Scaling numerical models for hypervelocity test sled slipper-rail impacts

Hypervelocity test sled slipper-rail impacts have been simulated numerically using the finite volume hydrocode, ChartD to the Three-Halves (CTH). This study addresses the difficulties of applying CTH model solutions to real test sled runs. Past CTH models using dimensions different than actual test sleds have been used to study phenomenological aspects of the problem. However, quantitative results from the CTH model solution do not apply directly to actual test sled runs due to strain rate effects and time scale differences. The Buckingham Pi Theorem is applied to two potential hypervelocity gouging models. Validity of the invariant products is tested using sample CTH hypervelocity gouging models that are scaled up to simulate dimensions of a real test sled. Real test sled dimensions are desired in order to more closely simulate actual test sled runs. Invariant products developed from application of the Buckingham Pi Theorem can be used as guidelines for determining whether a CTH model is applicable to a test sled with specific dimensions. Strain rate effects are investigated to study whether deviations between scaled CTH models may be reduced by modifying the constitutive model.     

火箭橇靴轨接触特性数值分析

为研究火箭橇靴轨接触特性,采用Eluer-Bernouli梁单元对火箭橇橇体进行离散,建立了考虑轨道不平顺度的靴轨非线性接触力模型,通过Newmark-β结合Newton-Raphson局部迭代求解包含靴轨非线性接触力的橇轨动力学方程,并通过试验验证了数值解的正确性,数值计算结果表明:在700 m/s速度下,靴轨接触力...     

Gouge initiation in high-velocity rocket sled testing

A model is presented which describes the formation of surface damage “gouging” on the rails that guide rocket sleds. An unbalanced sled can randomly cause a very shallow-angle, oblique impact between the sled shoe and the rail. This damage phenomenon has also been observed in high-velocity guns where the projectile is analogous to the moving sled shoe and the gun barrel is analogous to the stationary rail. At sufficiently high velocity, the oblique impact will produce a thin hot layer of soft material on the contact surfaces. Under the action of a normal moving load, the soft layer lends itself to an anti-symmetric deformation and the formation of a “hump” in front of the moving load. A gouge is formed when this hump is overrun by the sled shoe. The phenomenon is simulated numerically using the CTH strong shock physics code, and the results are in good agreement with experimental observation.     

N自由度柔性机械臂通用的动力学建模方法研究

针对多自由度柔性机械臂动力学建模过程复杂的问题,提出一种适用于N自由度柔性臂刚柔耦合动力学建模的通用方法。该方法基于拉格朗日方程(Lagrange)和假设模态法(ASM),归纳推导得到了N自由度柔性机械臂动力学模型的最简通用符号表达式,根据该建模方法开发了"N-DOF柔性机械臂动力学方程符号计算软件";最后以两自由度柔性机械臂为例进行位置跟踪控制实验,用开发的软件自动生成了动力学模型,并搭建了实物模型进行对比验证,结果具有一致性,表明了该建模方法的正确性。与传统建模方法相比,该建模方法可减少90%以上计算时间,极大降低了建模过程的复杂性,同时对多自由度柔性臂动力学建模也具有通用性。     

Analysis and simulation of hypervelocity gouging impacts for a high speed sled test

An analysis and simulation of the gouging impact phenomenon which occurs at the Holloman Air Force Base High Speed Test Track (HHSTT) during hypervelocity impact testing is presented. Simulations of the sled/rail interactions were conducted using the hydrocode, CTH. These simulations utilize the most accurate and validated material models for the sled shoes (VascoMax 300) and rail (1080 steel) – which were recently developed. Sled shoe impacts with the rail were evaluated using various geometries possible in the field. The conditions leading to hypervelocity gouging were identified, as well as the condition which resulted in rail wear. The CTH simulations match results observed in the field extremely well. Recommendations are made, based on the latest material models and simulations, which should significantly reduce the occurrences of hypervelocity gouging at the HHSTT.     

