IF钢多道次热变形流变应力的模拟

利用模拟多道次轧制，研究了IF钢在奥氏体区、两相区和铁素体区的热变形行为，通过对奥氏体区和铁素体区流变抗力的比较，发现IF钢在铁素体区变形时发生了动态回复，没有动态再结晶发生。铁素体高温区的流变应力与单相奥氏体的流变应力大致相当甚至更低，说明工业上IF钢在铁素体区变形时流变应力不会成为其限制因素。     

A36船板钢组织细化工艺研究

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,对某厂A36船板钢的轧制工艺进行热模拟,通过单道次和双道次压缩试验,研究了A36钢热轧过程动态再结晶的临界应变量及静态软化行为,分析了终轧温度对A36钢再结晶区轧制、部分再结晶区及未再结晶区轧制的影响.结果表明:在部分再结晶区及未再结晶区轧制均可通过合理控制变形温度、间隙时间获得细小室温组织.     

热轧态410S不锈钢的再结晶动力学

以系列温度-时间组合的退火试验考察了具有部分马氏体的410S铁素体不锈钢热轧态板材的再结晶与组织转变,并且用Laraon-Miller(P=T(C+lgt))参数描述其再结晶过程,研究了其再结晶动力学.结果表明:410S不锈钢的再结晶退火与Larson-Miller参数之间存在良好的对应关系,确定了常数C值为19.5,随着P值的增加再结晶程度加大;构建了热轧态410S不锈钢退火-组织转变图,确定了热轧态410S的最佳再结晶工艺(780～800℃,30～50 h);410S不锈钢的再结晶过程为Cr的原子扩散所控制,其再结晶激活能为278.5 kJ/mol.     

低Ni型LNG钢的热变形行为及力学性能

通过单道次、双道次压缩试验,研究了低Ni型LNG钢的高温奥氏体动态再结晶及静态再结晶行为,并采用两阶段控制轧制及超快速冷却技术进行不同轧制工艺下的热轧试验,通过热模拟及热轧试验研究了低Ni型LNG钢的热变形行为及力学性能。结果表明,在高温(1000~1050 ℃)、低应变速率(0.1~0.5 s^-1)下奥氏体容易发生动态再结晶,确定了发生再结晶的临界条件,并建立了动态再结晶动力学模型。试验钢在较高温度(800~1050 ℃)、较长道次间隔时间(60 s)下静态软化现象明显,容易发生静态再结晶。依据热模拟试验结果制定热轧试验工艺,通过控制精轧开轧温度和终轧温度调控高温奥氏体再结晶行为,从而细化晶粒,改善低Ni钢的冲击性能。精轧开轧温度920 ℃、终轧温度770 ℃时,低Ni钢的低温冲击吸收能量为180.1 J,屈服强度为595.1 MPa,抗拉强度为717.8 MPa。     

压下率对铁素体区轧制高强IF钢组织及性能的影响

通过拉伸试验检测力学性能,用金相显微镜观察高强IF钢热轧态及退火态的纤维组织,并用透射电镜观察试验钢中的析出相粒子.在640℃终轧温度下,铁素体区轧制总压下率由60%升高到81%,高强热轧IF钢板的屈服强度为150～180 MPa,抗拉强度为312～321 MPa,屈强比为0.48～0.56,总伸长率为26.4%～31.2%,元值为0.22～0.23,而r值则由1.41降低到1.01,|Δr|则由0.625降低到0.133.结果表明.轧制总压下率对热轧高强IF钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度、总伸长率以及n值影响较小,但是对r值和平面各向异性值△r的影响非常大.铁素体区轧制总压下率的增大使得高强IF钢热轧板中动态再结晶的驱动力增大,发生动态再结晶晶粒的数目增多,从而导致形变织构的减弱和后续退火再结晶驱动力的减小.同时,随着铁素体区轧制总压下率的增大,高强IF钢退火再结晶程度降低以及析出的粒子变细.     

TRIP钢热变形等温淬火

通过实验室热轧机采用3种不同的终轧变形量进行热轧试验,对TRIP钢热变形等温淬火进行了研究.结果表明,热轧后能够获得多边形铁素体、粒状贝氏体和大量稳定的残留奥氏体组织.残留奥氏体的稳定性随终轧变形量的增加而增加,残留奥氏体越稳定,其相变诱发塑性效果越好.由于大压下量终轧,在变形过程中应变诱导铁素体相变造成铁素体晶粒细化,有助于热轧TRIP钢获得较好的力学性能.热轧TRIP钢在终轧变形量为50%时,抗拉强度、屈服强度和总伸长率分别达到776 MPa、528 MPa和32%.     

