低温快速电化学辅助磷化膜的制备及其耐蚀性

目前国内外关于电化学辅助磷化的研究报道较少。采用硫酸铜点滴试验、塔菲尔极化曲线研究了电化学辅助制备磷化膜的耐蚀性,探究电化学辅助磷化的最佳配方及工艺条件。通过单因素试验优化磷化液组分,通过正交试验优化工艺条件。结果表明,电化学辅助可以显著降低磷化温度、缩短磷化时间、减少磷化渣,优选出的磷化液组成为:5.00 g/L ZnO,13.00 mL/L磷酸(85%),20.00 g/L Zn(NO_3)_2·6H_2O,1.00 g/L酒石酸钾钠,1.00 g/L NH_4HF_2,1.20 g/L NaClO_3,5.00 g/L磷酸二氢锌,0.08 g/L CuSO_4;最优工艺参数为电流密度1.2 A/dm~2,温度35℃,通电时间7 min。最优工艺下所得磷化膜耐硫酸铜点滴试验时间达860 s;磷化时间1 min时,所得磷化膜硫酸铜点滴试验耐蚀性为61 s(远优于化学磷化的19 s),磷化膜外观均匀、致密。     

冷成型模具低温锌系磷化

研制出适用于冷成型模具高硬度表面的低温锌系磷化工艺。其中磷化液含Zn(H2 PO4 ) 2 ·2H2 O 6 0g/L ,Zn(NO3) 2 ·6H2 O 90g/L ,NaNO2 1.5g/L ,稀土促进剂 0～ 1.0g/L ,游离酸度 4～ 6点 ,总酸度 70～ 75点。该磷化液在 4 0℃下 ,处理 30～ 4 0min后可获得厚约 10 μm的磷化膜。性能测试表明 ,其减摩、润滑性能良好 ,摩擦系数约降 0 .1,与未处理试样相比磨损量下降 96 % ,附着力 1级。     

中温锌-钙-锰系黑磷化液的制备及膜层性能

已有的高温锰系一步法黑色磷化能耗高,沉渣多,溶液不稳定;中温两步法黑色磷化膜疏松、附着不牢.两者都不适应大生产需要.制备了一种含Zn2+,Mn2+,Ca2+3种离子的中温黑色磷化液,采用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)观察磷化膜表面微观形貌,用X射线能谱仪(EDS)分析磷化膜成分,通过硫酸铜点滴试验评价了磷化膜的耐蚀性能,并考察了ρ(PO430)/ρ(NO3-)、TA/FA、磷化温度和磷化时间对膜层耐蚀性的影响.结果表明,在磷化温度65～75℃,磷化时间30～35 min,TA/FA为9～13,ρ(PO43-)/ρ(NO3-)为2.5条件下,所得磷化膜结晶均匀、致密,呈深黑色,耐蚀性良好.     

金属拉丝用低温快速磷化液的研制与应用

为改善高碳盘条焊接区的拉丝性能,通过优选试验,研究了低温快速磷化工艺与磷化液配方,并进行了试生产.获得的较优磷化工艺条件为: 55～ 65 g/L Zn(H2PO4)2*2H2O, 70～ 85 g/L Zn(NO3)2*6H2O,4～6 mL/L浓H3PO4,0.2～0.4 g/L氧化剂(NaNO2),0.5 g/L稳定剂(有机氮化合物),1.0 g/L促进剂(稀土硝酸盐),磷化温度(40±2) ℃.磷化前磷酸表面活化时间10 s.试验结果表明,经过快速磷化处理的样品,起始摩擦系数较低(0.15以下),4 min时仍与正常磷化处理相当(低于0.2),此后随磨损时间的延长而缓慢增加,12 min后仍在0.4以下;盘条焊接区经快速磷化处理后,拉拔过程中不产生表面横向裂纹.     

纳米Al2O3增强磷化膜耐磨性的研究

将α型纳米Al2O3加入到磷化液中,选择合适的分散剂,在一定的温度范围内进行磷化,通过共沉积使纳米材料包裹在磷化膜层中,以达到改善磷化膜质量、提高膜层性能的目的.研究了磷化温度、时间、分散剂和纳米用量及酸度调节剂Na2CO3 对反应的影响,通过正交试验得出最优磷化工艺参数为:18.0 g/L ZnO,1.0 g/L Ni(NO3)2,16 mL/L HNO3, 3.0 g/L Ca(NO3)2,28.5 mL/L H3PO4,5.0 g/L Mn(H2PO4)2,2.0～5.0 g/L 柠檬酸,1.0～5.0 g/L 酒石酸,3.0～5.0 g/L 复合促进剂,11.0 g/L Na2CO3,4.0 g/L α型纳米Al2O3 ,分散剂A 2.5 g/L,磷化温度80 ℃,磷化时间12 min.经X射线、扫描电镜、电子探针等测试分析发现,加入的α型纳米Al2O3在磷化膜层中基本均匀分布.用细纱纸摩擦法测试磷化膜的耐磨性,发现加入α型纳米Al2O3的磷化膜耐磨性明显增强.     

