混合光波长转换在波分复用光网络中的应用

在全光网络中，如何合理利用波长转换来降低光网络的阻塞率是一个非常关键的问题。研究了最新的波长转换体系结构和波长转换手段，提出一种全新的混合波长转换方法，在减少网络中波长转换器个数的同时，维持拥塞概率类似于全波长转换。提出了5种不同的波长转换器使用策略，并利用数值模拟的方法，比较了这5种不同的波长转换器使用策略，分析结果，得出了最小化光网络的阻塞概率的波长转换使用策略。结合混合波长转换和波长转换器使用策略，进一步提出了光网络中优化波长转换器配置的遗传算法，通过对14个节点的美国自然科学基金网(NSF Net)的数值模拟，结果表明它是十分有效的，在减少光网络中波长转换器数量，且不增加光网络波长数量的情况下，基本保持原有网络性能。     

一种全光波长路由器的设计及性能分析研究

该文基于一种简单低成本的、波长转换节点共享型全光波长路由器结构,设计了以排队理论为基础的M/M/T/T模型,研究了波长路由器在波分复用波长路由网络中的阻塞特性。数值结果表明,全光网波长路由器的阻塞特性与复用波长数目,链路波长利用率,节点接入光纤端口数,有无波长转换器密切相关。尤其在受限波长转换条件下的配置优化分析,可看出波长路由器无需可调谐器件,也能获得灵活的波长转换能力,不但可避免波长路由器因为精确调谐所开销的时间,而且所有的控制均为简单的开关控制,可降低工程实现的复杂度。     

部分共享波长转换光网络动态路由的改进算法

提出了一种应用于部分共享波长转换（PWC）的波长路由光网络（WRON）中的基于节点阻塞的动态路由算法,它不需要共享复杂的波长转换信息,而是将各节点的阻塞特性考虑到路由过程中。为评价算法性能,在14节点的国家科学基金网（NSFNET）拓扑中进行了仿真。结果表明,新的路由算法显著改善了网络的阻塞性能和建路失败的概率,尤其是随着网络负载的降低,网络性能的改善更显著。     

一种波长转换范围受限全光网中的波长分配算法

本文研究了波长转换范围受限全光网中的动态路由和波长分配问题,提出了一种固定备选路由条件下新的路由和波长分配算法.算法引入了波长相关性的概念,用波长关联权值定量描述了各路由的前后链路上不同波长之间的相互依赖关系.在建立连接时首先使用那些依赖性强,对其他路由影响小的波长,从全局的角度出发选择最优的路由和波长分配方案.计算机仿真表明,本文算法能够适用于稀疏网络和网状网,在均匀业务强度或者大部分业务量来自于长跳路由的情况下,本文算法能够显著降低网络阻塞概率和使用的波长转换器数目,有效提高系统性能.     

全光网络迂回路由的算法及性能分析

分别对波长通道（ＷＰ）和虚波长通道（ＶＷＰ）两种机制的全光网络迂回路由算法的阻塞性能进行了数值分析，并给出了一个任意拓扑全光网络的计算机数值模拟，对比了两种机制的网络阻塞性能。     

一种改进遗传算法在WDM光网络中的应用

在波长路由光网(WRON)中,波长转换对提高网络性能、减少阻塞率起着重要的作用.但由于目前全光波长转换器非常昂贵,因而如何最优利用波长转换是配置光网络的一个重要问题.文中利用遗传算法很好地解决了这一问题,并且利用数值模拟的方法,计算了美国自然科学基金网(NSFnet)网络中最优配置下网络的阻塞情况.然后针对普通遗传算法的缺点,提出了一种改进遗传算法.最后利用数值模拟的方法,比较了两种算法的性能.     

全光波长转换器的原理和特性的比较

全光波长转换器件是未来全光网的一个关键器件，可以广泛地用作为光开关、光交换、波长路由、波长再用等，从而使波分复用系统的管理更为灵活、合理、可靠。本文介绍全光波长转换的基本原理、特性及其研究进展。     

全光波长转换器的原理和特性的比较

全光波长转换器件是未来全光网的一个关键器件，可以广泛地用作为光开关、光交换、波长路由、波长再用等，从而使波分复用系统的管理更为灵活、合理、可靠。本文介绍全光波长转换的基本原理、特性及其研究进展。     

光波长转换技术介绍

波长转换是波分复用系统、未来全光网络的关键部件。本文主要介绍各种典型波长转换器的结构及其原理，并对其特点性能进行比较。     

波分复用全光网络及其波长转换技术

波长转换是实现ＷＤＭ全光网络的关键技术之一。通过波长转换，可以减小由于波长竞争带来的阻塞概率，使网络所需滤长数变为最小，网络管理和控制更加灵活，并具有高的可靠性和可扩充性。基于半导体光放大器的全光波长转换技术具有大的优势。本文首先介绍了ＷＤＭ全光网络的概念，分层模型及其优势，然后指出滤长转换的重要性和技术要求，最后分别介绍了基于半导体光放大器的三种滤长转换器的原理、结构和各自的优缺点。     

