荧光水处理药剂的合成

荧光水处理药剂的合成和应用研究是目前水处理领域的前沿,介绍了荧光聚合物的发展状况和合成方法．即通过含一定侧基的聚合物与一定的有机荧光衍生物之间的(转)酰胺反应或水处理剂单体与荧光化合物或由其标记的单体进行的共聚反应合成荧光聚合物。     

分子印迹技术在水中污染物处理中的应用及发展

分子印迹聚合物具有选择性高,特异性强等特点,能从复杂基质中选择性的去除目标物,在多污染体系中有重要的发展潜力和应用前景。综述了近些年来分子印迹在水污染处理中的应用和研究进展,并对目前存在的问题进行了探讨。     

Variability of water uptake studies of biomedical polymers

Water uptake influences many properties of polymers and has been widely studied. In the context of polymeric biomaterials, several publications reported an unusual high variability of analytical results, without further investigating the cause for this phenomenon. Using selected polymers from the library of L ‐tyrosine‐derived polyarylates and poly(D ,L lactic acid), we showed that nonaged and nonannealed compression molded film samples exhibit the typical large variation in water uptake observed in previous reports. The introduction of an annealing step allows accurate and reproducible water uptake measurements for these polymers. We evaluated the use of ³H‐radiolabeled water for the determination of water uptake, finding that the use of radiolabeled water yields statistically indistinguishable measurements, compared to gravimetric methods, while providing significant advantages in throughput and sensitivity. Using the recommended methods of annealing and ³H‐radiolabled water, the water uptake profiles of 24 polymers of the library of L ‐tyrosine‐derived polyarylates are reported. This article addresses experimental concerns related to water uptake studies and may assist other researchers in improving the accuracy of their water uptake results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

低渗油田压裂控水用聚电解质复合溶液性能研究

将阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)与阳离子聚合物(DP-1)应用溶液共混法,制备了低渗油田压裂控水用聚电解质复合溶液。研究了阴阳离子聚合物稳定共存的条件,评价了复合溶液的耐温抗盐性能、抗剪切耐冲刷性能以及控水性能。结果表明,在一定量外加盐(KCl)的作用下,阴阳离子聚合物可形成稳定的低粘度聚电解质复合溶液,且具有良好的耐温性和抗盐性;随剪切速率的增加,复合溶液粘度先降低后又有增加;在60℃下岩心流动实验中,盐水驱替100 PV时残余阻力系数为2.66,具有良好的耐冲刷性;水相渗透率降低90.53%,油相渗透率降低14.60%,具有明显的不等比例降低油水相渗透率特征,可用于近水或高含水低渗油层控水压裂改造,降低现场施工风险。     

循环冷却水处理技术进展(一)

循环冷却水处理技术在半个多世纪中得到了快速发展,所使用的水处理药剂从开始时的铬酸盐到聚磷酸盐、有机磷酸盐、不饱和羧酸聚合物、磺酸盐聚合物;水处理方案从开始时的加酸运行,到自然ｐＨ运行;浓缩倍数从低到高;处理目的从解决腐蚀问题到既解决腐蚀,又解决结垢,同时节约用水,减少污水排放,生产装置长周期运行等     

环境友好型水处理剂研究进展

环境友好型水处理剂包括天然高分子水处理剂和合成高分子水处理剂,文章介绍了数种目前较为常用的绿色水处理剂,并分析了国内外在这方面的研究和应用中所存在的主要问题,提出了今后水处理剂的研究重点和发展方向。     

Improved antiscaling treatment for desalination plants

The continuous evolution in polymers technology has recently provided tools for designing and industrially producing several new classes of water soluble polymers. Progresses in the usage and understanding of water soluble polymers have been important, for instance, in oil fields applications, in detergency, in mining and, of course, in industrial water treatment.Among those latter we will present a case of a new development in the area of polymers usage for multiflash evaporators plants, where high temperatures (+ 110°C) and low risk operating conditions can co-exist in order to maximise the plant efficiency and productivity.This paper covers two aspects of this development, mainly the initial lab work and the plans for confirming those results in a newly built MFE plant.     

β-Cyclodextrin-ionic liquid polyurethanes for the removal of organic pollutants and heavy metals from water: synthesis and characterization

The removal of toxic contaminants from water remains a huge challenge for water supplying companies and municipalities. Both organic and inorganic (especially heavy metals) pollutants are often present in water distribution networks. There is at present no water treatment intervention that simultaneously removes both organic and inorganic pollutants from water to desirable levels. In our laboratories, recent studies have shown that both functionalized and unfunctionalized cyclodextrin (CD) polymers are capable of removing organic pollutants from water, with the functionalized CD polymers showing enhanced absorption capabilities. Ionic liquids (ILs) on the other hand have been reported to absorb heavy metals from aqueous media. In this paper, we report on the synthesis and characterization of several cyclodextrin-ionic liquid (CD-IL) polymers, a dual system that is capable of removing both organic and inorganic pollutants from water.     