基于有限元法的动力总成悬置系统解耦方法研究

传统的动力总成悬置系统解耦方法通常是基于6自由度刚体-悬置数学模型得到与6自由度相关的解耦率。这种方法忽略动力总成悬置系统与车身、轮胎等子系统的耦合作用，难以反映实车状态下的解耦情况。为此，采用一种基于有限元法对动力总成悬置系统进行解耦的新方法。算例一用此方法对动力总成悬置系统有限元模型进行解耦，并与传统6自由度刚体—悬置数学模型解耦得到的解耦率进行对比，结果表明两种方法输出的模态解耦率矩阵结果基本一致，证明新方法的正确性与可行性。算例二基于整车有限元模型，用有限元法进行解耦，得到与整车13自由度相关的真实解耦率，证明新方法的收益性。     

中国科技馆磁浮展车刚-弹性动力学建模和转向架固有频率分析

以中国科技馆载人磁浮车演示车为原型,将其转向架视为刚、柔体组合,基于多体动力学整车分析,建立了11个自由度的刚-弹性车辆动力分析模型,解算了转向架的固有频率,探讨了影响转向架固有频率特性的主要参数.结果表明:转向架的扭转频率与悬挂弹簧刚度为叠加关系,扭转刚度几乎不受弹簧刚度影响;转向架相对于其它广义坐标的固有频率受悬挂弹簧刚度的影响较大;除扭转外,转向架的其它运动均有动力学耦合.     

基于ANSYS的多轴汽车振动响应分析

为了高效预测路面不平度输入下多轴汽车悬挂质量某一位置处的振动响应特性,依据多体动力学理论,利用ANSYS仿真工具建立多轴汽车的七自由度动力学仿真模型。在整车发动机定转速的试验基础上,运用理论分析、仿真计算相结合的方法,根据建立的模型对整车进行仿真分析与研究。结果表明仿真计算结果与试验结果基本一致,可见,所提出的动力学模型和分析方法具有较好的可信度。仿真结果表明：在路面不平度输入下,影响悬挂质量[-]6 m～[-]4 m处的加速度响应以第1阶固有频率为主;而在[-]2 m～4 m处以第2阶固有频率为主,尤其是在悬挂质量的后端;第2阶固有频率是影响多轴汽车加速度振动响应特性的最主要的因素,改善该多轴汽车的平顺性需把研究重点放在多轴汽车的第三四车轴的悬架系统上。     

Combining virtual simulation and physical vehicle test data to optimize durability testing

This paper describes an ongoing project to model a vehicle on a computer with a multibody dynamics simulation software package and to merge that work with physical proving ground and laboratory tests in order to shorten vehicle development time. The intention is to mirror as closely as possible the behaviour of a physical vehicle in order to assist in determining its durability characteristics under varying road conditions. This modelling work is important because, if done with sufficient fidelity, it can be used in order to assess vehicle responses by using different suspension components or payloads. Also, potential issues associated with vehicle structure, suspension components or payload positioning can be observed on a computer prior to performing physical tests. The process has the potential to reduce vehicle development cost and time. The virtual dynamic vehicle model has been created by using Automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems (ADAMS) software package. The calculated outputs from the model are being compared to force and displacement data collected from actual vehicle on‐road testing or a servo‐hydraulic road test simulator (RTS). The virtual model can be adjusted until the calculated responses are in close agreement with those of the physical vehicle, thus linking the virtual and real‐world results.     

Influence of anthropometry on the kinematics of the cervical spine and the risk of injury in sled tests in female volunteers

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of anthropometric data on the kinematics of the cervical spine and the risk factors for sustaining a neck injury during rear-end collisions occurring in a sled test. A rear-end collision with a velocity change (DeltaV) of 6.3 km/h was simulated in a sled test with eight healthy female subjects. The study analysed the association of anthropometric data with the initial distance between the head and the head restraint, defined kinematic characteristics, the neck injury criterion (NIC) and the neck injury criterion minor (NICmin). The head circumference is negatively associated (r=-0.598) with the initial distance between the head and the head restraint, the maximal head extension (r=-0.687) and the maximal dorsal angular head acceleration (r=-0.633). The body weight (r=0.800), body height (r=0.949) and thorax circumference (r=0.632) are positively associated with the maximal ventral head translation. The neck length correlates positively with the NIC (r=0.826) and negatively with the NICmin (r=-0.797). Anthropometric factors influence the kinematics of the cervical spine and the risk of injury. A high risk of injury may be assumed for individuals with a small head circumference, long neck, tall body height and high body weight.     