2205双相不锈钢表面起皮缺陷研究

通过扫描电镜和能谱分析对2205双相不锈钢表面起皮缺陷进行了研究。对比了304、410S和2205钢高温变形抗力。结果表明,起皮缺陷中Fe、Cr、O的含量较高,为典型的次生氧化皮成分;低应变速率下,两相塑性差异较小,随着应变速率的增加,奥氏体和铁素体塑性差异增大。在高应变速率下,奥氏体和铁素体塑性变形不协调导致形成微裂纹,轧制时被拉长,酸洗后形成起皮缺陷。     

形变温度对Q235碳素钢应变诱导相变的影响

研究了热模拟单向压缩条件下形变温度对Q235碳素钢应变诱导相变过程组织变化的影响,结果表明,铁素体可在A3以上较高的温度下因形变而存在,大应变下该钢不存在单纯的形变奥氏体状态,随形变温度的降低,组织变化的规律为由奥氏体的动态再结晶为主,过渡到奥氏体动态再结晶与铁素体的诱导析出同时进行,再过渡为铁素体的析出与铁素体的动态相继进行的过程,碳素钢热加工过程在微观上实质是动态复合转变过程,奥氏体的动态再结晶影响了铁素体的形态、分布与细化效果,高温形变后的保温导致铁素体向奥氏体的逆转变。     

Q235碳素钢应变诱导相变中的应力一应变曲线分析

分析了单向压缩热模拟条件下碳素钢应变诱导铁素体相变过程中的σ-ε曲线特征结果表明,应变诱导相变过程有自己特定的σ-ε曲线,与典型的奥氏体动态再结晶σ-ε曲线有明显差异随形变温度的降低σ-ε曲线由典型的奥氏体动态再结晶型过渡到铁素体应变诱导相变型在900℃奥氏体稳定状态应变时,随应变速率的提高,奥氏体动态再结晶被推迟,铁素体应变诱导相变提前奥氏体的动态再结晶并不能完全抑止铁素体的诱导相变在770℃奥氏体亚稳态应变时,奥氏体不能动态再结晶应变速率的变化主要与铁素体析出速率相关这时表现为过冷与应变对转变的相对贡献上粗晶奥氏体的σ-ε曲线与细晶不同,两者的差异主要表现在铁素体转变的后期应变诱导相变过程中,铁素体析出的临界应变量εc与应变峰值εp的关系受应变温度和应变速率的影响在奥氏体不能动态再结晶的条件下,εc＜0.3εp.降温单道次形变过程中,Q235碳素钢中会相继发生奥氏体的动态再结晶,铁素体应变诱导相变及铁素体的动态再结晶并反映在σ-ε曲线上     

热轧对304不锈钢/Q235碳钢复合板界面组织的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术等研究了热轧对304不锈钢/Q235碳钢复合板界面微观组织演变的影响。结果表明：304层与Q235层之间形成了良好的冶金结合;复合板的界面两侧组织由304层的奥氏体、Q235层的铁素体+珠光体组成;碳钢基体中存在脱碳层,其厚度大约为140μm,组织为铁素体;复合板界面存在Fe、Cr、Ni、Mn等元素的扩散区,且各元素含量有明显的梯度分布;相较于退火态复合板,热轧复合板的晶粒明显细化;在二次热轧过程中,304层和Q235层中均发生了一定程度的动态再结晶。     

节镍型不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能比较

通过3.5%NaCl溶液中动电位极化曲线测定和中性盐雾试验,对200系列奥氏体不锈钢和400系列铁素体不锈钢两类节镍型不锈钢与304不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能进行了对比研究。结果显示,400系列铁素体不锈钢的耐点蚀性能优于200系列奥氏体不锈钢,两种节镍型不锈钢的耐点蚀性能均不如304不锈钢好;200系列奥氏体不锈钢的耐均匀腐蚀性能最差,443不锈钢耐均匀腐蚀性能与304不锈钢相当,439不锈钢比304不锈钢耐均匀腐蚀性能稍差。201、202、304、439和443不锈钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中的点蚀电位分别为(vs.SCE)-32 mV、-22 mV、312mV、165 mV和227 mV,腐蚀速率分别为0.0071 mm/a、0.0062 mm/a、0.0026 mm/a、0.0038 mm/a和0.0024mm/a。     

