电磁脉冲下通信偶极天线的时域响应快速计算

针对电磁脉冲作用下通信系统受扰的场路结合计算过程较为复杂的问题,提出了基于等效电路的偶极子天线端口时域响应的计算方法.通过分别建立天线的等效电路模型以及电磁脉冲照射下的等效干扰源模型,快速求解天线端口的时域电流响应.选取电磁辐照条件下两个不同尺寸的偶极子天线进行验证,并与采用全波电磁数值软件计算的结果进行了对比.结果表明:提出的等效电路方法不仅速度快而且元件参数易调整,等效电路模型还可以直接应用于通信系统内部电路的电磁受扰评估计算.     

微带电路无源互调干扰问题综述

无源互调（PIM）干扰是微波射频电路面临的主要可靠性问题之一,随着微波射频电路小型集成化发展,微带电路无源互调效应研究开始受到工业界和学术界广泛关注。研究微带电路无源互调机理、评估和抑制方法,对于制备小型化、高可靠性微波射频电路具有重要价值。与腔体部件相比,微带电路的非线性往往是分布的,且与基材选择、制造工艺和器件结构等方面都有重要关系,因此研究难度更大。近年来虽然关注微带电路互调的研究越来越多,但依然难以直接指导微带电路的实际设计。基于此,本文系统论述了近年来微带电路无源互调领域的研究情况,包括非线性机理、仿真建模以及测试诊断等方面,为未来更深入地研究微带电路无源互调效应提供参考。     

基于介电非线性机制的微带电路无源互调效应研究

微带电路无源互调产生机制尚无定论并且缺乏可靠的理论预测方法,本文基于等效受控源模型,建立了基于介电非线性机制的微带线无源互调的解析计算模型,同时,通过对比测试聚四氟乙烯玻纤布介质微带线和空气介质微带线的三阶互调规律验证了介质非线性是微带电路无源互调的一种主要非线性来源,并提取了非线性参数.实验结果显示聚四氟乙烯玻纤布介质微带线比空气介质微带线的传输互调高了约20dB,反射互调高了约15dB,表明介质非线性是聚四氟乙烯玻纤布介质微带线互调的主要来源.同时,根据本文建立的微带线互调计算解析模型,提取聚四氟乙烯玻纤布介质基板的三阶非线性相对介电常数.本文研究方法可以进一步用于其它微带电路无源互调规律计算研究.     

基于正态分布宽带信号的无源互调特征行为分析

在现代无线通信中,无源互调是影响通信信号传输质量的重要因素。双音互调测试能够有效衡量无源器件的非线性特性,却无法准确预测出器件在宽带信号激励下的非线性失真。因此本文提出了一种基于正态分布的宽带信号激励下的射频连接器无源互调特性分析方法。通过双音互调测试,建立射频连接器无源非线性传输数学模型,并将基于正态分布的等效宽带信号作为非线性传输模型的激励源进行模拟仿真。结果表明,宽带无源互调功率分布与宽带信号功率分布相同,n阶宽带无源互调带宽为原宽带信号带宽的n倍,宽带信号的无源互调产物相较于双音测试信号有所增强,且信号的信噪比下降,说明宽带信号在传输过程中受到的干扰更加严重。电路仿真和数值计算呈现出良好的一致性,证明了本分析方法的有效性。     

高效无源互调建模仿真中的统计方法

在现代大功率通信干扰问题中,无源器件的非线性杂散干扰机理最为复杂,在现代大功率高密度的通信系统中越来越受到重视。面对无源器件的典型非线性效应之无源互调(PIM)问题,本文从PIM产生机理、建模角度梳理了近年来国内外普遍的PIM建模方法及关键步骤。针对几种典型微观界面等效、PIM数值转换方法以及面向工况条件的微波部件建模问题,总结了现有的可行方法。进一步提出了基于统计方法分析动态PIM区间预测分析方法的思路,该方法同样基于微观统计方法,对接触界面的不可具体量化的界面问题进行建模,最终获得工况条件下接触PIM的统计分布区间及其产物概率,为实际工况条件下微波部件PIM预测提供了一种大样本分析方法,为进一步提高实际微波部件的PIM稳定性提供了参考。     

5G和卫星通信中无源互调电磁干扰研究

现代通信技术向着高密度、高集成、广域覆盖方向快速发展,无线接入终端数量大幅提升,微波器件固有寄生的无源非线性导致的互调干扰严重制约了现代频谱资源的高效利用.文章从无源互调机理研究出发,梳理了国内外无源互调机理研究中的经典问题以及最新进展,总结了近几十年来关于无源互调建模、检测、抑制与对消的研究成果,并结合现代通信技术特点,指出多物理场、多调制模式、多信道重合条件下的PIM问题将成为研究热点.     

