L-丙交酯的合成及其纯化条件优化研究

以L-乳酸为原料、辛酸亚锡为催化剂,经缩聚和解聚两步反应合成了L-丙交酯,研究了催化剂用量、脱水温度、解聚温度等因素对L-丙交酯产率及纯度的影响.利用改进的合成工艺得到粗L-丙交酯,然后采用浓度梯度与交替溶剂相结合的方法进行重结晶,使精制L-丙交酯的总产率和纯度同时得到了提高.通过熔点、比旋光度、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱等对产物L-丙交酯进行了表征.     

丙交酯精制工艺研究进展

丙交酯是合成高分子量聚乳酸的中间原料,其化学纯度决定聚乳酸的分子量及分子量分布,光学纯度影响聚乳酸材料的力学性能,丙交酯提纯精制是两步法聚乳酸合成中非常重要的一步。本文对丙交酯提纯最常用的方法:溶剂结晶法、蒸馏法、水萃法、熔融结晶法及耦合法逐一进行了阐述,并详细分析了各种方法的优缺点,展望了各种丙交酯精制工艺的工业应用前景,认为熔融结晶法与其它方法的耦合技术将是丙交酯最有发展前途的绿色提纯工艺。     

氮气鼓泡法制备L-丙交酯的新工艺

用氮气鼓泡法成功制得了L-丙交酯,此工艺路线中,氮气温度对丙交酯的生成至关重要,所得L-丙交酯粗品的纯度和产率比减压蒸馏所得L-丙交酯粗品的纯度和产率要高;用填料装置可完全吸收丙交酯;用活性炭对L-丙交酯粗品进行脱色比用沉淀法脱色效果好,收率较高。     

L-丙交酯合成技术现状与进展

丙交酯作为合成聚乳酸(PLA)的中间体, 其化学及光学纯度决定着PLA的品质。本文阐述了以乳酸为原料, 两步法制备丙交酯过程中温度、压力、反应时间、催化剂种类及用量等工艺条件对最终产品收率及纯度的影响。针对高温裂解所引起的问题, 提出采用新技术、新型反应设备及开发高效均相催化剂等方法使反应在较温和的条件下进行。同时, 对溶剂重结晶法、萃取法、精馏法及熔融结晶法在丙交酯提纯上的应用及特点作了介绍, 指出综合各种精制技术的耦合法精制工艺路线将具有较好的发展前景, 而将熔融结晶技术与其他方法相耦合则是一种更为绿色可行的技术路线。最后, 指出不断研发新的绿色提纯工艺技术, 仍是丙交酯合成技术的关键所在。     

D,L-丙交酯提纯溶剂的选择

考察了两种绿色无毒溶剂乙酸乙酯和乙醇在D,L-丙交酯提纯过程中的使用情况. 以熔点为指标表征重结晶后D,L-丙交酯的纯度，考察了重结晶温度、时间及D,L-丙交酯/溶剂比例对D,L-丙交酯重结晶收率的影响. 结果表明，在不同重结晶温度、时间及溶剂用量下，两种溶剂提纯3次后D,L-丙交酯的熔点均能达到聚合的要求. 使用两种溶剂提纯的经济性对比表明，乙醇较适宜作为D,L-丙交酯扩大生产中的提纯溶剂，其最佳的提纯条件为温度4℃或更低，重结晶时间在1 h以上，乙醇使用量为2.5 mL/g. 在此条件下，提纯3次后D,L-丙交酯的收率约为63%. 对重结晶所得物质进行了元素分析、FT-IR分析及1H-NMR分析，结果表明所得产物为环状D,L-丙交酯结构.     

L-丙交酯制备技术的改进

为提高L-丙交酯的纯度和产率,对L-丙交酯的制备技术进行改进。根据聚乳酸合成、裂解、环化反应和重结晶过程的特点和规律,优化了L-乳酸的脱水、聚合温度、裂解温度、L-丙交酯蒸出速度和粗产品的重结晶等工艺条件,改进了冷凝装置及接收装置。在制备过程中注意控制裂解温度不超过230℃,使用自行设计的接收装置控制L-丙交酯蒸出速度,采用重结晶和水洗交替进行的纯化方法,使粗品产率超过80％,纯品产率达到40％。     

低真空条件下D,L-丙交酯的合成研究

为了提高D,L-丙交酯的收率,研究了D,L-乳酸为单体,低真空条件下使乳酸单体先缩聚后解聚制备D,L-丙交酯的工艺条件。考察了制备过程中脱水温度、脱水率、催化剂量、聚合温度和解聚温度对丙交酯产率的影响。结果表明,以ZnO为催化剂,用量为1.2%,在全程低真空条件下,乳酸分别在120~160℃脱水和220~250℃解聚,以无水乙醇和乙酸乙酯作为溶剂改进了粗产品的提纯方法,可得到产率达40.2%的丙交酯。毛细管熔点法测定了产物的熔点,并用红外光谱、差示扫描量热法、X-射线衍射分析对产物进行了分析表征。所得产物为高纯的环状丙交酯。     