NdFeB永磁体表面磷化处理及其磷化膜的研究

为了提高NdFeB磁体的耐蚀性,并验证磷化膜的组成,以自制的磷化液在NdFeB永磁体表面进行磷化处理,并采用SEM观测了采用不同表调剂处理NdFeB永磁体表面所形成的磁化膜微观形貌,测试分析了磷化膜的抗腐蚀性能;采用EDS、XRD、ICP-AES等对磷化膜进行了研究.结果表明:采用钛系表调剂可以在烧结NdFeB磁体表面获得均匀密实的磷化膜,并具有较强的耐腐蚀性;采用锌系磷化液在烧结NdFeB磁体表面进行磷化处理形成的磷化膜的组成与在钢铁基体上形成磷化膜的相组成相同,仍然是Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O及Zn2Fe(PO4)2·4H2O;磷化过程中,Nd参加了反应,形成沉渣进入磷化液中.     

AZ31B镁合金表面锌系磷化膜制备工艺及性能研究

采用极化曲线分析方法(Tafel)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对AZ31B镁合金在不同磷化时间及不同磷化温度条件下所形成的锌系磷化膜的防腐性能及表面微观形貌进行了研究,并应用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能谱仪(EDS)对最佳工艺条件下所形成的磷化膜的相组成以及磷化膜的成分进行了研究.结果表明:磷化时间及磷化温度对AZ31B镁合金磷化膜的防腐性能有较大影响,其最佳磷化时间为5min,最佳磷化温度为50℃;磷化膜的成分为Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O,Zn2Mg(PO4)2以及少量的单质Zn;在锌系磷化液中AZ31B镁合金中的Mg在微阳极发生溶解而Al没有溶解.此外还探讨了AZ31B镁合金表面的磷化反应机理.     

钼酸钠对热镀锌钢板表面磷化膜电化学行为的影响

在磷化液中添加钼酸钠可改善和提高热镀锌钢板表面磷化膜的质量.运用极化和电化学阻抗的测试方法,研究了磷化液中加入钼酸钠对热镀锌钢板表面磷化膜在5%NaCl溶液中的电化学行为的影响.结果表明,在磷化液中加入钼酸钠可促进磷化膜生长,大大降低电化学体系的腐蚀电流密度,提高其极化电阻和电化学阻抗,改善膜层的耐蚀性能.最佳的钼酸钠用量为1.0g/L,膜层呈暗灰色,膜重为1.6g/m2,耐硫酸铜点蚀时间大于65 s.当钼酸钠用量为2.0g/L时,膜层的各项性能指标均下降.     

常温Q235钢板磷化工艺优选

为开发环保、节能、高效的常温磷化工艺,研制了一种可在常温下磷化钢板的磷化液,并对Q235钢板进行磷化处理,采用硫酸铜点滴试验测试磷化膜的耐蚀性,考察了磷化液成分(氧化锌、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸、氯酸钾)的含量、磷化时间以及磷化次数对Q235钢板表面磷化膜耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:磷化液主要组分的最佳用量为氧化锌25 g/L、磷酸二氢钠22 g/L、磷酸90 mL/L、氯酸钾8 g/L,此条件下常温磷化20 min时,所得磷化膜的质量最好,其硫酸铜点滴时间可达54 s;同一磷化液中,随着磷化次数的增加,磷化膜性能逐渐变差。     

中温磷化技术在钢管塑性加工中的应用

为进一步促进中温磷化技术在钢管塑性加工中的应用,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、湿热试验箱、硫酸铜点滴试验法和退膜法对中温磷化处理的钢管的耐蚀性能进行了分析,确定了最佳的中温磷化工艺.研究表明,最佳的中温磷化工艺参数为:总酸度30～40 mg/L,游离酸度4.2～5.4 mg/L,促进剂浓度3～4 mg/L,磷化温度70℃,磷化时间10 min;通过最佳中温磷化工艺所制备的钢管磷化膜结晶致密,晶粒尺寸均匀,磷化膜主要成分为Zn2Fe(PO4)·4H2O,磷化膜重可达到7.42 g/m2,磷化膜层平均厚度为3.0 μm;钢管耐硫酸铜腐蚀时间超过300 s,耐湿热性能显著提升.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...