我国冷却水处理剂的现状与未来

综述了国内外冷却水处理剂包括水溶性聚合物、有机膦酸、氧化与非氧化性杀生剂的发展。参照国外发展趋势并结合国内情况,讨论了有关冷却水处理剂的研究、生产、应用等问题,同时提出了看法和建议。     

壳聚糖的研究进展及应用

介绍了传统法和降解法制备壳聚糖的两种方法。降解法因工艺简单、产率高、无污染等优点,目前得到广泛的应用。综述了壳聚糖在食品工业、医药卫生、农业、日化以及水处理等领域的广泛应用,分析了我国目前壳聚糖的研究现状以及壳聚糖衍生物的研发前景。作为一种资源丰富、用途广泛的天然高分子化合物,壳聚糖及其衍生物的市场前景十分可观。     

The Entropic Mechanism of Water Solvation of Polymers

Abstract

Computational analysis of isotherms of equilibrium water absorption by polymers indicates the isotherms follow the theory of volume-centered filling of micropores regardless of the hydrophilicity of polymers. Structure of a microporous adsorbent, absent in the initial state, is formed through reorganization of chains of the molecular-chain sponge during adsorption. Thus, a part of chain units is combined in micropores isolating water molecules as clusters, and another part is redistributed around the clusters as a fringe that stabilizes the system by increasing the configuration entropy.

The problem of the physical state of sorbed water in polymers is important from positions of the mechanisms of its diffusion in polymeric membranes, its effect on physical properties of polymers, participation in dyeing and fading of fabrics, superseding of stabilizers and plasticizers, and also in guided delivering of drugs in the organism from polymeric units of medical use.     

A study of pyridinium‐type functional polymers. IV. Behavioral features of the antibacterial activity of insoluble pyridinium‐type polymers

The antibacterial activity of insoluble pyridinium‐type polymers with different structures against Escherichia coli suspended in sterilized and distilled water was investigated by a colony count method. The results show that the antibacterial activity of insoluble pyridinium‐type polymers, except for one containing I⁻, is characterized by an ability to capture bacterial cells in a living state by adsorption or adhesion, with the process of capturing bacterial cells being at least partially irreversible. This feature differs from the antibacterial activity of the corresponding soluble polymers, which is characterized by the ability to kill bacterial cells in water. In addition, insoluble pyridinium‐type polymers can also capture dead bacterial cells. This implies that insoluble pyridinium‐type polymers possess broad prospects for development in new water treatment techniques and whole‐cell immobilization techniques. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 676–684, 2000     

循环水处理杀菌剂的研究进展

结合现今工业循环水处理方面的研究现状,对杀菌剂的种类及各种杀菌剂在工业循环水处理方面的应用做了介绍和评述,分析了强前存在的一些问题以及今后的发展趋势,并列出了几种新型不溶性高分子固化类杀菌剂,对新型杀菌剂的开发提出了建议。     

Functional water‐soluble polymers: polymer–metal ion removal and biocide properties

Water‐soluble polymers have attracted much interest due to their potential applications in environmental protection engineering to remove harmful pollutants and in biomedicine in the areas of tissue engineering, within‐body implants or other medical devices, artificial organ prostheses, ophthalmology, dentistry, bone repair, and so on. In this review, particular emphasis is given to the ability of water‐soluble polymers with amine, amide, carboxylic acid, hydroxyl and sulfonic acid functional groups to remove metal ions by means of the liquid‐phase polymer‐based retention (LPR) technique that combines the use of water‐soluble polymers and ultrafiltration membranes. The second part is dedicated to showing the potential application of functional water‐soluble polymers and their polymer–metal complexes as biocides for various bacteria. These polymers and polymer–metal complexes show an efficient bactericide activity, especially to Gram‐negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus reaching concentrations lower than 4 µg mL^?1. This activity depends on polymer size, type of metal ion, contact time and concentration of polymer and metal ion. The discussion reveals that in the case of the LPR process the efficiency of metal ion removal depends strongly on the type of polymer functional group and the feed pH value. In general, two mechanisms of ion entrapment are suggested: complex formation and electrostatic interaction. In the case of the medical use of water‐soluble polymers and their complexes with metal ions, the review documents the unique bactericide properties of the investigated species. The polymer‐metal ion complexes show a reduced genotoxic activity compared with free metal ions. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mercuriation and thalliation of polymers prepared using 2-vinylthiophene: Conversion of products into polymers containing thienylboronic acid residues