《电讯技术》专题资料《通信系统中的无源非线性技术研究》题要（一）

无源互调的非线性机理及其分析方法.本文研究了无源互调非线性的物理机理及其分析方法。指出无源互调干扰主要来自两种无源非线性：即接触非线性和材料非线性。对几种重要的非线性机理（半导体机理、电子隧道效应、二次电子倍增放电效应和接触机理）进行了特别的描述。幂级数法的分析表明，等幅二载波情况下三阶无源互调功率随总输入功率以3dB／dB的速率增加；在不等幅二载波且总输入功率保持不变情况下，当载波功率之比较大时（大于10dB），三阶无源互调功率随输入载波功率比的变化是对数线性的，当离三阶互调产物较近的发射载波的功率比另一个载波的功率高出3dB时，对应的三阶互调功率最大。结合相关文献的测量数据对该非线性模型进行了验证，证实了这种方法的正确性和有效性。     

多层介质频率选择表面的等效电路分析方法

基于数值仿真计算和微波网络理论,提出了一种多层介质中频率选择表面(FSS)等效电路的分析方法.该方法物理过程直观,计算量小,适用于二维任意形状FSS等效电路的精确求解.以方形贴片型FSS为例验证了等效电路模型的准确性,并分析了多层介质对其等效电路参数的影响规律.最后,基于滤波器理论与FSS等效电路模型设计了双层带通型FSS,计算结果表明全波仿真结果与理论计算结果基本一致,为多层FSS的综合设计提供了一种精确设计方法.     

微波频段金属接触非线性引起的无源互调功率电平的分析和预测

微波频段由于金属接触非线性引起的无源互调可对系统性能造成严重影响。本文讨论了微波频段金属接触非线性的主要机理和简化模型 ,推导了双正弦输入时任意奇数阶无源互调幅度的多项式表示式和矩阵表示式 ,并给出了三阶和五阶无源互调功率的表示式。作为应用实例 ,利用微波频段金属接触引起的低阶无源互调功率电平的测量值 ,对其高阶无源互调功率电平进行了预测 ,通过比较发现 ,预测结果与测量结果基本一致     

基于混沌理论的无源互调功率预测研究

该文以通信系统中常用的典型微波部件——同轴连接器为研究对象,基于混沌理论对获得的同轴连接器的无源互调(PIM)功率时间序列进行分析,验证了使用混沌理论预测无源互调的有效性.首先通过实验系统获得同轴连接器的3阶无源互调功率时间序列,并对得到的实验数据进行相空间重构,确定该时间序列的最佳嵌入维数m和延迟时间τ.然后,结合最佳嵌入维数和延迟时间,分别构建相图和使用小数据量法计算该时间序列的最大Lyapunov指数,从而从定性和定量角度验证了该无源互调功率时间序列具有混沌特性.在此基础上,基于获得的最大Lyapunov指数对该无源互调功率时间序列进行混沌预测,在最大可预测尺度范围内,理论预测值与实验值最大误差为2.61％,表明采用混沌方法预测无源互调功率效果较好.该文提出的使用混沌理论预测通信系统中微波部件无源互调功率的方法,为开展无源互调抑制技术研究,提高通信系统的性能提供了新思路.     

Passive intermodulation on large reflector antennas

In this work, an analytical model for the study of passive intermodulation (PIM) on large reflector antennas is presented. Passive intermodulation, in the scattered field, arises when the scatterer is nonlinear, or when it presents junctions connecting linear materials. Its presence causes a degradation of some antenna parameters and, especially, the cross-polar level, which may rise by several tens of dB. It would then be useful to develop a technique to predict its influence, in order to take appropriate steps during antenna design. A heuristic model for the junction problem has previously been derived and validated with measurements in a time-domain physical optics (TD-PO) framework. These results are applied here to a TD-PO analysis of reflector antennas, in particular, for a satellite-communication antenna and for a radio-astronomy antenna.     

A time-domain physical optics heuristic approach to passiveintermodulation scattering

Passive intermodulation (PIM) is a phenomenon which often arises at junctions between different materials. This may be a major issue in tightly packed antenna farms as those typically present on communication satellites. Here, an heuristic nonlinear extension to the time-domain physical optics (TD-PO) is proposed, to take into account electromagnetic scattering at intermodulated frequencies when such a junction is illuminated by two impinging electromagnetic fields at different frequencies. Simulation results are compared with measures to validate the model     

A time-domain full-wave extraction method of frequency-dependentequivalent circuit parameters of multiconductor interconnection lines

A time-domain full-wave method for the extraction of frequency-dependent equivalent circuit parameters of multiconductor interconnection lines is presented in this paper. The circuit parameters extracted by this method can be inserted into circuit simulation software to investigate time-domain responses of a high-speed IC system with multiconductor interconnects. Because the definitions of the voltage and the current are not unique in full-wave analysis, transformation among circuit parameters according to different definitions of the voltage and current is also presented. The method is based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the reliability of this method is illustrated by its application to representative problems     

Genetic algorithms for the determination of the nonlinearity model coefficients in passive intermodulation scattering

Zones with nonlinear behavior on an object cause intermodulated components in the scattered electromagnetic field. This problem is relevant both for satellite communications and for radio-astronomical applications. Recently, a heuristic model for the passive intermodulation analysis has been derived in a time domain physical optics framework. The heuristic approach proposed requires the determination of few coefficients. Here, a genetic algorithm is introduced for the computation of the optimum values for these coefficients.     