SUS410S不锈钢边裂原因分析及工艺研究

自不锈钢黑皮卷生产线投产以来,在轧制SUS410S时经常出现热轧边裂缺陷。对SUS410S不锈钢进行高温组织研究,经定量分析确定高温组织与温度的关系。由于高温下存在两相组织,钢的热塑性会降低,导致轧制时容易出现边裂,经研究制定出相应的轧制工艺,以生产出高质量的SUS410S热轧钢带。     

Impact toughness and plastic properties of composite layered samples as compared to monolithic ones

Effects of testing conditions on the mechanical properties and fracture of a material in the course of impact loading have been studied. Using steels of various phase compositions (ferritic steel 08Kh18T1 and austenitic steel 10Kh18AG19) tested in a wide temperature range (from 20 to ?196°C), the advantage of layered structures has been established as compared to monolithic. It has been shown that the testing of composite samples simulates the loading-affected behavior of the ferritic steel 08Kh18T1 with an inhomogeneous layered microstructure obtained during repeated hot rolling with a reduction of no less than 65%.     

热轧工艺对高铝铁素体耐热不锈钢组织性能的影响

电站锅炉的连接件需具有优良的抗高温氧化性、冲击韧性和塑性，主要采用铁素体耐热不锈钢0.1C-18Cr-1Al-1Si制造，热轧工艺对其塑韧性能有至关重要的影响。采用热轧试验，研究了不同热轧工艺对铁素体耐热不锈钢0.1C-18Cr-1Al-1Si组织性能的影响规律。结果表明，热轧温度为700 ℃时，0.1C-18Cr-1Al-1Si热轧板的再结晶最充分；横纵轧和纵轧不同轧制方式下0.1C-18Cr-1Al-1Si板材小角度晶界比例均较高，边部小角度晶界出现频率更高；采用横纵轧工艺可以明显减轻0.1C-18Cr-1Al-1Si板材力学性能的各向异性。     

热轧工艺对高铝铁素体耐热不锈钢组织性能的影响

电站锅炉的连接件需具有优良的抗高温氧化性、冲击韧性和塑性,主要采用铁素体耐热不锈钢0.1C-18Cr-1Al-1Si制造,热轧工艺对其塑韧性能有至关重要的影响。采用热轧试验,研究了不同热轧工艺对铁素体耐热不锈钢0.1C-18Cr-1Al-1Si组织性能的影响规律。结果表明,热轧温度为700 ℃时,0.1C-18Cr-1Al-1Si热轧板的再结晶最充分;横纵轧和纵轧不同轧制方式下0.1C-18Cr-1Al-1Si板材小角度晶界比例均较高,边部小角度晶界出现频率更高;采用横纵轧工艺可以明显减轻0.1C-18Cr-1Al-1Si板材力学性能的各向异性。     

热轧工艺对超纯Cr17铁素体不锈钢成形性能的影响

对一种铌、钛双稳定化的超纯Cr17铁素体不锈钢分别进行常规热轧和低温热轧,再依次进行相同的退火、冷轧及最终再结晶退火处理。对比研究两种热轧工艺对组织、织构演变及成形性能的影响规律。结果表明,与常规热轧相比,低温热轧能显著细化热轧组织、弱化α纤维织构并强化γ纤维织构,最终使冷轧退火板的γ纤维再结晶织构明显增强、偏离{111}<121>组分的程度显著降低,使珋r值增大、△r值减小。低温热轧是改善超纯Cr17铁素体不锈钢成形性能的有效途径。     