Performance Analysis of Multi-Fiber WDM Network with Limited-Range Wavelength Conversion

Wavelength routed optical networks have emerged as a technology that can effectively utilize the enormous bandwidth of the optical fiber. Wavelength conversion technology and wavelength converters play an important role in enhancing fiber utilization and in reducing the overall call blocking probability of the network. In this paper, we develop a new analytical model to calculate the average blocking probability in multi-fiber link networks using limited range wavelength conversion. Based on the results obtained, we conclude that the proposed analytical model is simple and yet can effectively analyze the impact of wavelength conversion ranges and number of fibers on network performance. Also a new heuristic approach for placement of wavelength converters to reduce blocking probabilities is explored. Finally, we analyze network performance with the proposed scheme. It can be observed from numerical simulations that limited range converters placed at a few nodes can provide almost the same blocking probability as full range wavelength converters placed at all the nodes. We also show that being equipped with a multi-fiber per-link has the same effect as being equipped with the capability of limited range wavelength conversion. So a multi-fiber per-link network using limited range wavelength conversion has similar blocking performance as a full wavelength convertible network. Since a multi-fiber network using limited range wavelength conversion could use fewer converters than a single-fiber network using limited range wavelength conversion and because wavelength converters are today more expensive than fiber equipment, a multi-fiber network in condition with limited range wavelength conversion is less costly than a single fiber network using only limited range wavelength conversion. Thus, multi-fiber per-link network using limited range wavelength conversion is currently a more practical method for all optical WDM networks. Simulation studies carried out on a 14-node NSFNET, a 10-node CERNET (China Education and Research Network), and a 9-node regular mesh network validate the analysis.     

A Node-Level Blocking Probability Analysis for WRONs

This work presents the blocking performance of a single node with (full or limited) wavelength conversion in wavelength routed optical networks (WRON) based on the theory of probability. A blocking probability model is proposed. Particularly, we pay more attention to investigate wavelength routing node performance improvement by using the more feasible case of limited wavelength conversion. Based on our analytical model, we calculate the blocking probability for a single wavelength routing node and then make a simulation to validate it. It is shown that a node with low conversion degrees having a small number of fiber link ports and a large number of wavelengths per link is a more realistic choice.     

Performance analysis of multi-fiber WDM network with limited-range wavelength conversion

Wavelength routed optical networks have emerged as a technology that can effectively utilize the enormous bandwidth of the optical fiber. Wavelength conversion technology and wavelength converters play an important role in enhancing fiber utilization and in reducing the overall call blocking probability of the network. In this paper, we develop a new analytical model to calculate the average blocking probability in multi-fiber link networks using limited-range wavelength conversion. Based on the results obtained, we conclude that the proposed analytical model is simple and yet can effectively analyze the impact of wavelength conversion ranges and number of fibers on network performance. Also a new heuristic approach for placement of wavelength converters to reduce blocking probabilities is explored. Finally, we analyze network performance with the proposed scheme. It can be observed from numerical simulations that limited-range converters placed at a few nodes can provide almost the same blocking probability as full range wavelength converters placed at all the nodes. We also show that being equipped with a multi-fiber per-link has the same effect as being equipped with the capability of limited-range wavelength conversion. So a multi-fiber per-link network using limited-range wavelength conversion has similar blocking performance as a full wavelength convertible network. Since a multi-fiber network using limited-range wavelength conversion could use fewer converters than a single-fiber network using limited range wavelength conversion and because wavelength converters are today more expensive than fiber equipment, a multi-fiber network in condition with limited-range wavelength conversion is less costly than a single-fiber network using only limited-range wavelength conversion. Thus, multi-fiber per-link network using limited-range wavelength conversion is currently a more practical method for all optical WDM networks. Simulation studies carried out on a 14-node NSFNET, a 10-node CERNET (China Education and Research Network), and a 9-node regular mesh network validate the analysis.     

Wavelength Conversion Placement in WDM Mesh Optical Networks*

Wavelength conversion helps improve the performance of wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical networks that employ wavelength routing. In this paper, we address the problem of optimally placing a limited number of wavelength converters in mesh topologies. Two objective functions, namely, minimizing the average blocking probability and minimizing the maximum blocking probability over all routes, are considered. In the first part of the paper, we extend an earlier analytical model to compute the blocking probability on an arbitrary route in a mesh topology, given the traffic and locations of converters. We then propose heuristic algorithms to place wavelength converters, and evaluate the performance of the proposed heuristics using the analytical model. Results suggest that simple heuristics are sufficient to give near-optimal performance.     