2-Vinylthiophene was homopolymerised and copolymerised with styrene and/or divinylbenzene using benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. The various polymeric products reacted smoothly with mercury(II) acetate or trifluoroacetate in tetrahydrofuran to give mercuriated polymers. Several of the polymers were treated with thallium(iii) trifluoroacetate in methylene chloride but the only polymer that was satisfactorily thalliated was the linear homopolymer, poly(vinylthiophene). Several of the mercuriated polymers were reacted with iodine to give polymers containing iodothiophene residues. Examples of mercuriated and thalliated polymers were reacted with borane to give polymer-supported organ-oboranes which, on treatment with water, gave polymers containing thienylboronic acid residues. It has been demonstrated that the latter polymers can serve as polymer-supported protecting groups for diols.     

A review of nanoparticle-enhanced membrane distillation membranes: membrane synthesis and applications in water treatment

Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermally driven process that uses low-grade energy to operate and has been extensively explored as an alternative cost-effective and efficient water treatment process compared to conventional membrane processes. MD membranes are synthesized from hydrophobic polymers, e.g. polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or polypropylene (PP), using various methods including phase inversion and electrospinning techniques. Recent literature on MD membranes clearly shows their important role in surface water/wastewater treatment and seawater desalination. Modification of MD membranes with nanoscale materials significantly improves their performance, preventing wetting and fouling. This review presents a critical assessment of the progress on the use of nanomaterials for the modification of MD membranes. The techniques commonly used to synthesize MD membranes, the modifications that have been adopted for the incorporation of nanomaterials onto membranes, and the unique properties these nanomaterials impart on the membranes are discussed. The use of modified membranes in different MD configurations and their application in groundwater, surface water, wastewater, brackish water and seawater treatment is reviewed. Finally, cost implications, commercial viability, environmental sustainability, and future prospects of MD are also discussed to elucidate promising approaches for a future and successful implementation of MD at an industrial scale. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cellular-automata and individual-based approaches for the modeling of biofilm structures: Pros and cons

Fresh water shortage is one of the greatest problems of modern society; as a result, water desalination, particularly with membrane processes, is becoming increasingly important, since it makes possible the use of brackish water for potable water, or the reuse of lower-quality water for industrial, irrigation, or other uses. Membrane processes used in water desalination and wastewater treatment are often affected by the degradation of biofouling, in which biofilms play a critical role, thus making biofilm simulation models very relevant. Biofilms are highly complex and heterogeneous systems, containing cells distributed in a non-uniform manner in polymers. Two classes of models, the cellular-automata and the individual-based models, which are used to simulate the growth and development of biofilm structures as a result of microbial growth in different environmental conditions, are presented. After a short review of models presented in the last decade, we identify similarities and differences and present the environmental conditions that can be best simulated with each model type.     

水溶性高聚物在涂料中的应用

综述了国内外水溶性高聚物的生产和市场。主要介绍了水溶性高聚物在涂料成膜物和涂料用助剂中的应用。着重探讨了聚乙烯吡咯烷酮在有机颜料表面处理、水溶性涂料及特种涂料中的应用。     

Acrylamide‐based anionic polyelectrolytes and their applications: A survey

Water‐soluble polymers are found in a very broad range of industrial applications. An important class of these is acrylamide‐based polymers which bear negative charges along the polymer chain and are called anionic polyelectrolytes. These negatively charged polymers are widely used as flocculants, rheology control agents, and adhesives. They are employed especially in oil field operations as viscosity control agents for enhanced oil recovery and to a lesser degree in engineering fluids used for lubrication, for effluent reclaiming, and for opening oil passage channels in oil‐bearing rock. Paper manufacture, mining, and water treatment processes also benefit from the use of acrylamide‐based polymers to flocculate solids in aqueous dispersions. The acrylamide‐based polymers are made by the free‐radical polymerization of acrylamide and its derivatives via bulk, solution, precipitation, suspension, emulsion, and copolymerization techniques. Among these, solution polymerization is a preferred technique because of difficulty with temperature and agitation control in bulk polymerization and the cost of surfactants and solvents for suspension, emulsion, and precipitation polymerization. The anionic polymers may interact with particles in aqueous dispersions in several ways that result in the stability or instability of the dispersions. The particles in solid‐liquid phases can be destabilized through three main mechanisms which promote flocculation and cause destabilization. These mechanisms are polymer bridging, charge neutralization, and polymer adsorption. The particles in solid‐liquid phases can be stabilized by the anionic polymers through both electrostatic and steric repulsive forces. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

冷却水中聚合物的检测

在冷却水处理中，聚合物浓度很难分析和控制，评述了在冷却水中加入荧光示踪剂，配以微机和监控手段，进行控制与调优冷却水系统的运行机理，并就检测技术的新进展提出了自己的见解。