密集小蜂窝网络中基于负载均衡的能效方案

针对密集小蜂窝网络中断概率高、负载不均衡的问题,提出了一种基于负载均衡的能效方案。在保证用户中断概率、最小速率等约束条件下通过联合优化负载均衡和基站开关模式,最大化网络能效,优化问题是一个非凸的NP-hard问题,求得最优解是相当复杂的,因此把原最优问题分解成两个次优化子问题：首先,负载均衡方案在给定的基站开关模式下给出最优负载均衡策略;其次,在满足用户最小速率约束条件下设计最优基站开关模式。实验结果表明,当用户数少于180时所提方案中断概率为零,而传统的最大信干噪比（Max-SINR）算法中断概率达到11%,在网络能效方面,所提方案均高于基站任意关闭（Ran-off）算法和基站不关闭（No-off）算法。所提方案能够提高网络能效且保证负载均衡。     

基于参考信号接收功率预测和负载的切换算法

针对密集异构网络中用户更容易发生频繁切换的问题,提出了一种基于参考信号接收功率(Reference Signal Received Power,RSRP)预测和负载的自适应切换算法,它不仅从用户的角度考虑了RSRP,而且从网络的角度考虑了基站的负载,同时还针对切换过程中用户的移动性和信道的时变性对RSRP产生的影响,对RSRP进行预测,从而使用户切换到更加合适的目标基站。仿真结果表明,相比于当前的切换算法,所提的切换算法能够获得更低的中断概率和乒乓切换率以及更高的吞吐量。     

一种新的基于上下文传递的临近空间安全切换机制

针对临近空间中安全切换问题,提出一种新的基于上下文传递的安全切换机制。首先,设计了一种面向临近空间浮空器的切换基站预测算法,以基于多普勒频移技术计算飞行器发生切换的时间与位置,确定切换基站;其次,利用上下文传递机制预先将认证信息发送给切换基站,保证切换过程中通信的可靠性。性能分析与仿真实验表明,该机制通信与计算开销小,强制中断概率低,能够满足临近空间的应用需求。     

基于能效的异构无线网络资源分配与切换调度机制研究

【】：为了能够有效提高系统的能效,本文就提出了基于能效的资源分配机切换调度机制。首先通过微基站睡眠集中式的切换调度算法,实现用户关联基站的确定,集中式切换调度算法能够使微基站中的用户到宏基站中切换,从而降低功能消耗,对微基站睡眠准则进行有效的判断。之后基站使用以最优信道质量子载波分配调整算法实现传输功率及子载波的分配,此算法利用最大调整实现最小及最大能效用户子载波的分配,从而使网络能够接近于最优解。通过实验仿真及理论分析可以看出来,和其他的算法相对比,本文所研究的基于能效资源分配及切换调度机制算法具有较高的复杂度,但是能够有效降低网络功能消耗,提高网络速度。通过实验结果表示,基于能效的资源分配及切换调度机制能够实现异构网络能源消耗的有效提高。     

Handover研究综述

随着无线网络技术的快速发展,怎样使用户正在进行的网络服务在用户移动过程中不被中断,使正在进行的服务能够在基站之间平滑过渡一直受到人们的广泛关注。设计一种高效、稳定的服务切换算法成为当前服务切换领域研究的热点问题。本文详细地介绍了现有部分服务切换算法和协议,以及相应算法的优点和缺点,并对服务切换算法进行了分类。文中对服务切换领域当前研究的现状进行了说明,并在讨论中介绍了今后的研究方向。     

LTE-A飞蜂窝系统干扰协调智能优化算法

在同频组网的LTE-A飞蜂窝系统中,飞蜂窝基站的密集部署会造成较为严重的同频干扰,导致网络吞吐量和用户的服务质量(Quality of Service,QoS)降低。部分频率复用(Fractional Frequency Reuse,FFR)作为常用的干扰协调方案,可以有效地提高边缘用户的服务质量。在FFR方案的基础上,通过结合遗传算法和基于模拟退火的图着色算法,提出了一种智能优化部分频率复用(Intelligence-FFR,I-FFR)算法。该算法能够动态地调整中心区域所占比例和边缘区域的频率复用因子,以增加宏小区吞吐量,降低小区边缘区域用户的中断概率。仿真结果表明,与FFR-3干扰协调算法相比,提出的I-FFR算法可使宏小区吞吐量提升15%,同时边缘区域平均用户的中断概率从85%降低到40%。     

基于能效的异构无线网络联合切换调度和资源分配算法

在宏蜂窝和微蜂窝并存的异构无线网络中,为了提高系统能效,提出了一种联合切换调度和资源分配(JSRA)算法。首先,利用基于微基站睡眠的集中式切换调度算法(CUSA)来确定用户的关联基站,CUSA将微基站用户全部切换到宏基站是否能减少功耗作为判断微基站睡眠的准则;然后,基站采用基于最优信道质量的子载波分配调整(BCSA)算法为用户分配子载波和传输功率,BCSA算法通过调整最大能效用户和最小能效用户之间的子载波分配,保证网络能效逼近最优解。理论分析和实验仿真表明,同单独考虑用户切换或资源分配的三种算法相比,JSRA算法复杂度偏高,但是在用户数为120时网络功耗最多降低44.4%,用户总速率只比一种对比算法略有下降,最多提升80%,网络能效最多提升200%。实验结果表明,JSRA算法能够有效提高异构无线网络的网络能效。     