A parallel FFT accelerated transient field-circuit simulator

A novel fast electromagnetic field-circuit simulator that permits the full-wave modeling of transients in nonlinear microwave circuits is proposed. This time-domain simulator is composed of two components: 1) a full-wave solver that models interactions of electromagnetic fields with conducting surfaces and finite dielectric volumes by solving time-domain surface and volume electric field integral equations, respectively, and 2) a circuit solver that models field interactions with lumped circuits, which are potentially active and nonlinear, by solving Kirchoff's equations through modified nodal analysis. These field and circuit analysis components are consistently interfaced and the resulting coupled set of nonlinear equations is evolved in time by a multidimensional Newton-Raphson scheme. The solution procedure is accelerated by allocating field- and circuit-related computations across the processors of a distributed-memory cluster, which communicate using the message-passing interface standard. Furthermore, the electromagnetic field solver, whose demand for computational resources far outpaces that of the circuit solver, is accelerated by a fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based algorithm, viz. the time-domain adaptive integral method. The resulting parallel FFT accelerated transient field-circuit simulator is applied to the analysis of various active and nonlinear microwave circuits, including power-combining arrays.     

Hybridization of FDTD and device behavioral-modeling techniques [interconnected digital I/O ports]

We present a systematic methodology for the electromagnetic modeling of interconnected digital I/O ports. Digital drivers and receivers are represented through behavioral models based on radial basis functions expansions. Such a technique allows a very accurate representation of nonlinear/dynamic effects as well as switching behavior of real-world components by means of carefully identified discrete-time models. The inclusion of these models into a finite-difference time-domain solver for full-wave analysis of interconnected systems is presented. A rigorous stability analysis shows that use of nonlinear/dynamic discrete-time models can be easily integrated with standard full-wave solvers, even in the case of unmatched sampling time. A set of numerical examples illustrates the feasibility of this method.     

Full-wave modelling and broadband characterization of coupled interconnects in high-speed VLSI

A time-domain full-wave method for the extraction of broadband equivalent circuit parameters of symmetrical coupled interconnection lines on chips is presented. This method is based on the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. After determination of the even and odd mode propagation constant γ and characteristic impedance Z _c of the lines, the RLGC matrices per unit length can be obtained. Many techniques are proposed and used during the time-domain analysis to improve the efficiency. The circuit parameters extracted can be inserted into circuit simulation software to investigate the time-domain responses of high-speed integrated circuits on chips. The reliability of this method is verified by its applications to typical problems.     

Intermodulation nulling in HEMT common source amplifiers

A new model of the second- and third-order intermodulation products from HEMT and MESFET small-signal amplifiers, resulting from nonlinear drain-source current has been proposed in our previous publications. Based on this model, intermodulation nulling conditions in terms of the Taylor series coefficients, hence in terms of bias, have been investigated. This paper now examines the load dependence of the second- and third-order intermodulation products in HEMT small-signal common source amplifiers. Intermodulation nulling conditions are proposed and validated. This is useful in designing a high performance amplifier by calculation of optimum load for minimum distortion and studying distortion generation as a function of circuit topology     

An Efficient Scheme for Processing Arbitrary Lumped Multiport Devices in the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method

Developing full-wave simulators for high-frequency circuit simulation is a topic many researchers have investigated. Generally speaking, methods invoking analytic pre-processing of the device's V-I relations (admittance or impedance) are computationally more efficient than methods employing a numerical procedure to iteratively process the device at each time step. For circuits providing complex functionality, two-port or possibly multiport devices whether passive or active, are sure to appear in the circuits. Therefore, extensions to currently available full-wave methods for handling one-port devices to process multiport devices would be useful for hybrid microwave circuit designs. In this paper, an efficient scheme for processing arbitrary multiport devices in the FDTD method is proposed. The device's admittance is analytically pre-processed and fitted into one grid cell. With an improved time-stepping expression, the computation efficiency is further increased. Multiport devices in the circuit can be systematically incorporated and analyzed in a full-wave manner. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by comparison with results from the equivalent current-source method and is numerically stable