A journey with prasad’s processing maps

The constitutive flow behavior of austenitic stainless steel types AISI 304L, 316L, and 304 in the temperature range of 873 K (600 °C) to 1473 K (1200 °C) and strain-rate range of 0.001 s⁻¹–100 s⁻¹ has been evaluated with a view to establishing processing-microstructure-property relationships during hot working. The technique adopted for the study of constitutive behavior is through establishing processing maps and instability maps, and interpreting them on the basis of dynamic materials model (DMM). The processing maps for 304L have revealed a domain of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occurring at 1423 K (1150 °C) at 0.1 s⁻¹, which is the optimum condition for hot working of this material. The processing maps of 304 predict DRX domain at 1373 K (1100 °C) and 0.1 s⁻¹. Stainless steel type 316L undergoes DRX at 1523 K (1250 °C) and 0.05 s⁻¹. At 1173 K (900 °C) and 0.001 s⁻¹ this material undergoes dynamic recovery (DRY). In the temperature and strain rate regimes other than DRX and DRY domains, austenitic stainless steels exhibit flow localization. Large-scale experiments using rolling, forging, and extrusion processes were conducted with a view to validating the conclusions arrived at from the processing maps. The “safe” processing regime predicted by processing maps has been further refined using the values of apparent activation energy during deformation. The validity and the merit of this refining procedure have been demonstrated with an example of press forging trials on stainless steel 316L. The usefulness of this approach for manufacturing stainless steel tubes and hot rolled plates has been demonstrated.     

热变形对含铌奥氏体不锈钢07Cr18Ni11Nb再结晶行为的影响

采用热模拟压缩及中试热轧的试验方法,研究了热变形对含铌奥氏体不锈钢07Cr18Ni11Nb再结晶行为的影响。结果表明:热压缩变形时,试验钢再结晶程度随变形温度、变形量的升高以及变形后保温时间的延长逐渐增大;变形温度越高、变形量越大,发生再结晶所需的保温时间越短;保温时间越长,再结晶晶粒长大越明显;轧制变形时,热轧板1/4厚度处更容易发生再结晶,随着轧制温度和变形量的升高,1050 ℃轧制变形25%时可在全厚度获得完全再结晶组织。     

00Cr22Ni13Mn5Mo2N奥氏体不锈钢的精轧工艺

为了研究00Cr22Ni13Mn5Mo2N奥氏体不锈钢的精轧工艺,使用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机模拟00Cr22Ni13Mn5Mo2N奥氏体不锈钢在变形温度为800、850、900、950 ℃,变形量为40%、50%、60%,应变速率为50 s^-1条件下的热压缩变形行为,并对其进行1080、1120、1160 ℃的固溶热处理,观察固溶热处理前后的组织形貌。结果表明:在800~950 ℃热压缩温度下,随变形量增大,再结晶越完全,再结晶平均晶粒尺寸越细小;经固溶处理1 h后,静态再结晶就越充分。在40%~60%变形量下,随热压缩温度升高,再结晶越完全,再结晶平均晶粒尺寸越大。热压缩变形试验钢随固溶处理温度升高,再结晶平均晶粒尺寸越大。00Cr22Ni13Mn5Mo2N奥氏体不锈钢的精轧最佳轧制温度为800 ℃,压缩变形量为60%,固溶温度为1080 ℃。     

Microstructure and pitting corrosion of similar and dissimilar stainless steel welds

Abstract

Pitting Corrosion behaviour of similar and dissimilar metal welds of three classes of stainless steels, namely, austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304), ferritic stainless steel (AISI 430) and duplex stainless steel (AISI 2205), has been studied. Three regions of the weldment, i.e. fusion zone, heat affected zone and unaffected parent metal, were subjected to corrosion studies. Electron beam and friction welds have been compared. Optical, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe analysis were carried out to determine the mechanism of corrosion behaviour. Dissimilar metal electron beam welds of austenitic–ferritic (A–F), ferritic–duplex (F–D) and austenitic–duplex stainless steel (A–D) welds contained coarse grains which are predominantly equiaxed on austenitic and duplex stainless steel side while they were columnar on the ferritic stainless steel side. Microstructural features in the central region of dissimilar stainless steel friction welds exhibit fine equiaxed grains due to dynamic recrystallisation as a result of thermomechanical working during welding and is confined to ferritic stainless steel side in the case of A–F, D–F welds and duplex stainless steel side in the case of D–A welds. Beside this region bent and elongated grains were observed on ferritic stainless steel side in the case of A–F, D–F welds and duplex stainless steel side in the case of D–A welds. Interdiffusion of elements was significant in electron beam welding and insignificant in friction welds. Pitting corrosion has been observed to be predominantly confined to heat affected zone (HAZ) close to fusion boundary of ferritic stainless steel interface of A–F electron beam and D–F electron beam and friction weldments. The pitting resistance of stainless steel electron beam weldments was found to be lower than that of parent metal as a result of segregation and partitioning of alloying elements. In general, friction weldments exhibited better pitting corrosion resistance due to lower incidence of carbides in the microstructure.