a diversity of ready-to-eat foods and dried instant products for the last five years at SINTEF-NTNU. Besides being energetically efficient and environmentally friendly, the heat pump drying technology provides a wide range of drying conditions as required to produce powders with improved characteristics. This work describes the new technologies and processing line for the production of instant foods as well as the measurements on the properties and quality attributes for raw, intermediate and final instant products.     

毒死蜱、联苯菊酯在室内和室外土壤中的消解动态及土壤化学屏障研究

[目的]探讨毒死蜱和联苯菊酯在室内外土壤中的消解动态,并预测2种农药作为土壤化学屏障防治白蚁的有效期。[方法]采用气相色谱法测定不同时期土壤中毒死蜱和联苯菊酯的残留量并采用土壤穿透法测定2种农药在土壤中的生物活性。[结果]毒死蜱在室内和室外的半衰期分别为51.3、39.5 d,联苯菊酯在室内和室外的半衰期分别为31.3、44.5 d。毒死蜱和联苯菊酯抗白蚁穿透的最低有效质量分数分别为6.15、5.78 mg/kg,并结合消解动态方程预测出毒死蜱和联苯菊酯作为土壤化学屏障中有效成分的有效期在室内分别为195、29.1 d,在室外则分别为158.4、56.1 d。[结论]得到的白蚁防治有效期结果较好,为白蚁的化学防治提供理论依据。