重型汽车主动悬架次优控制策略设计与分析

为合理设计汽车主动悬架次优控制策略、探讨不同次优控制策略对重型汽车行驶性能的影响,建立了四自由度汽车-路面系统动力学模型,采用改进模糊层次分析法进行性能指标赋权,设计了主动悬架的次优控制器,以车身质心加速度和道路破坏系数的线性加权和为指标,对不同次优控制策略进行评价优选,在时频域范围内对比分析了被动、最优和次优控制悬架的行驶性能差异。结果表明,不同次优控制策略对汽车行驶平顺性和道路友好性的影响差异明显,综合考虑状态变量可测性及测试成本,对车身和车轴加速度测量、并进行一次积分处理的次优控制策略性能最优;合理设计的次优控制悬架性能与最优控制相当或接近,且优于被动悬架,具有更好的实用性。     

傅里叶逆变换模拟路面对车辆平顺性的影响

利用Matlab仿真生成各种等级随机路面激励对二自由度履带车辆模型所产生的振动响应,并进行平顺性影响的分析。其间,设计了基于离散傅里叶逆变换生成路面不平度的方法,并对仿真生成的B级和D级路面与标准功率谱进行了对比验证。构建了二自由度车辆模型,利用Simulink软件建立了系统仿真模型,在不同车速、不同路面等级输入下对履带车辆平顺性影响进行了分析。结果表明,路面变差和提高车速都将降低车辆的行驶平顺性。     

七自由度双臂协作机器人操作稳定性分析

为了验证七自由度双臂协作机器人在复杂环境下的操作适应性和稳定性，以及提高机器人工作效率和协调性能，提出一种结合MATLAB和ADAMS的数值分析方法，对七自由度双臂协作机器人的空间运作模式进行分析和计算。首先，在Solidworks中建立七自由度双臂协作机器人的三维模型；然后，运用结合MATLAB和ADAMS的数值分析方法计算七自由度机械臂的运动学逆解；最后，运用基于虚拟动力学模型的控制方法，仿真七自由度双臂协作机器人在复杂环境下的夹取与搬运作业，以验证运动学逆解和分析双臂作业的适应性和稳定性。由仿真结果得到：双臂到达目标位置的X向误差为0.6 mm，Y向误差为0.5 mm，Z向误差为0.9 mm；到达预设位置的平均误差为0.5 mm；双臂协同抓取目标物成功率可达99.1%。由此可见，七自由度机械臂的运动学逆解满足预期要求，七自由度双臂协作机器人在复杂环境下的操作适应性和稳定性有所增强。     

基于剪切式磁流变减振器的车辆侧倾与平顺性协调控制

车辆转向时,由于普通磁流变减振器在低速下无法提供较大的阻尼力,难以有效对车辆进行侧倾控制,针对此问题,设计了一种具有低速大阻尼特性的剪切式磁流变减振器,以提升车辆的抗侧倾性能。对剪切式磁流变减振器的结构和磁场进行设计,并建立剪切式磁流变减振器阻尼力模型;通过Simulink仿真得到该减振器的输出特性曲线,并建立磁流变减振器多项式数学模型;建立车辆六自由度转向-侧倾动力学模型,基于限幅最优控制设计车辆侧倾和平顺性协调控制器,并运用MATLAB软件对磁流变半主动悬架限幅最优控制双移线工况进行动力学仿真。仿真结果表明:当车辆转弯时,相较于常规模式,抗侧倾模式下车身侧倾角和横向载荷转移率显著减小,同时车身加速度、轮胎动载荷及悬架动挠度等参数有一定的改善。研究表明剪切式磁流变减振器能够有效抑制车辆转弯时的车身侧倾,改善车身姿态,同时使车辆保持良好的平顺性,提升了车辆的弯道通行能力,防止车辆侧翻事故发生。研究结果可为磁流变半主动悬架在车辆侧倾控制中的应用提供理论支持。     