丙交酯单体的回收和表征

为减少在提纯粗丙交酯时的大量耗损,采用不同方法对粗丙交酯在重结晶过程中产生的乙酸乙酯母液进行回收,并比较了各种方法的回收率。最后用紫外光谱和红外光谱对回收的丙交酯进行表征,测试结果表明产物为环状丙交酯结构,采用辛酸亚锡作催化剂是一种高产率的回收方法。     

L-丙交酯连续高真空精馏提纯技术

<正>一、项目简介聚乳酸是生物可降解的高分子合成材料之一,被美国FDA批准进入临床应用,主要应用于药物控制释放材料、骨材料、手术缝合线、暂时性支架、眼科材料以及通用可降解塑料等领域。但作为生物医用材料聚乳酸的中间体-L-丙交酯,制约了聚乳酸在相关领域的大规模应用。本技术开发了连续精馏提纯丙交酯技术,采用三塔高真空带返料的精馏技术,把含L-丙交酯为75%～80%的丙交酯粗液提纯到99.5%的产品,以实现L-丙交酯的大规模生产。二、技术特点采用高真空精馏技术,为降低塔的压力降,选用     

L-丙交酯的合成及纯化

讨论了混合催化剂辛酸亚锡-氧化锌(C16H30O4Sn-ZnO)体系对L-丙交酯合成的影响,并分析了重结晶溶剂体系对L-丙交酯纯化的影响;采用傅立叶红外光谱仪对纯化后的L-丙交酯进行表征,并采用数字熔点仪测定其熔点。结果表明,当辛酸亚锡和氧化锌的物质的量比为8∶2时,L-丙交酯粗品的产率可达到74.54%;采用无水乙醇将L-丙交酯粗品重结晶3次,产率可达到57.08%,熔点为96.0℃。     

Production of optically pure poly(lactic acid) from lactic acid

Optically pure poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was obtained from lactic acid via purification of the corresponding lactide. The optical purity of PLA was determined using polarimetry and NMR. In the depolymerization process, the effect of the reaction conditions and catalysts on optical purity of the lactide was examined with temperature having a significant effect. In addition, the degree of racemization increased with increasing molecular weight of the oligomeric PLA. The effects of temperature, time, solvent, and stirring speed (RPM) on the lactide purification process were examined in order to improve optical purity. Optical purity was maximized when separation was carried out at 25 °C. The optical purity of PLA was significantly affected by that of lactide used.     

丙交酯合成研究的进展

丙交酯是制备高分子质量聚乳酸的重要原料,其光学纯度和化学纯度的高低决定了高分子质量聚乳酸的品质和价格。对乳酸及丙交酯的结构特点进行了论述,介绍了两步法合成丙交酯的工艺以及影响乳酸低聚物分子质量和丙交酯产率的因素,提出了两步法合成丙交酯的研究方向。     

复合催化剂催化D，L-丙交酯的合成实验研究

D,L-丙交酯（DLLA）是合成聚乳酸的关键中间体,其收率直接影响到聚乳酸的收率。采用氯化亚锡／氧化锌做为复合催化剂,研究合成丙交酯的反应条件,提高了丙交酯的收率。实验结果表明：当采用复合催化剂,氯化亚锡：氧化锌的质量比=4：1,其用量为乳酸质量的1％,在减压条件下（20kPa）,130—140℃脱水3．5h,馏出温度为220℃时,可使DLLA收率最大为36．0％。     

The toughening behavior of PLLA and its asymmetric PLLA/PDLA blends with lower optical purity

Linear poly(d ‐lactide) (PDLA) with various molecular weights is synthesized and incorporated into commercial poly(l ‐lactide) (PLLA) with different optical purities. And then, the crystallization, mechanical and thermal properties of the PLLA and PLLA/PDLA cast films are investigated. In the PLLA and PDLA/PLLA specimens with lower optical purity, few homochiral crystallites (HC) form in all the specimens and only a small amount of PLA stereocomplex crystallites (SC) are observed in the blends. The elongation at break of all the specimens is extraordinary high, >300%. Dynamic mechanical analyses indicate that the destruction temperature increases at first, and then depresses as enlarging the molecular weight of PDLA in these blends. For the PLLA and PLLA/PDLA with higher optical purity, more content of HC develops in neat PLLA, and both SC and HC produce in the PLLA/PDLA specimens. However, the strains of neat specimens and binary blends are much lower than that of specimens with lower optical purity. The specimens with higher optical purity exhibit higher destruction temperatures and lower loss factors. The high content of crystals (SC and HC) would act as the physical cross‐linking points and provide a key factor to impede the deformation of neat PLLA and binary blends during stretching, which should result in the fragile behavior of the PLLA and PLLA/PDLA blends with higher optical purity. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44730.     

