The Royal Dockyard Schools [engineering education]

The Royal Dockyard Schools, UK, were set up in the 1840s to try to overcome the poor educational standard of shipwright apprentices in the naval dockyards. By the end of the century, the Schools had progressed for beyond the limited aims for which they were created and had developed into high-calibre technical colleges catering not only for shipwright but also for electrical and mechanical engineering apprentices, whose influence was to extend for outside the naval dockyards. The Schools continued largely unchanged for the first half of the 20th Century but, after World War II, changes in the UK's social and educational policy made them increasingly unviable. The last of the Schools closed in 1971     

Evaluation and assessment in software engineering [Editorial]

Software engineers find that experiments are difficult to perform. Furthermore, no experiment can be considered flawless no matter how well conducted. In this Special Issue the authors have addressed this problem as well as emphasising the need to undertake more empirical studies with discussing practical and methodological issues associated with evaluation. As so, all the papers in this Special Issue address software engineering aspects and evaluate them through various types of empirical studies ranging from experiments, replications of empirical studies, case studies, surveys, observational studies, field studies, systematic reviews.     

Information resources on the Internet [engineering education]

The Internet is a repository for information on almost any subject under the sun, the quality of the information varying right across the spectrum. Trying to find useful and relevant information on a particular subject can be extremely time consuming. This article introduces some of the commonly utilised resources for information exchange on the Internet, and lists some useful starting points, with a bias towards engineering     

The changing nature of engineering [technology history]

Engineering artefacts play major roles in the evolution of mankind and culture. Engineering artefacts have evolved. Their natures have changed as Man has changed. Today, the engineering profession and the education of engineers are challenged by the rapidly changing nature of those engineering systems which determine what is meant by `modern technology' and which make possible new industries of global importance. Analysis of the latest generation of strategic innovations requires an analytical history of technology, and a practically useful philosophy to interpret the changing nature of engineering. The advent of `technoscience' will probably make engineering the exemplary science in the next century     

Thunderbolt [railguns]

The Thunderbolt program facility will provide 60 MJ of energy at 21 kV from capacitor banks for powering breech-fed or distributed energy railgun electromagnetic launchers. After discharge from the capacitor banks, the energy pulse is shaped with room-temperature solenoidal inductors, with switching being provided by D and E-sized ignitrons. Fast recharging of the capacitor banks could permit repetitive operation. A screened room provides protection for the control and data acquisition equipment, while a single-point ground scheme protects against ground loops. A substantial foundation provides support for the catch tank, while high-vacuum equipment will permit operation at high velocities with the round-bore railgun. Preinjection of the test projectiles to velocities of about 1 km/s is provided by a helium gas gun to minimize damage to the breech section of the railgun. In addition to providing details on Thunderbolt, operating experience and results obtained with a subscale launcher are described     

Comparison of CDMS [100] and [111] Oriented Germanium Detectors

The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) utilizes large mass, 3″ diameter × 1″ thick target masses as particle detectors. The target is instrumented with both phonon and ionization sensors and comparison of energy in each channel provides event-by-event classification of electron and nuclear recoils. Fiducial volume is determined by the ability to obtain good phonon and ionization signal at a particular location. Due to electronic band structure in germanium, electron mass is described by an anisotropic tensor with heavy mass aligned along the symmetry axis defined by the [111] Miller index (L valley), resulting in large lateral component to the transport. The spatial distribution of electrons varies significantly for detectors which have their longitudinal axis orientations described by either the [100] or [111] Miller indices. Electric fields with large fringing component at high detector radius also affect the spatial distribution of electrons and holes. Both effects are studied in a 3 dimensional Monte Carlo and the impact on fiducial volume is discussed.     

Nanoencapsulation of [60]Fullerene with the Cavitand Cucurbit[7]uril

Novel supramolecular nanocapsules consisting of [60]fullerene and the macrocycle cucurbit[7]uril via self-assembly are reported. The nanocapsules, which were synthesized in a two-phase reaction at room temperature, were obtained in good yields. The stoichiometry of the product was found to be 1:2.     

新加坡ANTHEM品牌战略设计公司

Anthem设计公司隶属于SchawK战略设计公司,是一家综合性跨国设计公司,专注于为品牌整合和管理提供创新解决方案。凭借其在全球各地的战略、创意和执行人才,Anthem致力于为寻求竞争优势的企业创造令人瞩目的强烈的品牌体验。他们为客户提供完整的品牌与设计服务,     

Pyrolytic Trifluoromethylation of [76]-, [78]-, [84]-, and Aza[60]Fullerenes with Silver Trifluoroacetate; Evidence for Coordination of Fullerenes to Silver

Pyrolytic trifluoromethylation of [76], [78], [84], and aza[60]fullerenes with silver trifluoroacetate at 300°C results in extensive polyaddition of up to 18, 18, 20 and 20 CF₃ groups, respectively. In contrast to trifluoromethylation of [60]- and [70]fullerenes that give a full range of derivatives ranging upwards from C_n(CF₃)₂, [76]-, [78]-, and [84]-fullerenes only give C_n(CF₃)_6-18 derivatives, largely in the 10-12 CF₃ range; reaction with [76]fullerene is accompanied by formation of C₆₀(CF₃)₆ attributed to cage fragmentation. For aza[60]fullerene the hexa-addition level dominates, in contrast to its other reactions which give predominantly penta-addition products. All the compounds showed peaks at 1256±2 and 1180-1190 cm^-1, due to the CF₃ group, and peaks in this region are shown also by the soluble extract obtained on trifluoromethylation of nanotubes. As in trifluoromethylation of [60]- and [70]-fullerenes, the products obtained initially are involatile, attributed to formation os silver complexes; these are decomposed on subsequent solution in toluene. Mixed isomeric trifluoromethylated C₆₀F₈ derivatives viz. C₆₀F₇CF₃, C₆₀F₆(FG₃)₂, C₆₀F₅(CF₃)₃ and C₆₀F₄(CF₃)₄, and C₆₀F₄CF₃CF₂CF₃ (a C₆₀F₆ derivative) have been isolated from fluorination of [60]fullerene with MnF₃/K₂NilF₆ at 510°C.     

Measuring people [biomedical measurement]

Medical science has made great strides in methods of treatment during this century. Physicians and surgeons rely heavily on a huge infrastructure of medical metrics to help in the diagnosis of disease and in the monitoring of their patient's progress. Early in 1992, five research teams presented papers describing methods of measuring various characteristics of people at a colloquium held at the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, London. The author outlines these papers which covered a wide range of topics from brain measurements to solving problems by imitating the brain, from monitoring the size of leg ulcers to analysing the way one walks     

Editorial [ITS World Congress]

The editor introduces a selection of papers on the topic of intelligent transport systems. The papers start with expressed user needs; there may also be some first ideas about the predicted performance and effects of ITS. These together provide a basis for development of strategies for implementation. Examples of specific implementations include infrastructure based systems for travel information or traffic management, and vehicle-based information and assistance systems. As soon as these are deployed, the question arises concerning what the actual effects are (e.g. on comfort, safety, congestion, environmental performance etc) and also whether the user needs have been met, or more/different needs arise     

QUINUCLIDINE DERIVATIVES IN CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS WITH FULLERENES [60]- AND [70]-

Diels-Alder reactions of quinuclidines with fullerenes C₆₀ and C₇₀ and mono- and bisadducts from the fullerenes C₆₀ and C₇₀ are reported.