Analysis of blocking probability in optical burst switched networks

In this article, we study the blocking probability in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) based asynchronous bufferless optical burst switched (OBS) network, equipped with a bank of wavelength converters. Our analysis encloses two wavelength reservation schemes JIT (just-in-time) and JET (just-enough-time), and two-class data rate. The contribution of our work includes: (i) derivation of an accurate model for blocking probability of lower priority bursts in case of a non-preempted model; (ii) provision of the analytical model for blocking probability calculation in the OBS network, which includes these variables: two signaling schemes, partial wavelength conversion, two-class data, traffic intensity, cross-connect speed, number of wavelengths in WDM fiber, number of fibers in the node, number of wavelength converters, and number of nodes in the path; (iii) simulation results, which show that partial wavelength conversion provide quite satisfactory quality of service. We compare performance in a single OBS node, under various sets of parameter values. The OBS network shows great flexibility in terms of used multiclass data, and there is no dependence on the used higher layer protocol.     

Wavelength converters in dynamically-reconfigurable WDM networks

In simple wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) networks, a connection must be established along a route using a common wavelength on all of the links along the route. This constraint may be removed by the introduction of wavelength converters, which are devices which take the data modulated on an input wavelength and transfer it to a different output wavelength. Wavelength converters thus improve network blocking performance. However, the introduction of wavelength converters into WDM cross-connects increases the hardware cost and complexity. Thus, it is important to establish precisely what advantages wavelength converters offer WDM networks. There has been considerable interest in the literature in the performance improvements offered by the introduction of wavelength converters into dynamically-reconfigurable WDM networks. This article provides a review of the conclusions drawn from these investigations. The performance improvements offered by wavelength converters depend on a number of factors, including network topology and size, the number of wavelengths, and the routing and wavelength assignment algorithms used. We discuss these factors here. However, it has been shown that wavelength converters offer only modest performance improvements in many networks. We also consider networks with limited wavelength conversion, in which the set of allowable conversions at a network node is constrained by having limited numbers of wavelength converters, or by using non-ideal wavelength converters. Limited wavelength conversion has been shown to provide performance which is often close to that achieved with ideal wavelength conversion in networks with tunable transmitters and receivers.     

一种波长转换受限WDM网络的动态路由和波长分配算法

本文基于分层图模型,提出了在节点波长转换范围受限和波长转换器数目受限情况下,解决WDM网络的动态路由和波长分配问题的一种算法.通过计算机仿真,研究了本算法的性能以及这两种波长转换受限情况对网络阻塞率的影响.     

波长变换器均匀放置的Mesh-Torus的性能分析

本文主要研究了在WDM的Mesh Torus中 ,部分网络节点使用波长转换器能给网络带来的好处 .文中比较了在非泊松业务下 ,波长转换器按二项式分布和均匀分布放置时在阻塞率、转换增益和公平性方面能带来的好处 ,证明了波长转换器均匀放置在链路负荷均匀的情况下的Mesh Torus中是一种优化配置     

Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Optical Networks Using Logical Link Representation and Efficient Bitwise Computation

In this paper, we propose and evaluate a new approach for implementing efficient routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. In our method, the state of a fiber is given by the set of free wavelengths in this fiber and is efficiently represented as a compact bitmap. The state of a multiple-fiber link is also represented by a compact bitmap computed as the logical union of the individual bitmaps of the fibers in this link. Likewise, the state of a lightpath is represented by a similar bitmap computed as the logical intersection of the individual bitmaps of the links in this path. The count of the number of 1-valued bits in the bitmap of the route from source to destination is used as the primary reward function in route selection. A modified Dijkstra algorithm is developed for dynamic routing based on the bitmap representation. The algorithm uses bitwise logical operations and is quite efficient. A first-fit channel assignment algorithm is developed using a simple computation on the bitmap of the selected route. The resulting bitwise routing algorithm combines the benefits of least loaded routing algorithms and shortest path routing algorithms. Our extensive simulation tests have shown that the bitwise RWA approach has small storage overhead, is computationally fast, and reduces the network-wide blocking probability. The blocking performance of our RWA method compares very favorably with three routing methods: fixed alternate routing, shortest path using flooding, and Dijkstra’s algorithm using mathematical operations. Our simulation experiments have also evaluated the performance gain obtained when the network access stations are equipped with finite buffers to temporarily hold blocked connection requests.     

Performance Evaluations for Dynamic Wavelength Routed All-Optical Multifiber Networks

This paper presents a study on dynamic wavelength routed all-optical networks by simulating traffic on all-optical networks. A performance study is carried out on dynamic all-optical networks for fixed and free routing. It is explained how multiple fibers correspond to limited wavelength conversion, and it is explained why the presence of wavelength converters increase the complexity of optical cross connects. We find that both free routing and wavelength conversion lowers the blocking probability significantly. The new contribution is that we determine the gain in blocking probability as function of the number of fibers per link and the offered load. We find that multiple fibers reduce the effect of wavelength converters significantly.