滑模极值搜索算法ABS控制及对汽车侧向稳定性补偿

针对ABS控制时路面附着系数复杂多变以及最优滑移率难以准确估计的难点,提出一种基于滑模极值搜索算法的ABS控制,它根据“轮胎制动力-滑移率曲线”的单峰值特性,通过极值搜索算法不断的搜寻曲线的极值点,同时运用滑模变结构控制来快速逼近极值点。针对转弯制动耦合工况,通过引入方向盘转角对控制律进行修正,补偿车辆转弯时的侧向稳定性。在MATLAB/Simulink中建立了整车七自由度模型,对设计的控制器进行了仿真验证。结果表明：直线制动时,所设计的控制器可以快速搜寻到最大制动力和最优滑移率。转弯制动时,考虑了转向修正后制动滑移率有所减小而轮胎侧向力增大,但停车时间并未明显增加,提高了汽车的侧向稳定性;当路面条件改变时,控制器能够自适应路面附着系数的变化。     

Adaptive PID control scheme for full car suspension control

The objective of this paper is to design an adaptive proportional, integral, and derivative (APID) control strategy for a full car active suspension system. A nonlinear full car model is used to capture all the dynamics of a real vehicle suspension system. A vehicle’s stability and ride comfort is affected by road disturbances and can be improved by using an APID-based active suspension system. This paper presents performance assessment of the vehicle suspension system in terms of displacement and acceleration of seat, heave, pitch, and roll. The update parameters of APID are tuned online using the gradient descent method. The convergence of the proposed technique is guaranteed in the closed-loop control system. Simulation results show that the APID control scheme improves the convergence speed and robustness of the APID control strategy significantly for an active suspension system.     

随机激励下重载车辆空气悬架参数多目标优化

为提高车辆行驶平顺性、减小轮胎对路面的动载荷,以某重载车辆空气悬架系统为研究对象,建立四自由度1/2车辆多目标优化模型,提出改进的多目标自适应遗传算法对悬架参数进行优化。与一般遗传算法相比,车身垂向加速度、前后轮动载荷有效值约减小10%,目标函数值改善度降低57.03%。该方法不仅能提高车辆行驶稳定性,且可减小轮胎对路面的动载荷,已进一步证明该方法的有效性及可行性。     

Integration of Cell-Mapping and Reinforcement-Learning Techniques for Motion Planning of Car-Like Robots

The aim of this work has been to integrate the Cartesian space together with the kinematics and dynamics spaces of a car-like robot. We propose a new algorithm that obtains a minimum-time solution to the optimal motion planning of the vehicle. The new algorithm is based on the combination of cell-mapping and reinforcement-learning techniques. This algorithm can obtain the environment and vehicle parameters from received experience without needing a mathematical model. The algorithm uses a transformation of the cell-to-cell transitions to reduce the time that is spent in the knowledge of the vehicle dynamics and environment. Four state variables have been considered: 1) the velocity of the vehicle; 2) the $x$ Cartesian coordinate; 3) the $y$ Cartesian coordinate; and 4) the orientation of the vehicle. In addition, two different control actions can act on the vehicle: 1) the traction torque that was used for speeding up/braking the vehicle and 2) the steering angle. The results show the applicability of the proposed algorithm in environments with the presence of obstacles.      

电动助力转向与主动悬架系统多变量自适应集成控制

在对汽车电动助力转向(EPS)与主动悬架系统(A SS)相互影响和协调关系进行分析的基础上,建立了将这两者集成的整车模型。为克服实际集成系统中存在的动态行为不确定性,同时考虑到系统的多输入多输出特性,采用了多变量自适应控制策略。在多种汽车行驶工况下,对单个子系统和集成系统进行了大量的仿真研究。研究结果表明,自适应控制能够有效解决模型的不确定性、随机扰动对系统的影响;对多个可控子系统进行集成控制,能够弥补对单个子系统控制的不足之处,避免各可控子系统在单独控制时所产生的相互干扰和影响,最终使整车的动力学性能得到较大改善。     

考虑间隙运动副耦合作用的车辆摆振动力学行为分析

车辆转向机构中各间隙运动副之间的动力学耦合会对其动力学响应产生重要影响。以考虑转向机构中间隙运动副耦合作用的非独立悬架车辆为例,基于分析力学建立了六自由度车辆摆振分析模型。应用数值方法分析了车辆摆振系统的动力学响应特性,对其中出现的Naimark-Sacker分岔、混沌等现象做了分析,并从能量传递角度对其摆振机理进行了解释,相关分析结论可为更好地实现车辆摆振控制提供理论支持。