Microwave‐irradiated ring‐opening polymerization of D,L‐lactide under atmosphere

Poly(D ,L ‐lactide) (PDLLA) was synthesized by microwave‐irradiated ring‐opening polymerization catalyzed by stannous octoate (Sn(Oct)₂) under atmosphere. The effects of heating medium, monomer purity, catalyst concentration, microwave irradiation time, and vacuum level were discussed. Under the appropriate conditions such as carborundum (SiC) as heating‐medium, 0.15% catalyst, lactide with purity above 99.9%, 450 W microwave power, 30 min irradiation time, and atmosphere, PDLLA with a viscosity–average molecular weight (M_η) over 2.0 × 10⁵ and a yield over 85% was obtained. The dismission of vacuum to ring‐opening polymerization of D ,L ‐lactide (DLLA) under microwave irradiation simplified the process greatly. The temperature under microwave irradiation and conventional heating was compared. The largely enhanced ring‐opening polymerization rate of DLLA under microwave irradiation was the coeffect of thermal effects and microwave effects. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2244–2247, 2006     

Water vapor permeability of poly(lactide)s: Effects of molecular characteristics and crystallinity

Amorphous‐made poly(L ‐lactide) [i.e., poly(L ‐lactic acid) (PLLA)], poly(L ‐lactide‐co‐D ‐lactide)[P(LLA‐DLA)](77/23), and P(LLA‐DLA)(50/50) films and PLLA films with different crystallinity (X_c) values were prepared, and the effects of molecular weight, D ‐lactide unit content (tacticity and optical purity), and crystallinity of poly(lactide) [i.e., poly(lactic acid) (PLA)] on the water vapor permeability was investigated. The changes in number‐average molecular weight (M_n) of PLLA films in the range of 9 × 10⁴–5 × 10⁵ g mol^?1 and D ‐lactide unit content of PLA films in the range of 0–50% have insignificant effects on their water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). In contrast, the WVTR of PLLA films decreased monotonically with increasing X_c from 0 to 20%, while leveled off for X_c exceeding 30%. This is probably due to the higher resistance of “restricted” amorphous regions to water vapor permeation compared with that of the “free” amorphous regions. The free and restricted amorphous regions are major amorphous components of PLLA films for X_c ranges of 0–20% and exceeding 30%, respectively, resulting in the aforementioned dependence of WVTR on X_c. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006     

Preparation and characterization of nanohydroxyapatite strengthening nanofibrous poly(L‐lactide) scaffold for bone tissue engineering

A biomimetic nanofibrous poly(L ‐lactide) scaffold strengthened by nanohydroxyapatite particles was fabricated via a thermally induced phase separation technique. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that nanohydroxyapatite particles uniformly dispersed in the nanofibrous poly(L ‐lactide) scaffold (50–500 nm in fiber diameter) with slight aggregation at a high nHA content, but showed no influence on the interconnected macroporous and nanofibrous structure of the scaffold. The nanofibrous poly(L ‐lactide) scaffold presented a specific surface area of 34.06 m² g^?1, which was much higher than that of 2.79 m² g^?1 for the poly(L ‐lactide) scaffold with platelet structure. Moreover, the specific surface area of the nanofibrous scaffold was further enhanced by incorporating nanohydroxyapatite particles. With increasing the nanohydroxyapatite content, the compressive modulus and amount of bovine serum albumin adsorbed on the surface of the nanofibrous composite scaffold were markedly improved, as opposed to the decreased crystallinity. In comparison to poly(L ‐lactide) scaffold, both the nanofibrous poly(L ‐lactide) and poly(L ‐lactide)/nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds exhibited a faster degradation rate for their much larger specific surface area. The culture of bone mesenchymal stem cell indicated that the composite nanofibrous poly(L ‐lactide) scaffold with 50 wt % nanohydroxyapatite showed the highest cells viability among various poly(L ‐lactide)‐based scaffolds. The strengthened biomimetic nanofibrous poly(L ‐lactide)/nanohydroxyapatite composite scaffold will be a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

工业双戊烯催化脱氢制备对伞花烃放大试验统计

开展了20 t/a规模工业双戊烯连续气相催化脱氢反应放大试验装置的设计和测试统计。在温度280~300℃、氮气流速2.0 L/min、工业双戊烯进料速度4.0 L/h时,上述催化脱氢反应可连续进行,工业双戊烯原料与脱氢粗产物的平均质量比为1.11。经真空精馏装置处理,脱氢粗产物极易被提纯精制。工业双戊烯原料与对伞花烃成品的质量比(即工业双戊烯单耗)分别为1.81(纯度99.0%以上)、1.69(98.0%以上)、1.54(96.0%以上)和1.45(90.0%以上)。纯度99.5%对伞花烃成品的沸点、相对密度和折光指数分别为177.1℃、0.857 g/mL和1.490。该放大统计可为工业双戊烯生产对伞花烃的工程化或工业化开发提供服务。     

D,L-丙交酯聚合方法改进

以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,十二醇为引发剂,经D,L-丙交酯的开环聚合反应合成聚(D,L-乳酸)(PDLLA),产率为60%,分子量分布(PDI)为1.2,并分别通过核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对其结构和分子量进行表征。此方法不仅缩短了反应时间,而且简化了实验流程,提高了实验效率。由于反应过程是本体聚合,无反应溶剂参与,因此对产物的后处理更加简便。