LEO卫星中模拟实时通信量确保保护信道的分配

由于LEO（Low Earth Orbit）卫星网络中不断变化的点波束小区实时通信量负载无法估计,提出了一种根据系统仿真过程中当前通信量状态优化动态保护信道算法（ODGCS）。该分配策略引入呼叫间隔时间和切换呼叫中断间隔时间来获悉系统的实时性能状态,由仿真中通信量状态预测当前系统切换呼叫的中断概率,根据比较计算的呼叫中断概率和预先设定的QoS（Quality of Service）值,动态调整预留给切换呼叫使用的保护信道数。仿真结果表明,与传统的静态预留保护信道的算法相比,该算法能有效提高LEO卫星系统的性能稳定性。在负载较轻时,ODGCS算法保证切换呼叫QoS的同时,降低了新呼叫阻塞概率。     

异构网载波聚合系统基于干扰对齐的联合算法研究*

为了满足异构网络热点区域覆盖,同时解决由于低功率基站在高功率基站覆盖区域随意分布而带来的小区间干扰及系统容量速率受限问题,提出了一种载波聚合系统的联合小区选择、载波选择和干扰对齐算法。该方法是在载波公平比例准则下,动态的选择成员载波。为了进一步降低小区间干扰,设计了新的基于干扰对齐的用户小区选择算法。理论分析表明,联合优化算法问题可以分解成三个子问题进行优化求解处理。仿真结果表明,与调度复用因子为1的参考算法相比,设计的方案由于联合了小区选择和载波选择使得用户选择低功率节点作为服务小区的机会增多,提高了低功率节点小区容量,使系统的吞吐量得到提高。     

基于时间预测的多跳频谱切换算法研究

针对集中控制认知无线网络,在考虑频谱异构特性的同时,为保证频谱切换业务的服务质量,提出了一种多跳频谱切换算法。通过建立用户移动模型来预测分配信道的可使用时间;设计出路径中不同类型节点的路由处理方法;认知基站根据预测最短路径时间和路由请求包中的时间戳来选择最优路径。仿真结果表明,提出的多跳频谱切换算法能够大大降低切换阻塞概率,提高信道利用率;用户移动对信道可使用时间有着显著的影响。     

基于业务自适应的LTE切换优化机制*

为了减少时延、增加数据传输率,根据业务自适应特征,引入两种触发切换需求,分别从测量控制、切换判决和切换执行三方面对3GPP规范的LTE切换过程加以改进。根据基站邻居列表缩小测量范围,使用层次分析法进行多参数切换判决,在终端与源基站保持连接时进行与目标基站的同步接入。仿真表明此优化机制减少了切换延时,增加了数据传输速率,并有效地提高了切换效率和全网利用率。     

IEEE 802.16e系统中的软切换策略

切换是移动网络最重要的技术之一,直接影响着通信系统的整体性能。研究了IEEE 802.16e系统基于CINR（Carrier to Interference + Noise Ratio,载波干扰噪声比）的软切换机制,提出绝对门限和相对门限相结合的软切换触发和判决算法。通过仿真研究了各参数对平均切换次数、切换损耗概率和网络资源利用率的影响,并在这些系统性能之间寻求折中。     

A simple and robust handover authentication between HeNB and eNB in LTE networks

There are two types of base stations in the Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless networks, Home eNodeB (HeNB) and eNodeB (eNB). To achieve seamless handovers between the HeNB and the eNB is critical to support mobility in the LTE networks. A handover from an eNB/HeNB to a new eNB/HeNB, suggested by the third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), requires distinct procedures for different mobility scenarios with a complex key management mechanism, which will increase the system complexity. Besides, it cannot achieve backward security in handover procedures. Furthermore, the existing handover schemes for other wireless networks are not suitable for the mobility scenarios in the LTE networks due to their inherent features. In this paper, we propose a fast and secure handover authentication scheme, which is to fit in with all of the mobility scenarios in the LTE networks. Compared with other handover schemes, our scheme cannot only achieve a simple authentication process with desirable efficiency, but also provide several security features including Perfect Forward/Backward Secrecy (PBS/PFS), which has never been achieved by previous works. The experimental results and formal verification by using the AVISPA tool show that the proposed scheme is efficient and secure against various malicious attacks.     

Vehicle mobility pattern-based handover scheme using discrete-time Markov chain

For the improvement of the quality of service (QoS) of wireless Internet users traveling in vehicles, it is effective to reduce the service disruption time by avoiding unnecessary handover occurrence, considering the vehicles’ movement paths. This paper proposes a handover scheme suitable for users traveling in vehicles, which enables continuous learning of the handover process using a discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC). The proposed handover scheme avoids unnecessary handover trials when a short dwell time in a target cell is expected or when the target cell is an intermediate cell through which the vehicle quickly passes. For verifying the performance of the proposed scheme, we observe the average number of handover trials and the average throughput along various paths, which are real bus lines. The results show that the proposed scheme reduces the number of handover occurrences and maintains adequate throughput.     

基于CRT的gNB间切换认证方法与密钥协商协议

针对当前UE在gNB间的切换认证与密钥协商过程存在的只具有两跳前向安全性和易受拒绝服务攻击等问题,提出了一种基于中国剩余定理（CRT）的切换认证与密钥协商协议。该协议利用秘密共享原理,令源gNB和所有可能的目标gNB构成一个群体,把真实的参数作为“秘密”在源gNB和唯一的目标gNB间共享,使得关键参数NH和NCC能在源gNB和目标gNB间安全传输。实验结果表明,该协议是安全的,相比同类的改进协议具有效率优势。     

FSH scheme for high-speed handover and anti-MITM on mobile computing

As an IEEE 802.11-based mobile computing system has been established as the base structure of high-speed wireless network, interest in mobility and security of mobile terminal has increased. To reinforce security, 802.1x and 802.11i using EAP were used in standardized instrument. But it was found to be unsuitable for real time multimedia service because of the time delay. In this paper, we suggest Fast and Secure Handover (FSH) scheme which minimizes time delay in handover authentication process and prevents MITM (Man in the Middle) attack. This scheme carries out re-association process which is necessary for high-speed handover using Inter Access Point Protocol (IAPP) and Old_MSK. To make existing 802.1x-based user certification procedure suitable for high-speed handover, the terminal and pre-handover-accessed Old_AP make Rough_AP to prevent MITM. To do this, Old_AP uses the Old_MSK-used encrypted method which was used to encrypt MAC information of the mobile terminal and Old_AP. Hereby, FSH has been developed to become high-speed handover which has the 802.1x-supported security level and the skill of preventing MITM. In this paper, by simulation (NS-2), we confirmed the superiority in streaming service such as decreased handover time delay and VoIP.     

Seamless handover between unicast and multicast multimedia streams

With the deployment of heterogeneous networks, mobile users are expecting ubiquitous connectivity when using applications. For bandwidth-intensive applications such as Interact Protocol Television （IPTV）, multimedia contents are typical- ly transmitted using a multicast delivery method due to its bandwidth efficiency. However, not all networks support multicasting. Multicasting alone could lead to service disruption when the users move from a multicast-capable network to a non-multicast network. In this paper, we propose a handover scheme called application layer seamless switching （ALSS） to provide smooth real-time multimedia delivery across unicast and multicast networks. ALSS adopts a soft handover to achieve seamless playback during the handover period. A real-time streaming testbed is implemented to investigate the overall handover performance, espe- cially the overlapping period where both network interfaces are receiving audio and video packets. Both the quality of service （QoS） and objective-mapped quality of experience （QoE） metrics are measured. Experimental results show that the overlapping period takes a minimum of 56 and 4 ms for multicast-to-unicast （M2U） and unicast-to-multicast （U2M） handover, respectively. The measured peak signal-to-noise ratio （PSNR） confirms that the frame-by-frame quality of the streamed video during the handover is at least 33 dB, which is categorized as good based on ITU-T recommendations. The estimated mean opinion score （MOS） in terms of video playback smoothness is also at a satisfactory level.     

Optimization for adaptive bandwidth reservation in wireless multimedia networks

In future wireless multimedia networks, user mobility management for seamless connection regarding realtime multimedia applications is one of the most important problems. In this paper we propose an opportunity-cost concept-based approach for adaptive bandwidth reservation with admission control for handover calls utilizing network traffic information. Excessive reservation guarantees low blocking probability of handover calls at the cost of high blocking probability of new calls. According to our survey, however, it may degrade bandwidth utilization while no prioritization for handover admissions degrades quality of service (QoS) for ongoing calls. We consider both QoS assurance and bandwidth utilization in order to optimize the amount of bandwidth to reserve for handover admissions. We believe that our scheme could be utilized as a guideline for cost-effective radio resource allocation in mobile multimedia networks.     

双向中继系统中断概率下界优化及分集增益

主要研究了瑞利衰落信道下基于放大转发策略的双向中继系统的中断性能及分集性能。首先利用信源节点信噪比间的关系和调和不等式对信噪比的范围进行优化,得到新的中断概率下界,仿真结果表明Monte Carlo仿真得到的中断概率接近新得到的中断概率下界;同时证明了多中继存在时,基于最大最小互信息准则的双向中继系统仍然取得全分集增益且能够优化中断概率下界。     

多天线认知协作通信系统的性能分析

在多个主用户同时存在的情境下,提出了一种新的两跳认知协作通信系统,并对该系统进行了性能分析。该系统的信源和中继均只具有单个天线,而在信宿处配置了多根接收天线并使用了最大比合并技术来进行信号的接收。此外,对该认知协作通信系统在瑞利衰落信道下的中断概率性能进行了研究,推导得到了中断概率的准确闭合表达式,以及在高信噪比时的渐进表达式。通过利用计算机仿真验证了理论分析的正确性。